Quick guide to construction automation and robotics
This short guide is intended for those readers who are newcomers and who want to get a quick grasp of the
subject. Once you have done so, you might like to try the self-study exercise to broaden your knowledge and
appreciation.
- What is a construction robot and how would I recognise one?
First of all, we need to say what we mean by the word robot. The word itself was coined by the Czech
playwright, Karel Capek in the early part of this century, having been taken from the Czech word 'robota'
meaning forced work or slavery. In Capek's play, Rossum's Universal Robots, the robots were humanoid
machines. The proliferation of industrial manipulators in factories in the latter part of this century has served
to reinforce the image of the human-like machine to the extent that it has become the benchmark against
which to judge whether or not a machine is a robot.
Strictly speaking, there are few industrial robots to be found in the construction sector, but that does not
mean there are no other types. Ever since machines came under computer control we have had automation.
Automated machines are, in fact, robots. They not only carry out a complex sequence of operations, but can
also control their performance. They are self-regulating, correcting themselves as they go.
Turning to the specific case of construction robots, the question is, how do we recognise one? First, they
need to comply with the above basic requirements. Second, they must be suited to their purpose: it would
make no sense putting a high precision 'pick-and-place' robot on to a construction site and expect it to work
wonders. The construction environment is very different to that encountered in the comparatively well
ordered factory and both the demands for mobility and ruggedness impact on the design criteria for
construction.robots.
The examples pictured below are two of the most well known and there are others that will be added to this
site over the next few months.
Shimizu Corporation's wall
climbing painting robot.
The company's concrete
power floating machine.
There have been many examples of prototype and working construction robots. The concrete power floating
machine above is used routinely on sites and not just in Japan. It is an example of a dedicated or task
specific robot and one that has been shown to raise the productivity of the human (or mechanically-assisted)
task it performs. There are other types, including those where more conventional forms of construction plant
and equipment have been enhanced by the addition of sensors and controls. They enable operatives to
perform at a higher level and, in some cases, can replace them. The accompanying self-study exercise
expands on these ideas.
- Why isn't it possible to automate more of the construction process?
Construction is a diverse industry and one that has to cope with an almost unique set of circumstances on
each project and site. Whilst these can be used to excuse the industry's lack of progress, when compared
with manufacturing, there are many problems that construction faces that exceed the current limits of
technology and engineering know-how. The unstructured, dynamic nature of the construction site, the
hazards and difficulties presented by temporary works, weather and, sometimes, the shear scale of activity
mitigate against greater automation. There is also the investment needed. That said, significant progress has
been made in, for instance, tunnelling, mining and other civil or heavy engineering applications. In the case
of buildings, the development of a systematised approach to construction using largely dry, prefabricated
components delivered just-in-time has advanced the degree of automation now possible. Although it is still
early days, development of this kind is indicative of a longer term trend.
Shimizu SMART building project in Nagoya, Japan. See case study under the Technologies section or selfstudy exercise.
Case Study: SMART (Shimizu Manufacturing system by Advanced Robotics Technology)
SMART represents more recent attempts at computer integrated construction (CIC) - discussed below - that
claims to reduce by 30% the number of man-hours required to complete a multi-storey office building
(Normile, 1993). System set-up takes about six weeks, after which the building's top floor and roof are
erected on top of four jacking towers: the effect is to resemble a top-hat. The jacking towers are used to push
up the 1,323 ton top floor assembly - the main work platform - as well as lifting their own bases from floor to
floor in a cycle time of around two and a half hours. The heart of the system is composed of lifting
mechanisms and automatic conveying equipment which is installed on the work platform. This later becomes
the roof of the building. Overhead gantry cranes are connected to the underside of the roof structure in a way
that resembles a factory production facility. Trolley hoists are used to lift and position components which are
introduced at ground level.
The whole process is computer-controlled, though workers are still involved in overseeing operations at least
for the time being. Simplified connections between components facilitate rapid erection times: self-centering
column connections require only fine-tuning with a torque wrench and a laser-guided gauge. A clamp-on
welding robot - one of a few task-specific devices - is used afterwards to effect the final mating of the column
ends. Floors emerge from under the top-hat pre-clad - again from the inside - allowing work in fitting out to
begin immediately. Weather is excluded from the job-site by a mesh fabric hung around the work area.
