BIRTH OF MODERN FEMINISM & THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
I.
BACKGROUND TO BIRTH OF MODERN FEMINISM & WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
1.GENERAL REMARKS
A.EVER SINCE ENLIGHTENMENT, AMERICAN & FRENCH REVOLUTIONS
& INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
B.SOCIETY TRYING TO CATEGORIZE & DEFINE WAY SOCIETY ITSELF
SHOULD BE STRUCTURED
a.INCLUDING WOMEN'S ROLE
C.NEW IDEAS & IDEOLOGIES POSTULATED
a.ABOUT CAUSES
b.ABOUT SOLUTIONS
D.HUMANITARIAN ENTERPRISES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED
a.PROPER WORKING CONDITIONS
b.PROPER HOUSING, SANITATION, SCHOOLING
E.SOCIETY ALSO WRESTLING WITH ISSUES OF
a.WHAT FORM OF GOVERNMENT BEST FOR PARTICULAR NATION
b.SHOULD WORKING CLASS BE ALLOWED POLITICAL & VOTING
PRIVILEGES
c.LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEAS VERSUS MORE HANDS ON APPROACH
F.THESE NEW ISMS AS THEY ARE CALLED
a.UTILITARIANISM
b.NATIONALISM
c.ROMANTICISM
d.SOCIALISM
e.COMMUNISM
f.ANARCHISM
g.LIBERALISM
G.PLUS AGE OLD CONSERVATISM
H.ROMANTICISM & LIBERALISM AFFIRMED DIGNITY OF INDIVIDUAL
I.LIBERALISM FOR GRADUAL REFORM IN MANY AREAS
J.ROMANTICISM ACCEPTED RADICAL CHANGE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF
SOCIETY
K.UTILITARIANISM a.GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR GREATEST NUMBER TO DETERMINE
LAWS & STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
L.WAS CAPITALISM BEST ECONOMIC FORM OR WAS SOCIALISM BEST
M.SOCIALIST THOUGHT HARMONY & COOPERATION NOT RUTHLESS
COMPETITION SHOULD CONTROL ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
N.UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
a.PEOPLE LIKE SAINT SIMON & ROBERT OWEN ENVISIONED IDEAL
COMMUNITIES OF WORKERS
O.REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
a.BECAME COMMUNISM AFTER MARX'S NEW NAMING
(1) WORKERS WOULD UNITE & CONTROL DESTINY OF
WORLD
P.YOUR TEXT COVERS SOCIALISM WELL
a.INCLUDING KARL MARX' IDEAS
2.INTRODUCTION TO MODERN FEMINIST MOVEMENT
A.NEW ISM APPEARED DURING 19TH C.
a.FEMINISM
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B.AT TIME SOCIETY’S DISCUSS OF PROPER ORDERING OF SOCIETY
C.YOUR TEXT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN RELATIONAL FEMINISM
a.MORE COMMUNITY COHESION
b.MOST EUROPEAN NATIONS FOLLOWED THIS TYPE
D.VERSUS INDIVIDUALISTIC FEMINISM
a.ESPOUSES WOMEN'S NATURAL & INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS &
LIBERTY
b.BRITISH & AMERICANS FOLLOW THIS
E.BUT BOTH TYPES SAW WOMEN'S SUBORDINATION AS PROBLEM OF
INSTITUTIONAL INJUSTICES
F.MOVEMENT ON BEHALF OF WOMEN'S INTERESTS
a.BEGAN IN 19TH C. & HAS CONTINUED TO TODAY
b.SAME TIME FRAME AS ADVENT OF ISMS
c.SAME PEOPLE ESPOUSING 1 OR MORE OF ISMS
d.ESPOUSE FEMINISM OR EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN & MEN
G.IN HER BIOGRAPHY THE HARD WAY UP
a.HANNAH MITCHELL DESCRIBES HOW SHE DEVELOPED
FEMINIST & SOCIALIST IDEAS TOGETHER
b.BUT GRADUALLY CAME TO CONCLUSION THAT SOCIALISTS
ARE NOT NECESSARILY FEMINISTS
H.WHILE THROUGHOUT MOVEMENT FEMINIST CLAIMS MET WITH
MASSIVE OPPOSITION
I.SOME OPPONENTS REMARKED THAT UNMARRIED INDEPENDENT
WOMEN MIGHT BECOME A "THIRD SEX"
J.OTHERS CRITICS SAID FEMALE EMANCIPATION THREATENED MEN'S
VIRGILITY
a.THEREFORE NATIONAL SECURITY WAS THREATENED
K.WOMEN WERE SUCCESSFUL IN OBTAINING MANY IMPROVEMENTS IN
THEIR LIVES IN 19TH C.
L.BUT NOT RIGHT TO VOTE - 20TH CENTURY PHENONOMEN
M.WOMEN HAD TO ORGANIZE THEMSELVES TO FIGHT FOR RIGHTS
N.IN EVERY EUROPEAN NATION
a.FEMINISTS ALWAYS SMALL MINORITY
O.IN EARLIER CENTURIES HAD BEEN WRITINGS OVER WOMEN'S ROLE
P.ALREADY DISCUSSED EARLY FEMINISTS
a.CHRISTINE PIZAN
b.ALPHA BEHN
c.MARY ASTELL
Q.BUT THEY CONCERNED LITTLE WITH CHANGING POLITICAL
SITUATION
R.THEY BASICALLY WROTE AS THINKERS & PHILOSOPHERS
a.HOPING TO ENCOURAGE DEBATE
b.& ACCEPTANCE OF NEW IDEAS ON WOMEN
c.GETTING RID OF DENIGRATING CULTURAL TRADITIONS OF
WOMEN
S.MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT AND HER GROUP - 1792 VINDICATION OF
RIGHTS OF WOMEN
a.REFERRED TO AS RADICAL FEMINISTS
b.THEY ISOLATED BASICALLY FROM MAINSTREAM OF SOCIETY
c.FOR THEIR LIFESTYLES
T.YOUR TEXT TALKS ABOUT MANY OF THESE FAMOUS THINKERS OF
II.
