CRREL Permafrost Tunnel Bibliography
Biology
Katayama, Taiki, Tomoko Kato, Michiko Tanaka, Tom A. Douglas, Anatoli Brouchkov,
Masami Fukuda, Fusao Tomita, and Kozo Asano. 2009. Glaciibacter superstes
gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae isolated from
a permafrost ice wedge. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
Microbiology 59: 482-486. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.001354-0.
———, Michiko Tanaka, Jun Moriizumi, Toshio Nakamura, Anatoli Brouchkov, Tom A.
Douglas, Masami Fukuda, Fusao Tomita, and Kozo Asano. 2007. Phylogenetic
analysis of bacteria preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology 73(7): 2360-2363. doi: 10.1128/AEM.0171506.
———, M. Tanaka, T. A. Douglas, Y. Cai, F. Tomita, K. Asano, and M. Fukuda. 2008.
Microorganisms trapped within permafrost ice in the Fox permafrost tunnel,
Alaska. Paper presented at American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008,
Abstract #B13A-0432.
Pikuta, Elena V., Damien Marsic, Asim Bej, Jane Tang, Paul Krader, and Richard B.
Hoover. 2005. Carnobacterium pleistocenium sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant,
facultative anaerobe Isolated from Permafrost of the Fox Tunnel in Alaska.
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2005) 55:
473-478. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63384-0.
Tanaka, M., T. Katayama, M. Fukuda, A. Brouchkov, K. Asano, and F. Tomita. 2006.
Microorganisms preserved in a late Quaternary ice wedge from the Fox
Permafrost Tunnel in Central Alaska. [Mikroorganizmy iz pozdnechetvertichnoi
ledyanoi zhily v tonnele Foks, Tsentral'naia Alyaska] p.369-371, ;
Mezhdunarodnaia konferentsiia, Teoriia i praktika otsenki sostoianiia kriosfery
Zemli i prognoz ee izmenenii, Tyumen, Russian Federation, May 29-31, 2006.
Publisher: Tyumenskii Gosudarstvennyy Neftegazovyy Universitet, Tyumen,
Russian Federation. (In Russian, Summary in English)
Waldrop, M.P., R. White III, and T.A. Douglas. 2008. Isolation and identification of
cold-adapted fungi in the Fox Permafrost Tunnel, Alaska. In Vol. 2 of
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Permafrost: University of
Alaska Fairbanks, June 29-July 3, 2008, ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 18871891. Fairbanks, AK: Institute of Northern Engineering.
Wooller, Matthew J., Grant D. Zazula, Mary Edwards, Duane G. Froese, Richard D.
Boone, Carolyn Parker, and Bruce Bennett. 2007. Stable carbon isotope
compositions of Eastern Beringian grasses and sedges: Investigating their
potential as paleoenvironmental indicators. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
39 (2): 318-331. doi: 10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[318:SCICOE]2.0.CO;2
Geology
Begét, Jim. 1990. Middle Wisconsinan climate fluctuations recorded in Central Alaskan
loess. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 44(1): 3-13. doi: 10.7202/032793ar.
———. 1996. Tephrochronology and paleoclimatology of the last Interglacial-Glacial
Cycle recorded in Alaskan loess deposits. Quaternary International 34-36: 121126. doi: 10.1016/1040-6182(95)00076-3.
Blinnikov, Mikhail S., Benjamin Gaglioti, Donald A. Walker, Matthew J. Wooller, and
Grant D. Zazula. 2011. Pleistocene Graminoid-Dominate Ecosystem in the Arctic.
Quaternary Science Reviews 30 (21-22): 2906-2929. doi:
10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.002.
Buckley, James D., Milton A. Trautman, and Eric H. Willis. 1968. Isotopes’ radiocarbon
measurements. VI. Radiocarbon 10(2): 246; 248-249.
Fletcher, Randall and John Craig. 1983. Analysis of Sediments from the CRREL
Permafrost Tunnel. CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Griffing, Corinne Y. 2011 Pleistocene climate in Alaska from stable isotopes in an ice
wedge. B.S. Thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Hamilton, Thomas D., John L. Craig, and Paul V. Sellmann. 1988. The Fox Permafrost
Tunnel: A late Quaternary geologic record in Central Alaska. Geological Society
of America Bulletin 100(6): 948–969. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)
100<0948:TFPTAL>2.3.CO;2
Kanevskiy, Mikhail, Daniel Fortier, Yuri Shur, Matthew Bray, and Torre Jorgenson.
2008. Detailed cryostratigraphic studies of syngenetic permafrost in the winze of
the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox, Alaska. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the
Ninth International Conference on Permafrost: University of Alaska Fairbanks,
June 29-July 3, 2008, ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 889-894. Fairbanks, AK:
Institute of Northern Engineering.
Lachniet, Matthew S., Daniel E. Lawson, and Alison R. Sloat. 2012. Revised 14C dating
of ice wedge growth in interior Alaska to MIS 2 reveals cold paleoclimate and
carbon recycling in ancient permafrost terrain. Quaternary Research (in press).
doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2012.05.007.
Long, Austin and Troy L. Pewe. 1996. Radiocarbon dating by high-sensitivity liquid
scintillation counting of wood from the Fox permafrost tunnel near Fairbanks,
Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 7(3): 281–285.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199609)7:3<281::AID-PPP222>3.0.CO;2-Y
Meyer, Hanno, Kenji Yoshikawa, Lutz Schirrmeister, and Andrei Andreev. 2008. The
vault creek tunnel (Fairbanks region, Alaska): a late quaternary
palaeoenvironmental permafrost record. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Ninth
International Conference on Permafrost: University of Alaska Fairbanks, June
29-July 3, 2008, ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 1191-1196. Fairbanks, AK:
Institute of Northern Engineering.