Racks of pre-assembled pipework are a further example of an entire approach to rationalising design and
production, the aim of which is to drive down the man-hours required for production.
SMART automates a range of production processes including:
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erection and welding of steel frames
placement of precast concrete floor planks
exterior and interior wall panels
installation of various prefabricated units.
Inevitably, with the first run of anything, costs are higher than normal: it would be unusual if it were not so.
However, further improvements to the system will enable it to have wider application and, hence, lower costs
because of economies of scale and familiarity with the technology. Likewise, lower cost will make the system
more attractive.
- Computer integrated construction
SMART serves many purposes. Apart from the obvious gains as outlined above, it forms part of a much
broader strategy for construction. CIC or computer integrated construction is the concept within which
SMART is placed (Miyatake, 1993). In this sense, SMART is being used to demonstrate an approach which
aims to integrate the entire AEC (architecture/engineering/construction) process. It achieves this by bringing
together three elements:
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integrated design and construction planning
a site automation system
factory automation.
Innovations in IT, typically KBE, database management, simulation, engineering and management software,
3-D CAD and object-oriented programming have opened up new possibilities for systems' integrators.
SMART is, thus, a prime example where this has been achieved.
CIM or computer integrated manufacturing has been used as the model for the site automation system
element of SMART. Technologies such as just-in-time (JIT), materials' handling, process control and
inventory control are implicit in the approach. The third element, site automation, brings together a raft of
technologies and management practices that are adapted to the circumstances of the construction site.
Automated transportation of materials, followed by their assembly and positioning using robots completes
the process.
Performance targets for CIC projects are demanding. Shimizu has set the following, seeing them as entirely
realistic:
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reduction in the total time of the project 50%
reduction in the total manpower requirement 50%.
The implications of the push towards total automation, as embodied by CIC, is to require many changes to
working practices. For Shimizu, this means that job descriptions for its workers have had to become less
specific because of the integration of different functions. The emphasis has moved the company still closer
to multi-disciplinary working. Within this, Shimizu has recognised that, not only are technical skills important,
so are the personalities of the workers.
- On the R&D agenda
R&D continues to explore many areas. The following is a list of current work topics:
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construction robot control
construction robot design techniques
information systems and technologies
robot safety and safeguarding
sensors and sensing techniques
user interfaces
automated planning and scheduling
bridges and road work
building construction
building finishing
meteorology in construction
special applications.
- Future form of construction automation
If SMART represents the extent of current achievement, what will be the next step in the quest for
fully automated construction? For the answer to this question we should look at the IF7 project in
Japan. Aptly named the Intelligent Field Factory , the aim is to bring advanced (i.e. intelligent)
manufacturing to construction. The promoters of the project, Hitachi Zosen, Kajima, Shimizu,
Hazama, Waseda University and MITI, are likely to be joined by researchers and industrialists from
Europe and Canada under the support of the IMS (Intelligent Manufacturing Systems) initiative.
Conceptually, the project is simple enough: it will build upon the success of SMART and systems
like it to deliver the intelligent site of the future.
The concept operates on two levels. First, there is the real construction world in which people and
robots co-work and interact with one another. The second is cyberspace within which is held a vast
amount of information to be used to help deliver buildings or other large volume structures
anywhere in the world. In this respect, it is important to note that buildings constitute just one type of
structure to be encompassed by the IF7 project; another type is ships.
In the real construction world, large volume structures would be built largely with pre-assembled
components. Intelligent robots would work to assemble predominantly heavy components which
would be complete with knowledge of how they are to be processed and so on. Each robot would be
able to communicate easily with people. Cyberagents which exist in cyberspace will be used to
support decision-making in the real construction world.
- When is it likely that construction robots will become an everyday
sight?
The short answer is: don't hold your breath. The diversity of construction activity and the
uniqueness of the problems to be solved mean that it will be some time before we see robots as
routinely as one might hope. In some cases, for instance, high-rise construction, it is possible that
automation systems will be progressively developed and refined to the point where the sites
themselves come very close to an assembly operation. In heavy and civil engineering, more
autonomous machines will appear replacing humans where safety and productivity are key issues.