3
TIME
a.TEXT CONCENTRATES ON MEN THOUGH
(1)MARQUIS DE CONCORCET
(2)1790 - PLEAS FOR CITIZENSHIP OF WOMEN
U.WITH RISE & POWER OF MIDDLE CLASS DEBATES & WRITINGS WILL
FINAL TURN TO ACTION
FEMINISM MOVEMENT - MULTIFACETED
1.GENERAL REMARKS
A.CHARITABLE WORK, ETC. THESE WOMEN HAD DONE
B.THEY HAD ACQUIRED ORGANIZATION SKILLS
C.& NETWORK OF CONTACTS TO ENHANCE THEIR EFFORTS
D.BUT EARLY PART OF FEMINISM MOVEMENT INVOLVED WORKING
FOR OTHER CAUSES
E.DURING TIME OF STRUGGLE TO GAIN VOTE
F.WOMEN WORKED FOR MORE
a.ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
b.ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE
(1)FEMINISTS IN U.S. LATER SAID EXCLUSION OF FEMALE
DELEGATES TO WORLD ANTI-SLAVERY
CONVENTION IN LONDON IN 1840
(2)PROPELLED THEM TO ORGANIZE FIRST WOMEN'S RIGHTS
CONVENTION AT SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK IN 1848
c.EQUITABLE CHILD CUSTODY & DIVORCE LAWS
d.TO ALLOW MARRIED WOMEN TO CONTROL OWN WAGES &
PROPERTY
e.END TO DOUBLE STANDARD IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
f.JOB OPPORTUNITIES
g.HEALTH REFORM
h.DRESS REFORM
i.FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
j.RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS
k.RIGHT TO VOTE PART OF THIS OVERALL WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
l.BUT THIS LAST PART (RIGHT TO VOTE) HAS GAINED MOST
PUBLICITY
G.DURING THIS NEW FEMINISM IN 19TH C
H.DIFFERENCE IN THIS NEW MOVEMENT FROM PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS
BY WOMEN TO GAIN EQUAL RIGHTS IN VARIOUS AREAS
a.WOMEN BECAME ORGANIZED INTO VARIOUS GROUPS
b.& HAD FORMAL NAME & STRUCTURE FOR THEIR GROUPS
c.SOME WERE TENTATIVE
d.OTHERS FAILED
e.BUT ENOUGH SUCCESSFUL TO SUSTAIN MOVEMENT UNTIL
CHANGES CAME ABOUT
I.SUCH ISSUES HAD BEEN RAISED BY SOCIALISTS
a.LIKE SAINT SIMON
J.CHARTIST MOVEMENT
a.BEATRICE & SYDNEY WEBB
K.BY REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
L.& PRIVATELY BY INDIVIDUALS
M.NOW ISSUES SEEMED TO COALESCE
N.AROUSING WOMEN & MEN TO COMMITMENT & ACTIVITY
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O.MANY FELT SENSE OF CRUSADE
P.EXAMPLES
a.WHEN SUZANNE VOILQUIN, A SAINT SIMONIAN
b.REALIZED SITUATION OF WOMEN
c.SHE FELT AS IF GOD HAD SPOKEN TO HER
Q.FOR HER & THOUSAND OTHERS
R.FEMINISM CONSTITUTED REVELATION
S.ALL THIS HAPPENING AS SAME TIME AS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
DOMESTIC SPHERE OR ANGEL OF HOUSE, CHARITY MOVEMENTS,
ETC.
T.WOMEN MOST OFTEN BECAME FEMINISTS
U.IF THEY ASSOCIATED WITH LIBERAL OR RADICAL GROUPS
a.THOUGH FAMILY OR SOCIAL CONNECTIONS
V.INVOLVEMENT IN CAUSES RANGING FROM
a.ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
b.UTOPIAN SOCIALISM
c.PHILANTHROPY
d.POLITICAL REVOLUTION
W.LED WOMEN TO FEMINISM
X.FEMINISM FLOURISHED DURING LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
a.1815, 1848, ETC.
b.DECLINED WHEN CONSERVATIVE ORDER RESTORED
c.IN ENGLAND SUCCESS OF LIBERAL POLITICS ENCOURAGED
EARLY FORMATION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Y.IN FRANCE FEMINISM GREW DURING REVOLUTIONS OF
a.1789, 1848, 1871
b.BUT DECLINED DURING PERIODS OF REPRESSION FOLLOWING
REVOLUTIONS
c.FIRST & SECOND NAPOLEONIC EMPIRES
Z.IN GERMANY FEMINISM ACHIEVED ITS STRONGEST EARLY
EXPRESSION DURING REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
AA.GERMAN WOMAN LOUIS OTTO (TEXT COVERS)
a.EMPHASIZED ROLE OF WOMEN IN UNIFYING GERMANY
b.EDITED FRAUENZEITUNG = WOMEN'S NEWSPAPER
BB.IN RUSSIA RISE OF LIBERAL MOVEMENT IN 1850'S LED TO RISE OF
FEMINISM
CC.BUT WHILE LIBERALISM PROVIDED MORE CONGENIAL CLIMATE FOR
FEMINISM
DD.IT ALSO POSED POLITICAL PROBLEMS FOR FEMINISTS
EE.IN NATIONS WHERE MEN FIRST WON SUFFRAGE ON PROPERTY
FRANCHISE
a.BY PAYING CERTAIN AMOUNT IN TAXES
b.OR HAVING CERTAIN AMOUNT OF RENT FROM LANE
FF.FEMINISTS FACED DILEMMA
GG.SHOULD THEY WORK FOR VOTE FOR ALL WOMEN
HH.WHEN ALL MEN COULD NOT VOTE SHOULD THEY SUPPORT
PROPERTY FRANCHISE FOR SOME WOMEN
II.OR SHOULD THEY WORK FOR MEN FIRST?
JJ.FEMINIST EQUAL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS DIFFERED ON THEIR POLICIES
JUST AS LIBERALS DID IN THEIR VIEWS OF HOW FAR FRANCHISE
SHOULD BE EXTENDED
III.
5
KK.IN TERRITORIES ASPIRING TO NATIONHOOD
a.LIKE ITALY & GERMANY
b.IN 19TH C.
LL.WOMEN'S ACTIVITY IN LIBERAL NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
SOMETIMES LED TO THEIR WINNING POLITICAL RIGHTS
MM.THIS HAPPENED IN FINLAND
NN.WHEN IT GAINED INDEPENDENCE FROM RUSSIA
OO.FINNISH WOMEN FIRST IN EUROPE TO GAIN VOTE
a.1906
FAMOUS NAMES IN EARLY FEMINISM MOVEMENT
1.JEANNE DEROIN 1802-1894
A.TEXT COVERS
B.LIKE LOUISE OTTO FROM GERMANY
C.JEANNE ACTIVE DURING REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN FRANCE
D.SHE HERSELF WORKING CLASS WOMEN
E.WANTED WOMEN TO PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS IN ORDER TO CARRY
OUT THEIR DUTY OF WATCHING OVER FUTURE CHILDREN
F.FOUNDED NEWSPAPER L'OPINION DES FEMMES
G.SHE ATTEMPTED TO RUN FOR OFFICE HERSELF IN FRANCE
2.HARRIET TAYLOR (1807-1858) & JOHN STUART MILL
A.WHEN MET IN EARLY 20'S
B.HARRIET AT TIME MARRIED WOMAN WITH 2 YOUNG CHILDREN
C.BUT WITHIN YEAR MILL & TAYLOR HAD RELATIONSHIP
a.SAID TO BE INTELLECTUAL & SPIRITUAL INTIMACY
D.FOR NEXT 20 YRS MILL CONTINUED TO LIVE AT HOME WITH HIS
MOTHER & YOUNGER SIBLINGS
E.WHILE MRS. TAYLOR REMAINED IN HER HUSBAND'S HOUSEHOLD
F.YET IT IS CLEAR UNCONVENTIONAL RELATIONSHIP THEY ENJOYED
WITH EACH OTHER CORE OF THEIR LIVES
G.WHEN THEY BOTH IN THEIR 40'S & IN POOR HEALTH
H.HARRIET'S HUSBAND DIED
I.& HARRIET & JOHN MARRIED
J.JUST 7 YRS LATER HARRIET DIED AT AVIGNON
K.& MILL BOUGHT A HOME NEAR CEMETERY WHERE SHE BURIED
L.NATURE OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP
M.& EXACT CONTRIBUTION OF HARRIET TAYLOR TO MILLS THOUGHT &
WRITING
N.HAS BEEN SUBJECT OF CONTROVERSY FOR OVER 100 YRS
O.BOTH ACTIVE SOCIAL REFORMERS
P.WHO WORKED FOR ALL GOOD CAUSES OF DAY
Q.THEY WROTE TOGETHER ESSAYS ON SEX EQUALITY
a.THEY STATED LAW WHICH IS TO BE OBSERVED BY BOTH
SHOULD SURELY BE MADE BY BOTH
b.MILLS ESPOUSED VERY ADVANCED & RADICAL IDEAS ABOUT
(1)STATUS OF WOMEN
(2)MARRIAGE & DIVORCE LAWS
(3)RIGHT OF WOMEN TO EDUCATION
(4)& RIGHT FOR WOMEN TO VOTE
(a)ATTEMPTED TO GET THROUGH PARLIAMENT
WOMAN SUFFRAGE
R.ENFRANCHISEMENT OF WOMEN
6
a.HARRIET TAYLOR MILL
b.IT IS AN AXIOM OF ENGLISH FREEDOM THAT TAXATION AND
REPRESENTATION SHOULD BE CO-EXTENSIVE. EVEN
UNDER THE LAWS WHICH GIVE THE WIFE'S PROPERTY TO
THE HUSBAND, THERE ARE MANY UNMARRIED WOMEN
WHO PAY TAXES. IT IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL
DOCTRINES OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION, THAT ALL
PERSONS SHOULD BE TRIED BY THEIR PEERS; YET WOMEN,
WHENEVER TRIED, ARE TRIED BY MALE JUDGES & A MALE
JURY. TO FOREIGNERS THE LAW ACCORDS THE PRIVILEGE
OF CLAIMING THAT HALF THE JURY SHOULD BE
COMPOSED OF THEMSELVES; NO SO TO WOMEN
S.HER REMARKS ON EMPLOYMENT & WAGES
a.LETS GIVE BOTH MALES & FEMALES LOWER WAGES
b.THUS WOMEN WOULD BE A PARTNER NOT A SERVANT
T.IT IS AGREEABLE TO THEM THAT MEN SHOULD LIVE FOR THEIR OWN
SAKE, WOMEN FOR THE SAKE OF MEN
U.SELFISHNESS IS PROMOTED BY INEQUALITY
V.FOR IF PREFERENCE BE NATURAL. THERE CAN BE NO NECESSITY FOR
ENFORCING IT BY LAW
W.LIKE CONTEMPORARY FEMINISTS IN U.S.