25 years ago, it would be very uncommon to see much construction plant and equipment on small
scale, domestic work. Yet today, access equipment, mechanical excavators and power hand tools
are the norm. This incremental development of productivity-raising and cost-saving devices will
continue alongside the more ambitious site automation and autonomous systems. 25 years from
now, it will be a very different picture to now on many sites around the world where concern for
human life is paramount. Safety and the environment will become a driving force for more
automation and robots on our sites.
- Who is developing robots and automation systems for
construction?
To be fair, most of the running - so to speak - has been done in Japan by the major construction
companies, often supported by large research institutes (of their own) and by collaboration with
heavy engineering enterprises. There have been developments in the USA, Canada, Europe and
Australia, but by number alone the Japanese have produced far more than the rest put together. Of
course, much development has and is continuing to be undertaken by major plant and equipment
manufacturers - work which can be done on the back of sales and close relationships with the
customer. In some respects, it is tempting to say that we are seeing a convergence of technology
just as we see in telecommunications and elsewhere.
You will forgive us for not naming individual companies here, but to name a few would be to leave
out many more.
- How do I become more involved in this subject?
This first answer has to be to join IAARC, if you are not already a member. This can be on an
individual basis or corporately. We would be bound to say that, wouldn't we? The truth is there is no
other organisation of this kind. Throughout the world, there are local interest groups (or chapters)
affiliated to IAARC. You can enquire about one in your own country by using our feedback form. For
those of you who want a more active role, there is the chance to seek election to the Board of
Directors of IAARC or, at the very least, to participate in one of its many committees.
The International Association for Automation and Robotics in
Construction
http://www.iaarc.org/frame/intro.htm
Construction robot systems in Japan
http://www.iaarc.org/frame/publish/ccrr_toc.htm
1. Earthworks
Tele-Earthwork System
Fujita Corporation
2
Navigation-type Surveying System Using Real-time Kinematic GPS
Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
4
GPS-based Remote Control System for Construction Equipment
Taisei Corporation
6
Image-controlled Non-prism Laser Measurement System
Taisei Corporation
8
2. Foundation Work
Multi-jointed Pile Driving Machine RX2000-2
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Co., Ltd.
10
Integrated Control System for Diaphragm Wall Excavation
Kajima Corporation
12
Slurry Control System for Diaphragm-wall Excavation
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
14
Automatic Excavation System for Diaphragm-wall Excavator
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
16
Excavation System for Diaphragm Wall
Obayashi Corporation
18
Automatic Concrete Placing Control System for Diaphragm Wall
Obayashi Corporation
20
SH-SHINSO Method (Unmanned Deep Shaft Construction System)
Shiraishi Co.
22
Hydraulic Jack Control System for Underpinning
Taisei Corporation
24
High-Accuracy Position Control System for Underground Diaphragm
Walls
Thisei Corporation
26
Digging Work System for Hard Rock
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
28
Digging Work Robot
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
30
Removable Grout Plant
Toto Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
32
Safety & Compact New Type Crane "LC08M-1"
Komatsu Ltd.
34
New Mini Crane from Japan Can Ride on the Van, Can Go up and
Komatsu Ltd.
36
3. Crane Work
down the Stairs "KALCA1TA" (LM15-1)
Concrete Placing Crane
Obayashi Corporation
38
Automated Crane for Reinforcement
Takenaka Corporation
40
FUJITA Automatic Concrete Transfer System (FACTS)
Fujita Corporation
42
Self-rising Dam Form
Hazama Corporation
44
Robot for Green-Cutting and Disposing Latance
Hazama Corporation
46
Automated-Aggregate-Plant
Hazama Corporation
48
Dam Concrete Transport Facilities INCLINE
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy
Industries Co., Ltd.
50
Automatic Form for Dam Construction
Kajima Corporation
52
Automatic Control System of the Hydraulic Crawler Crane - The
application to the concrete dam construction -
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
54
Konoike Transfer Car Automatic Control System
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
56
Automatic Concrete-Transport System
Maeda Corporation
58
Automatic Concrete Transportation System in Dam Construction
Works
Nishimatsu Construction Co.,
Ltd.
60
Dam Concrete Automatic Transfer System
Obayashi Corporation
62
Automatic Concrete Casting System for Dam Construction
Sato Kogyo Co., Ltd.
64
Self Climbing Formwork for inclined Round Surface
Sato Kogyo Co., Ltd.
66
Brush-type Concrete Green Cutting Robot
Shimizu Corporation
68
Grout Data Control System
Toto Electric industry Co., Ltd.