X.HARRIET MILL COMPARED MEN TO SLAVE-OWNERS & WOMEN TO
SLAVES
Y.JUST AS PREJUDICE OF CUSTOM DENIED RIGHTS TO SLAVES FOR
CENTURIES
Z.SO IT DENIED THEM TO WOMEN
AA.BUT HARRIET MILL'S POOR HEALTH PREVENTED HER FROM
POLITICAL ACTIVITY
BB.THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN
a.CO-AUTHORED WITH HIS STEP-DAUGHTER
(1)PUBLISHED 11 YEARS AFTER HARRIET'S DEATH
(2)BUT BASED ON HER IDEAS
(3)IN INTRODUCTION HE WROTE
(4)IN WHAT WAS OF MY OWN COMPOSITION, ALL THAT IS
MOST STRIKING AND PROFOUND BELONGS TO MY
WIFE...[FROM] OUR INNUMERABLE CONVERSATIONS
ON A TOPIC WHICH FILLED SO LARGE A PLACE IN
OUR MINDS"
b.IT IS GENERALLY AGREED THAT IS DOUBTFUL THAT
SUBJECTION OF WOMEN WOULD EVER HAD BEEN WRITTEN
IF IT WERE NOT FOR MILL'S 28 YEAR RELATIONSHIP WITH
HARRIET
c.MILL ARGUED THAT MALE DOMINANCE OF WOMEN
CONSTITUTED FLAGRANT ABUSE OF POWER
d.HE MAINTAINED THAT FEMALE INEQUALITY
(1)SINGLE RELIC OF OLD WORLD OF THOUGHT & PRACTICE
EXPLODED IN EVERYTHING ELSE, VIOLATED THE
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS & HINDERED THE
PROGRESS OF HUMANITY
CC.OTHER EUROPEAN WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS OFTEN CALLED
MILL'S SUBJUGATION OF WOMEN
IV.
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a.SPARK WHICH BEGAN THEIR POLITICAL ACTIVITY
EARLY SUFFRAGE OR WOMEN’S MOVEMENT & NOT SO FAMOUS NAMES
1.GENERAL REMARKS
A.IN EVERY NATION WHERE WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS FORMED
a.CALLED AT TIME WOMEN'S MOVEMENT"
B.WOMEN FROM UPPER MIDDLE CLASSES PROVIDED MOST OF EARLY
MEMBERSHIP
C.& GENERALLY CONNECTED TO GOVERNING ELITE MEN
D.& SINCE ENGLAND WENT THROUGH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FIRST
E.ENGLAND WHERE MIDDLE CLASSES FIRST ACHIEVED NUMERICAL &
POLITICAL POWER
F.THUS ENGLISH WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT FOR MANY YEARS
SERVED AS MODEL FOR OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS
G.IT TOOK OVER 70 YEARS IN ENGLAND TO ACCOMPLISH LEGAL &
POLITICAL RIGHTS
a.VOTE FOR WOMEN
b.IRONICALLY SAME LENGTH OF TIME IN AMERICA
H.BRITISH WOMEN'S CAMPAIGN FOR VOTE RANKS A FEMINIST
MOVEMENT'S
a.FIRST GREAT MEDIA EVENT
I.IN ALL MOVEMENTS CONCERN FOR WOMEN'S EDUCATION
J.& POSSIBILITIES FOR EMPLOYMENT CENTRAL TO ORGANIZATIONS
2.WORKING CLASS WOMEN'S PART
A.WHILE MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN MAIN WORKERS & FIGHTERS FOR
WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
B.WORKING CLASS WOMEN WERE IN VANGUARD FOR MANY ISSUES
C.ALTHOUGH WOMEN NEVER EQUAL IN TRADE UNION, WITHIN LABOR
MOVEMENT ITSELF IN ENGLAND
D.A NEW FEATURE...WAS THE STIR AND MURMUR AMONG WOMEN.
OVERWORKED MOTHERS & WIVES, YOUNG GIRLS TOO AND
OLDER WOMEN WHO WERE UNMARRIED, AND LIVING BY THEIR
OWN LABOR, AT FACTORY OR WORKSHOP, WAKENED AS FROM
SLEEP AND BEGAN TO CONCEIVE NEW HOPE AND PURPOSE MARGARET McMILLAN, MEMBER OF ILP, FROM HER BIOGRAPHY
OF HER SISTER RACHEL
E.IN 1874 EMMA PATERSON
a.DAUGHTER OF SCHOOL TEACHER & MARRIED TO CABINET
MAKER
b.FORMED BOTH "WOMEN" PROTECTIVE AND PROVIDENT
LEAGUE
(1)TO ENCOURAGE TRADE UNIONISM AMONG WOMEN
c.AND "NATIONAL UNION OF WORKING WOMEN" IN BRISTOL
d.SHE HAD GOT IDEA OF WOMEN'S UNIONS FROM "FEMALE
UMBRELLA MAKERS" UNION IN UNITED STATES
F.MARY GAWTHORPE IN HER PAMPHLET
a.VOTES FOR WOMEN
G.REMINDED WORKING CLASS MEN OF THEIR OWN PAST
H.& OPPOSITION HAD ENCOUNTERED WHEN THEY TRIED TO GET VOTE
OR FORM TRADE UNIONS
I.SO WE FIND EVIDENCE OF WORKING CLASS MEN PRO WOMEN'S
RIGHTS & WORKING FOR IT
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3.REST OF STORY
A.ANNE KNIGHT (1786-1862)
a.QUAKER
b.LONG ACTIVE IN CHARTIST & ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENTS
c.JOINED WITH 7 CHARTISTS WOMEN IN SHEFFIELD IN 1847
d.TO FORM FIRST ENGLISH
(1)"FEMALE POLITICAL ASSOCIATION"
(2)TO WORK FOR WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
(3)SHE WROTE PAMPHLET ADVOCATING WOMEN'S
SUFFRAGE
(4)& DESIGNED STICKERS BEARING WOMEN'S RIGHTS
SLOGANS TO SEAL HER LETTERS
(5)IN 1851 KNIGHT & "FEMALE POLITICAL ASSOCIATION"
ORGANIZED MEETING WHICH LED TO ANOTHER
PARLIAMENTARY PETITION
(6)THIS ADDRESSED TO HOUSE OF LORDS
B.IN SPRING 1856 PETITION WITH 26,000 NAMES
C.HEADED BY MANY PROMINENT WOMEN
a.ELIZABETH BARRET BROWNING, POET
b.JANE CARLYLE, WIFE OF FAMOUS AUTHOR
c.CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN, ACTRESS
d.ELIZABETH GASKELL, NOVELIST
e.HARRIET MARTINEAU, POLITICAL REFORMER
D.SPEARHEADED BY BARBARA LEIGH SMITH, LATER BARBARA
BODICHON (1827-1891
E.WHILE THIS MOBILIZATION EFFORT FAILED
F.DEFEAT TRANSFORMED WOMEN'S COMMITTEE INTO WOMEN'S
MOVEMENT
G.BY EARLY 1860'S GROUP HAD
a.PUBLISHED FEMINIST MAGAZINE
(1)ENGLISHWOMEN'S JOURNAL
b.OPENED CLUB & READING ROOM
(1)LADIES INSTITUTE
H.IN 1860'S ENGLISH WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT LAUNCHED 4
CAMPAIGNS
I.THEY SUCCEEDED IN GETTING
a.1878 MARRIED WOMEN CONTROL OVER THEIR EARNINGS &
PROPERTY
b.FOUNDED WOMEN’S COLLEGES AT MAJOR UNIVERSITIES
c.TRAINED STUDENTS TO PASS OXFORD & CAMBRIDGE
EXAMINATIONS
(1)WHERE WOMEN BEGAN ENTERING IN 1870'S
d.BY 1878 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON GRANTED THEM DEGREES
J.NEXT THEY CAMPAIGNED TO ABOLISH CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACTS
a.WHICH ALLOWED POLICE INSPECTION FOR VENEREAL DISEASE
OF WOMEN
b.SUSPECTED OF BEING PROSTITUTES
c.WON IT BY 1884
4."WOMEN'S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL UNION" ORGANIZATION
A.IN 1897 DIVIDED ENGLISH WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT REUNITED
AS "NATIONAL UNION OF WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE SOCIETIES"
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B.NEW EMPHASIS ON VOTE LED TO NEW, MORE MILITANT TACTICS
C.WORKING CLASS WOMEN JOINED IN THOUSANDS
D.AT THIS TIME WOMEN BOTH OF MIDDLE & WORKING CLASSES BEGAN
ALLYING WITH NEWLY FORMED LABOR PARTY
E.1903 SMALL GROUP OF WOMEN FORMED WSPU
a.AT MRS. PANKHURST'S HOME
F.SLOGAN "VOTES FOR WOMEN"
G.ORIGINAL INSPIRATION FOR FORMING OF WSPU PROBABLY CAME
FROM PETITION SIGNED BY WOMEN IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN
a.LANCASHIRE, CHESHIRE & YORKSHIRE
H.ANNIE KENNY OF LANCASHIRE TEXTILE WORKERS
I.WENT ON TO BECOME INVOLVED ON NATIONAL FULL-TIME BASIS
a.PROBABLY EXCEPTION
J.IN YORKSHIRE, IN SOUTH LEEDS AREA
a.TEXTILE MILL HANDS, MOTHERS & WAGE WORKERS
DEMONSTRATED WITH MRS. PANKHURST IN TORCH-LIGHT
PROCESSION TO HUNSLET MOOR
b.WHERE 100,000 ASSEMBLED
K.IN SOUTHAMPTON
a.YOUNG CLERK & MEMBER OF WSPU SPENT MANY EARLY
MORNINGS CHALKING ON PAVEMENTS "VOTES FOR
WOMEN"
L.THEIR GOAL
a.TO GET NEW LABORER REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE TO
MAKE VOTE PARTY QUESTION
M.STRONG EMPHASIS IN WSPU ON WOMEN DEPENDING ON
THEMSELVES
N.& A VERY DEEP RESENTMENT AT VACILLATION OF SOME OF THE
MEN WHO SAID THEY WERE FOR THE VOTE
O.BUT WOULD RISK NOTHING FOR IT
P.SLOGAN "VOTES FOR WOMEN AND PURITY FOR MEN" IN 193
a.SUMMED UP THIS FEELING THAT MEN CONGENITALLY
INCLINED TOWARD DEBAUCHERY
b.FEMINISTS TURNED VICTORIAN MALE IMAGE OF WOMEN’S
NATURE INSIDE OUT
c.IF CELIBACY ONLY CHOICE OPEN TO WOMEN
d.THEN MEN HAD TO ADOPT IT AS THEIR PROGRAM TOO
Q.AT 1904 ILP CONFERENCE MRS. EMMELINE PANKHURST GOT OFFICIAL
PARTY BACKING TO SPONSOR WOMEN’S ENFRANCISHEMENT
BILL
R.ON 12 MAY 1904 WSPU & OTHER SUPPORTS
a.PLUS LANCASHIRE TEXTILE WORKED
b.+ 400 FROM WOMEN'S GUILD ASSEMBLED OUTSIDE
PARLIAMENT
c.BUT BILL FAILED
S.OUT OF THIS DEFEAT THEY DECIDED TO TAKE DIRECT ACTION
T.THEIR HECKLING OF POLITICAL MEETINGS BEGAN
U.SUBSEQUENT ACCOUNTS OF SUFFRAGETTE MOVEMENT HAVE
TENDED TO CONCENTRATE ON PANKHURSTS AS PERSONALITIES
a.MRS. EMMELINE PANKHURST
b.CHRISTABEL
10
c.SYLVIA
5.WHY DID THEY GO FOR THE VOTE TO SOLVE THEIR PROBLEMS?