70
Self-rising Dam Form
Hazama Corporation
44
Robot for Green-Cutting and Disposing Latance
Hazama Corporation
46
Automatic Form for Dam Construction
Kajima Corporation
52
Automatic Control System of the Hydraulic Crawler Crane - The
application to the concrete dam construction -
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
54
Konoike New Tunnel Lining System (K-Nil)
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
72
Water-Jet Concrete Chipping Robot
Kumagai Gumi Co., Ltd.
74
Automatic Concrete-Transport System
Maeda Corporation
58
Automatic Concrete Transportation System in Dam Construction
Works
Nishimatsu Construction Co.,
Ltd.
60
Dam Concrete Automatic Transfer System
Obayashi Corporation
62
Automatic Concrete Vibrator
Obayashi Corporation
76
Automatic Concrete Casting System for Dam Construction
Sato Kogyo Co., Ltd.
64
Horizontal Concrete Distributor
Takenaka Corporation
78
4. Dam Construction
5. Concrete Work
Simplified Distributor "DB ROBO"
Takenaka Corporation
80
Automated Precast Concrete Manufacturing System
Takenaka Corporation
82
Tunnel Swift Lining Robot
Tekken Corporation
84
Lining Cutting Robot
Tekken Corporation
86
Shotcrete Control System
Toa Corporation
88
Control Equipment for Secondary Lining Concrete Placement
Toa Corporation
90
PASS (Pre-Arch Shell Support) METHOD
Fujita Corporation
92
Front Monitoring System for Mountain Tunnel
Hazama Corporation
94
New Pre-Lining Support Method
Hazama Corporation
96
Konoike New Tunnel Lining System (K-NTL)
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
72
Secondary Lining by Using an Automatic Vibrator System
Maeda Corporation
98
Hard Rock Heading Machine Roadheader S-300
Obayashi Corporation
100
Automatic Operation System for Tunnel Boring Machine
Obayashi Corporation
102
A New System for Marking off on the Face in a Tunnel
Obayashi Corporation
104
Rotary Shotcrete System
Obayashi Corporation
106
TBM Full-Automatic Operation System
Obayashi Corporation
108
Automatic Transport System Intended for Long Tunnels, GEOSHUYFLE
Sato Kogyo Co., Ltd.
110
Three-dimensional Tunnel Marking System
Taisei Corporation
112
Lining Cutting Robot
Tekken Corporation
86
Tunnel Swift Lining Robot
Tekken Corporation
84
Automatic Slump Adjusting System
Toa Corporation
114
Control Equipment for Secondary Lining Concrete Placement
Toa Corporation
90
Shotcrete Control System
Toa Corporation
88
Laser Ventilation System
Toa Corporation
116
Roadheader with Automatic Excavation System
Toda Corporation
118
Highly Integrated Shield Driving Automatic Control System (HiSDACS)
Hazama Corporation
120
Automatic Segment Assembly Robot (Automatic Assembling of Core
Type Concrete Segment)
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Co., Ltd.
122
Automatic Shield Direction Control System (Fuzzy Controlling of
Deviation and Direction Deviation Amount)
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Co., Ltd.
124
Kajima Type Automatic Segment Erection System
Kajima Corporation
126
Automatic Segment Erection System (Short Bolt Type)
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 128
Multi-Jointed Arm Erector
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 130
6. Mountain Tunnel
7. Shield Tunnel
Fault Diagnosis System for a Shield Tunnelling Machine
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 132
Cotter Type Joint Segment Automatic Erection System
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 134
MS (Multi Stage) Shield System
Komatsu Ltd.
136
K-EASIS - Konoike Easy-operating Automatic Shield Integrated
System -
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
138
Construction Method of Transporting and Installing Precast Railway
Slabs Using Compressed Air
Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
140
Position Control System of a Shield Tunneling Machine
Nishimatsu Construction Co.,
Ltd.
142
Segment Automatic Building Intelligent System "SABIS"
NKK Corporation
144
Self-Supported Segment Assembly Robot for the Shield Tunneling
Method, 0-SERO
Obayashi Corporation
146
Rebar Fabricating Robot for the Secondary Cast-in-place Lining at
the Shield Tunnel
Obayashi Corporation
148
Segment Bold Tightening Robot, OMNIHAND 500
Obayashi Corporation
150
Segment Automatic Carrier System for Shield Works
Shimizu Corporation
152
An Invert Concrete Screeding Machine for Shield Tunneling
Thkenaka Civil Engineering &
Construction Co., Ltd.