A.WANTED VOTE BECAUSE OF POWER THEY BELIEVED THEY WOULD
HAVE WHEN THEY GOT IT
B.BUT SUFFRAGETTES HAD DIFFERING VIEWS ON WHAT THEY
BELIEVED THIS POWER & VOTE WOULD MEAN
a.MEANS OF ENDING WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC & REDUCING
PROSTITUTION
b.REFORM PRISONS
c.TRANSFORM ECONOMIC HELPLESSNESS OF UNSUPPORTED
MOTHERS
d.IMPROVE TRAINING OF MIDWIVES
e.END SWEATSHORTS
f.OTHERS SAW IT AS MEANS TO GAIN EQUAL PAY FOR WOMEN
C.MOST OF SUFFRAGETTES THOUGHT CHANGE WOULD COME OUT OF
REFORMS THEY WOULD ACHIEVE IN PARLIAMENT
D.BUT ALWAYS UNEVEN SUPPORT FOR WOMEN IN LABOR PARTY
E.LABOR PARTY PRIME MINISTER HIMSELF ACQUITH ADAMANTLY
AGAINST VOTES FOR WOMEN
F.IN CONSERVATIVE & UNIONIST PARTIES MAJORITY OF PARTY
OPPOSED
6.SUFFRAGETTES' CAMPAIGN BECOMES RADICAL
A.WE HAVE TRIED TO USE FEMININE INFLUENCE AND WE HAVE SEEN
THAT IT IS OF NO OUSE....WE ARE HERE NOT BECAUSE WE ARE
LAW-BREAKERS; WE ARE HERE IN OUR EFFORTS TO BECOME
LAW-MAKERS - EMMELINE PANKHURST
B.WHEN CAMPAIGN INTENSIFIED AND MILITANT TACTICS OF WSPU LED
TO JAIL SENTENCES
C.IT MUST HAVE BEEN EVEN HARDER FOR WORKING CLASS WOMEN TO
TAKE PART
D.THOUGH SOME DID GO TO JAIL
E.AS PARLIAMENT FAILED TO GRANT VOTE TO WOMEN
F.SUFFRAGETTES TURNED TO VIOLENCE & ARSON
G.THEY WERE JAILED & FORCED FED
H.IN END OVER 1000 SUFFRAGETTES WENT TO PRISON
I.WENT ON HUNGER & THIRST STRIKES
J.LIBERAL GOVERNMENT RETALIATED BY PASSING "CAT AND MOUSE
ACT"
a.ALLOWED PRISONERS TO BE RELEASED TO RECOVER THEIR
HEALTH
b.& THEN REARRESTED SO THEY WOULD SERVE EVERY DAY OF
THEIR SENTENCE
K.JUSTIFYING THIS ACT
L.REPRESSIVE MEASURES INSTITUTED BY GOVERNMENT AROUSED
SYMPATHY OF WOMEN AROUND WORLD
M.& AGAIN BECAME FIRST GREAT MEDIA EVENT FOR WOMEN
N.& GOVERNMENT'S DECISION TO CLASSIFY MILITANT SUFFRAGETTES
AS CRIMINALS RATHER THAN POLITICAL PRISONERS
O.HOME SECRETARY REJECTED ALL OTHER RESPONSES
P.LETTING WOMEN DIE WOULD ONLY CREATE POLITICAL MARTYRS
Q.INCARCERATING THEM IN LUNATIC ASYLUMS IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE
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DOCTORS WOULD NOT DECLARE THEM INSANE
R.EXILING THEM MIGHT INSPIRE THEIR WEALTHY SUPPORTERS TO
RESCUE THEM
S.GRANTING THEM THEIR WISH TO VOTE
T.OUT OF QUESTION
U.EMILY DAVISON (1872-1913)
a.OXFORD GRADUATE
b.WSPU MILITANT
c.HAD BEEN FORCE-FED 49 TIMES IN PRISON
d.DELIBERATELY HURLED HERSELF IN FRONT OF KING'S HORSE
IN POPULAR DERBY DAY RACE
e.SACRIFICING HERSELF TO AID CAUSE OF VOTES FOR WOMEN
f.SHE CARRIED WSPU BANNER UNDER HER COAT
g.AT HER FUNERAL LARGE SUFFRAGE DEMONSTRATION
V.EMMELINE PANKHURST JAILED & RELEASED 12 TIMES IN 1913
W.BUT ON WHOLE PROMINENT & UPPER-CLASS WOMEN RECEIVED
PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN JAIL ON GROUNDS OF
ILL=HEALTH
X.TO AVOID THIS LADY CONSTANCE LYTTON DRESSED UP AS
SEAMSTRESS
Y.& LED DEMONSTRATION THROUGH LIVERPOOL IN 1910
Z.WHEN SHE ARREST SHE WENT ON HUNGER STRIKE
AA.FORCIBLY FED WITHOUT HEART TEST FIRST
BB.SHE BECAME VIOLENTLY SICK
CC.& PRISON DOCTOR HIT HE
DD.SHE PERMANENTLY INJURED
EE.& REMAINED PARALYZED FOR REST OF HER LIFE
FF.IF SHE HAD REALLY BEEN SEAMSTRESS HE MIGHT HAVE PASSED
UNNOTICED
GG.BUT WHEN HER IDENTITY DISCOVERED PUBLIC OUTCRY OVER
THEIR TREATMENT OF HER
HH.AT THIS JUNCTION LORD LYTTON INTRODUCED BILL FOR WOMEN'S
SUFFRAGE
II.& HOPES BUILT UP AGAIN
JJ.HOWEVER IN NOV 1910 DEMONSTRATION TO PARLIAMENT ENDED IN
CLASH BETWEEN SUFFRAGETTES & POLICE & WATCHING CROWS
KK.FIGHT WENT ON FOR SEVERAL HOURS
LL.MANY WOMEN INJURED & 2 DIED
MM.FOLLOWING DAY MRS. PANKHURST & OTHERS
NN.CAUGHT POLICE OFF-GUARD IN DOWNING STREET
a.PRIME MINISTER ASQUITH HAD NARROW ESCAPE
OO.MRS. PANKHURST
a....MOST OF US WHO WERE MARRIED FOUND THAT "VOTES FOR
WOMEN" WERE OF LESS INTEREST TO OUR HUSBANDS
THAN THEIR OWN DINNERS. THEY SIMPLY COULD NOT
UNDERSTAND WHY WE MADE SUCH A FUSS ABOUT IT
PP.WHEN SUFFRAGETTES TOOK VIOLENT ACTION
QQ.HANNAH MITCHELL DID NOT BLAME THEM FOR
a.DESTROYING LETTER BOXES
b.BURNING CHURCHES
RR.BECAUSE SHE KNEW HOW LONG THEY HAD STRUGGLED
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SS.& WHAT THEY WENT THROUGH IN PRISON
TT.BUT SHE DID NOT AGREE WITH THEIR ATTACKS ON EVEN THE
SOCIALIST MEN WHO SUPPORTED THEM
UU.SHE ALSO CAME TO DISLIKE EMMELINE & CHRISTABEL'S
ORGANIZATIONAL RUTHLESSNESS
VV.FINALLY WHEN SUFFRAGETTE LEADERS SUPPORTED WWI
WW.HANNAH BROKE WITH THEM & BECAME PACIFIST
XX.VOTES FOR WOMEN EVEN APPEARED BURNED IN ACID ON GOLF
COURSES
YY.IN 1913 EMILY DAVISON THREW HERSELF IN FRONT OF KING'S RACE
HORSE TO DRAMATIZE SUFFRAGETTE CAUSE
ZZ.SHE WAS KILLED & BECAME MARTYR FOR CAUSE
AAA.AT TIME OF HER FUNERAL
a.WHERE THOUSANDS CAME TO WATCH
b.200 SUFFRAGETTES IN PRISON
7.WHY DID WOMEN RESORT TO VIOLENCE?
A.ESCALATION OF MILITANCY & VIOLENCE DOES NOT APPEAR TO
HAVE BEEN PART OF LONG-TERM STRATEGY
B.NEW TACTICS ADOPTED BY INDIVIDUALS
C.THEN WSPU WENT ALONG WITH THEM
8.CHANGE IN POLICY OF WSPU
A.IN 1912 ON CHRISTABEL'S INSTRUCTIONS CHANGE IN POLICY OF
WSPU
B.SUFFRAGETTES DELIBERATELY ISOLATED THEMSELVES
C.CUTTING LAST LINKS WITH THEIR SUPPORTS IN LABOR MOVEMENT
D.WITH DECISION TO ATTACK IRISH & LABOR MPS AS MUCH AS
LIBERALS & CONSERVATIVES
E.NOW EVEN MORE VIOLENT PHASE AS THEY MOVED FROM DEFACING
BUILDINGS & SMASHING WINDOWS TO ARSON
F.THEY NO LONGER SOUGHT ARREST & MARTYRDOM
G.INSTEAD THEY TRIED TO DO AS MUCH DAMAGE AS THEY COULD
H.APPARENTLY BELIEVED THAT PRESSURE FROM INSURANCE
COMPANIES WOULD BE SO GREAT THAT GOVT WOULD GIVE IN
I.FROM 1912 WSPU BECAME ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION
J.WITH HEADQUARTERS IN PARIS & ACTIVISTS WORKING
UNDERGROUND
K.WSPU DEPENDED ON PUBLICITY
L.THEY WERE TRYING TO SHOCK & DIVIDE MALE RULING CLASS
OPINION INTO CONCEDING VOTE
M.BUT WHAT WAS IRONIC
N.WSPU RULED LIKE DICTATORSHIP
O.MEMBERS DID NOT EVEN HAVE VOTE IN THEIR OWN MOVEMENT
9.FEMINISM AND CHRISTIANITY
A.ALTHOUGH BOTH PROTESTANTS & CATHOLICS OPPOSED FEMINISM
B.& DESPISED WOMEN ACTIVITIES
C.EQUAL RIGHTS FEMINISM AROSE MORE EASILY IN PROTESTANT
NATIONS THAN IN CATHOLIC ONES
D.NUNS AS MAJOR EDUCATORS OF GIRLS WELL INTO 20TH C. IN
CATHOLIC COUNTRIES
E.TAUGHT TRADITIONAL FEMALE VIRTUES OF
a.OBEDIENCE, DEFERENCE, MODESTY & SELF-SACRIFICE
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b.CATHOLIC GIRLS TAUGHT THEY WOULD BE RESPECTED FOR
THESE VIRTUES
c.WELL-KNOWN 20TH C. FEMINISM SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR
REMARKS ABOUT HER EARLY EDUCATION
d.THE MAJORITY OF REAL OR LEGENDARY HEROINES
(1)SAINT BLANDINE, JOAN OF ARC, GRISELDA, GENEVIEVE
DE BRABANT- ONLY ATTAINED TO BLISS OR GLORY
IN THIS WORLD OR IN THE NEXT AFTER ENDURING
PAINFUL SUFFERINGS INFLICTED ON THEM BY
MALES. I WILLINGLY CAST MYSELF IN THE ROLE OF
VICTIM
F.SO CATHOLIC WOMEN WHO REJECTED THESE TRADITIONAL VIRTUES
G.& DEMANDED EQUAL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RIGHTS OFTEN HAD