154
An Automatic Direction Control System for Shield Tunneling
Thkenaka Civil Engineering &
Construction Co., Ltd.
156
Double-grip Type Automatic Erector
Toda Corporation
158
Seabed Rock Excavating and Trenching Machine: YD500
Komatsu Ltd.
160
Marine Work's Execution Support System
Nishimatsu Construction Co.,
Ltd.
162
GPS-based Precision Vessel Positioning and Guidance System
Taisei Corporation
164
Automated Weather-Unaffected Buildings Construction System
"AKATSUKI 21"
Fujita Corporation
166
Force up Building Floors High into the Air "ARROW-UP SYSTEM"
Fujita Corporation
168
FCF Construction Method
Fujita Corporation
170
Welding Robot System for Building Main Columns "WELMA"
Fujita Corporation
172
Automated Building Construction System (AMURAD Construction
System)
Kajima Corporation
174
NC Welding Machine for Steel Girders
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 176
Building Construction Push-Up Jack System
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 178
Automatic Concrete Distribution System with Tower Crane Application to Super High-rise R.C. Building
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
180
MCCS (Mast Climbing Construction System)
Maeda Corporation
182
8. Marine Ship/Underwater Work
9. Placing of Reinforcement/Steel-framework
Automatic Rebar Bender and Rebar Column Fabrication Unit
Obayashi Corporation
184
ABCS (Automated Building Construction System)
Obayashi Corporation
186
Automated Construction System for Reinforce Concrete Building
Obayashi Corporation
188
Computer Integrated and Automated Construction System
---SMART System--
Shimizu Corporation
190
Remote Shackle Releasing System
---Mighty Shackle Ace--
Shimizu Corporation
192
Load Balancer "GEO"
Shimizu Corporation
194
Column Welding Robot
Shimizu Corporation
196
Steel Members Positioning System for Ground Level Assembling
Taisei Corporation
198
'T-UP' Building Construction Method
Taisei Corporation
200
Laser-controlled Automatic Measurement System for Steel Erection
Taisei Corporation
202
Mast Column Building Method & Mast Column Crane
Taisei Corporation
204
Roof Push up Construction Method
Takenaka Corporation
206
Steel Frame Welding Robot
Takenaka Corporation
208
Assembly Line for Reinforcement Bar Units
Takenaka Corporation
210
Automatically Adjusting System of Plumbing Structural Steel Column
TO - Plumb Navi
Toda Corporation
212
Steel Plate Handling Machine EASY LIFTER
Toda Corporation
214
Mechanized System for Anti-quake Reinforcement, Drilling Machine
Toda Corporation
216
Fireproof Insulation Spray Robot
Fujita Corporation
218
Erect Exterior Walls on High Rise Building without Cranes
"SHUTTLE SYSTEM"
Fujita Corporation
220
Automatic Work Execution System for PC Panels on Exterior Walls
Fujita Corporation
222
Floor Troweling Robot
Hazama Corporation
224
Tile-Setting Robot for Exterior Walls
Hazama Corporation
226
Exterior-wall Painting Robot
Kajima Corporation
228
Concrete-Slab Finishing Robot
Kajima Corporation
230
Material-Handling System for Interior Finishes
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 232
Automatic Laser Beam Guided Floor Work Robot
Obayashi Corporation
234
Automatic Winding Machine for Carbon Fiber Strand
Obayashi Corporation
236
Suspender Device Controlling Load Rotation by Gyroscopic
Moments
Obayasbi Corporation
238
Robot for Sprayed-on Fire Protection ---SSR-3---
Shimizu Corporation
240
Ceiling Panel Positioning Robot --- CFR-1 ---
Shimizu Corporation
242
EZ-ten
Shimizu Corporation
244
Concrete Floor Finishing Machine FLAT-KN
Shimizu Corporation
246
10. Finishing Work of Building
Robot for Painting Exterior Walls
Taisei Corporation
248
Concrete Floor Screeding Robot "SCREED ROBO"
Takenaka Corporation
250
Concrete Floor Surface Finishing Robot "SURF ROBO"
Takenaka Corporation
252
Automated Coating Delamination Robot "JET-SCRAPER"
Takenaka Corporation
254
Automatic Cladding System, TO-AUTO FX
Toda Corporation
256
Fire-resisting Rock Wool Spraying Robot TN-Fukkun
Toda Corporation
258
Light Weight Manipulator
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
260
Automated Reinforcement Pre-assembly Line
Shimizu Corporation
262
Reinforcing Bar Fabrication Robot
Taisei Corporation
264
C & M Remixer
Niigata Engineering Co., Ltd.