TO BREAK OFF COMPLETELY FROM CATHOLIC CHURCH
H.UNTIL MASS WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS OF 1970'S
I.CATHOLIC WOMEN WHO BROKE AWAY FOUND THEMSELVES
RELATIVELY ISOLATED IN THEIR OWN CULTURES
a.ESPECIALLY FROM OTHER WOMEN
J.WE FIND THESE WOMEN WHO BROKE AWAY USING JOINING WITH
MEN WHO SHARED THEIR BELIEFS
a.FREEMASONS, REPUBLICANS, SOCIALISTS
b.FEMINISM ALWAYS SUBORDINATED TO OTHER CAUSES
K.THUS WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS IN CATHOLIC NATIONS VERY
SMALL
L.OFTEN DOMINATED BY MEN
M. WOMEN IN THESE CATHOLIC NATIONS THUS NOT WOMEN
a.BUT MINORITY PROTESTANTS OR JEWS OR ATHEISTS
N.THUS FEW WOMEN BECAME FEMINISTS OR JOINED WOMEN'S RIGHTS
MOVEMENTS IN CATHOLIC EUROPEAN NATIONS UNTIL
RECENTLY
O.WHILE PROTESTANTS NO MORE FAVORABLE TO WOMEN IN ITS
IDEOLOGY OF INSTITUTIONS
P.CREATED ATMOSPHERE MORE CONDUCIVE TO FEMINISM
Q.THIS IS TRUE IN MORE RADICAL SECTS OF PROTESTANTISM
R.THESE REASONS WHY WOMEN WON VOTE IN PROTESTANT NATIONS
IN EUROPE
S.WHOLE GENERATION OR MORE THAN IN CATHOLIC NATIONS
T.BUT IN BOTH CATHOLIC & PROTESTANT COUNTRIES
10.ADVENT OF WORLD WAR I 1914
A.BUT AS WAR BROKE OUT IN 1914 SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT TOOK BACK
SEAT
B.SECTION OF WSPU SPLIT OFF WHEN CHRISTABEL & EMMELINE
SUPPORTED WWI
C.FEMINISTS WERE THUS DIVIDED ON QUESTION OF
a.TACTICS
b.POLITICAL LOYALTIES
c.BY COMMITMENT TO PERSUADING UPPER CLASS
d.OR BUILDING BASE AMONG WORKERS
e.& FINALLY ON ISSUE OF WAR
D.SOME, LIKE PANKHURSTS BECAME BACKERS OF WAR CAUSE
E.OTHERS WORKED HARD AS PACIFISTS
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F.ALTHOUGH
11.WHAT WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND WON BY 20TH C
A.RIGHT TO SIT ON TOWN COUNCILS & SCHOOL BOARDS
B.COULD VOTE IN MUNICIPAL & COUNTY ELECTIONS IF HAD REQUISITE
PROPERTY
C.COULD EVEN BE MAYORS
a.DR. ELIZABETH GARRET ANDERSON 1836-1917
(1)FIRST FEMALE PHYSICIAN IN ENGLAND
D.DELAY IN WINING VOTE CAUSED BY POLITICAL STALEMATE
a.TRUE OF ALL
MOVEMENTS THROUGH WORLD
E.BUT FEMINISTS' NATURAL POLITICAL ALLIES
a.MEN OPEN TO CHANGE
b.LIBERALS, RADICALS, SOCIALISTS
F.BUT THESE MEN ON LEFT GENERALLY FEARED WOMEN WOULD VOTE
CONSERVATIVE, RIGHT-WING PARTIES
G.PEOPLE THOUGHT WOMEN MORE RELIGIOUS & THUS MORE
CONSERVATIVE
H.CONSERVATIVE PARTIES HAD NO INTEREST IN WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
I.& UPHELD TRADITION THAT WOMEN HAD NO PLACE IN POLITICAL
LIFE
J.ONLY FEW GOT VOTE BEFORE WWI
a.NEW ZEALAND FIRST
(1)1893
b.AUSTRALIA 1902
c.FINLAND 1906
d.NORWAY 1913
e.RUSSIA 1917
K.AFTER WWI
a.GB 1918-28
b.ENGLISHWOMEN ONLY OVER 30 WON VOTE
(1)WOMEN BETWEEN 21 & 30 CONSIDERED TOO FLIGHT
(2)HAD TO WAIT UNTIL 1928 TO VOTE
c.GERMANY 1919
(1)WHEN GOVT IN COLLAPSE AS RESULT OF WAR
(2)RIVAL SUFFRAGE GROUPS JOINED FORCES TO GAIN
VOTE
d.BELGIUM
(1)ENFRANCHISED ONLY WAR WIDOWS
(2)WIDOWED MOTHERS OF SONS WHO HAD BEEN KILLED IN
WAR
(3)WOMEN WHO HAD BEEN IMPRISONED BY GERMANS
e.US 1920
L.AFTER WWII
a.FRANCE 1945
b.ITALY 1946
c.CHINA 1948
d.JAPAN 1945
(1)UNDER DIRECTIVE OF GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR
e.SWITZERLAND LAST
(1)1971
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12.CHANGES AS RESULT OF VOTES FOR WOMEN
A.1919 ENGLAND ACT PASSED IN ENGLAND ALLOWED WOMEN TO BE
a.LAWYERS, JURORS, JUDGES & MPS
b.1923 GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE BECAME EQUAL
c.1925 MOTHERS WON EQUAL RIGHTS CHILD CUSTODY