266
"Sentore 21" Asphalt Finisher
Niigata Engineering Co., Ltd.
268
Robot Asphalt Finisher
Niigata Engineering Co., Ltd.
270
SAKAI ER501F Road Profile Cutter equipped with ACCS (Automatic
Cutter Control System)
Sakai Heavy Industries, Ltd.
272
Bending Asphalt Paver
The Nippon Road Co., Ltd.
274
11. Prefabrication of Reinforcement
12. Pavement Work
13. Pneumatic Caisson Work
ROVO Caisson Method for Automating Excavation, Soil Transfer and Ohmotogumi Co., Ltd.
Soil Discharging Operations in Pneumatic Caisson
276
Ground System for Remote Operation of Overhead Traveling
Excavator in Pneumatic Caisson
Ohmotogumi Co., Ltd.
278
Unmanned Caisson Method (Ground-Level Remote Control System
for Pneumatic Caisson)
Shiraishi Co.
280
Contour Boy
Kajima Corporation
282
Navigation-type Surveying System Using Real-time Kinematic GPS
Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
4
Image-controlled Non-prism Laser Measurement System
Taisei Corporation
8
Surveying Robot
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
14. Survey
284
15. Inspection & Monitoring
Front Monitoring System for Mountain Tunnel
Hazama Corporation
94
Clean Room Inspection Robot "CRIMRO"
Komatsu Ltd.
286
Clean Room Environment Measuring Robot (K-CREITOR)
Kumagai Gumi Co., Ltd.
288
Automatic Inspection System for Piping Corrosion
Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
290
Clean Room Inspection and Monitoring Robot, CRIMRO
Obayashi Corporation
292
Wall Tile Inspection System
Obayashi Corporation
294
Inspection System for Tiles Cast in Concrete Panel
Taisei Corporation
296
Exterior Wall Tile Inspection Robot
Taisei Corporation
298
Clean Room Measuring Robot
Takenaka Corporation
300
Tiled Wall Inspection System
Takenaka Corporation
302
Inspection Robot for Nuclear Power Plant
Toshiba Corporation
304
Ultra Compact Underwater Inspection Robot
Toshiba Corporation
306
Exterior-wall Painting Robot
Kajima Corporation
228
Automatic Cleaning System for the under Carriage of Construction
Machine "YC300W-1"
Komatsu Ltd.
308
Konoike Transfer Car Automatic Control System
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.
Automated Cleaning System for Aluminum Scaffolding Board
Obayashi Corporation
310
Floor-Climbing Type Elevator
Sanoyas Hishino Meisyo
Corporation
312
Automated Precast Concrete Manufacturing System
Takenaka Corporation
82
TAPS ( Tobishima Auto Level IantographSlipform) Method
Tobishima Corporation
314
Construction Manipulator
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
316
Wall Surface Operation Robot
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.
318
Vacuum-adhering and Self-travelling System, Water-jetting Robot
Urakami Research &
Development Co.
320
Vacuum-adhering and Self-travelling System, Polishing and Painting
Robot
Urakami Research &
Development Co.
322
Vacuum-adhering and Self-travelling System, Abrasives-blasting
Robot
Urakami Research &
Development Co.
324
Mobile Crusher 'GARAPAGOS' BR350JG
Komatsu Ltd.
326
Autonomous Truck System
Komatsu Ltd.
328
Construction Method of Transporting and Installing Precast Railway
Slabs Using Compressed Air
Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd.
140
Steel Plate Handling Machine EASY LIFTER
Toda Corporation
214
Mechanized System for Anti-quake Reinforcement, Drilling Machine
Toda Corporation
216
Double-grip Type Automatic Erector
Toda Corporation
158
Removable Grout Plant
Toto Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
16. Maintenance/Others
56
17. Element Techniques
32