Péwé, Troy L. 1975. Quaternary Stratigraphic Nomenclature in Unglaciated Central
Alaska. Geological Survey Professional Paper 862. Washington: United States
Government Printing Office.
Sellmann, Paul V. 1967. Geology of the USA CRREL permafrost tunnel Fairbanks,
Alaska. CRREL Technical Report 199. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
Sellmann, Paul V. 1972. Geology and properties of materials exposed in the USACRREL
permafrost tunnel. CRREL Special Report 177. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Permafrost
Bray, Matthew T., Hugh M. French, and Yuri Shur. 2006. Further cryostratigraphic
observations in the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox, Alaska. Permafrost and
Periglacial Processes 17(3): 233-243. doi: 10.1002/ppp.558.
Douglas, Thomas A., Daniel Fortier, Yuri L. Shur, Mikhail Z. Kanevskiy, Laodong Guo,
Yihua Cai, and Matthew T. Bray. 2011. Biochemical and geocryological
characteristics of wedge and thermokarst-cave in the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel,
Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 22: 120-128. doi: 10.1002/ppp.709.
Fortier, Daniel, Mikhail Kanevskiy, and Yuri Shur. 2008. Genesis of Reticulate-Chaotic
Cryostructure in Permafrost. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Ninth International
Conference on Permafrost: University of Alaska Fairbanks, June 29-July 3, 2008,
ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 451-456. Fairbanks, AK: Institute of Northern
Engineering.
French, Hugh and Yuri Shur. 2010. The principles of cryostratigraphy. Earth-Science
Reviews 101: 190-206. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.04.002.
Kanevskiy, M. Z., H. M. French, and Y. L. Shur, eds. 2008. The Guidebook to the
CRREL Permafrost Tunnel. Prepared for the Ninth International Conference on
Permafrost. http://ine.uaf.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/CRREL_permafrost_guide15dec08web.pdf.
Kvenvolden, Keith A., Thomas D. Lorenson, and Valerie Barber. 1994. Methane in the
Fox Permafrost Tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. Geologic Studies in Alaska by the
U.S. Geological Survey, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2107, ed. A.B.
Till and T.E. Moore, 31–37. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey.
Pewe, Troy L. 1978. Tyndall figures in ice crystals of ground ice in permafrost near
Fairbanks, Alaska. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Third International Permafrost
Conference: July 10-13, 1978, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 312-317. Ottawa,
Canada: National Research Council of Canada.
Shur, Yuri, Hugh M. French, Matthew T. Bray, and D.A. Anderson. 2004. Syngenetic
permafrost growth: cryostratigraphic observations from the CRREL tunnel near
Fairbanks, Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 15(4): 339-347. doi:
10.1002/ppp.486.
Civil Engineering
Bray, Matthew Thomas. 2008a. The Influence of Soil Cryostructure on the Creep and
Long Term Strength Properties of Frozen Soils. PhD Thesis, University of
Alaska Fairbanks.
———. 2008b. Effects of soil cryostructure on the long-term strength of ice-rich
permafrost near melting temperatures. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Ninth
International Conference on Permafrost: University of Alaska Fairbanks, June
29-July 3, 2008, ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 183-188. Fairbanks, AK:
Institute of Northern Engineering.
Gobelman¸ Steven. 1985. Sublimation from reconstituted frozen silt, 106 p. M.S. Thesis,
University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Huneault, P. and B. Ladanyi. 1988. Cone Penetrometer and Pressuremeter Tests in
Permafrost. C.I.N.E.P. Report 01-1988. Ecole Polytechnique do Montreal.
Ladanyi, B. and P.A. Huneault. 1989. Cone penetrometer tests in permafrost – the Fox
tunnel, Alaska. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Mining in
the Arctic, Fairbanks, 17-19 July, 1989. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, pp. 75–82.
Ladanyi, B., B. Touileb, and P. Huneault. 1991. Pressuremeter stress relaxation testing in
a Permafrost tunnel. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Geotechnical Engineering
Congress in Boulder, Colorado, June 10-12, 1991, ed. F.G. McLean, D.A.
Campbell, and D.W. Harris, 213–224. New York: American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Law, Kyin-kouk Hubert. 1987. Time-dependent bearing capacity of frozen ground, 129 p.
M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Sayles, Francis H. 1985. Creep of a strip footing on ice-rich permafrost. In Foundations
in Permafrost and Seasonal Frost; Proceedings of a session of the ASCE
Convention in Denver, Colorado, April 29, 1985, ed. A. Wuori and F.H. Sayles,
29-51. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. New York.
Sellmann, Paul V., Allan J. Delaney, and Steven A. Arcone. 1984. Conductive backfill
for improving electrical grounding in frozen soils. CRREL Special Report 84-17.
Hanover, NH.: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Thompson, Erik G. and Francis H. Sayles. 1972. In situ creep analysis of room in frozen
soil. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers 9202 (SM9): 899-915.
Vinson, Ted S., Charles R. Wilson, and Peter Bolander. 1983. Dynamic properties of
frozen silt. In Permafrost: Fourth International Conference Proceedings, July
17–22, 1983, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1315-1320. Washington: National Academy
Press.
Weerdenburg, Paul C. 1982. Analytical study of time-dependent deformation in
permafrost. M.S. Thesis, University of Alberta.
Wilson, Charles R. 1983. Dynamic Properties of Naturally Frozen Fairbanks Silt. M.S.
Thesis, Oregon State University.
Zhu, Yuanlin and David L. Carbee. 1983. Creep behavior of frozen silt under constant
uniaxial stress. In Permafrost: Fourth International Conference Proceedings, July
17–22, 1983, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1505-1512. Washington: National Academy
Press.
———. 1984. Uniaxial compressive strength of frozen silt under constant deformation
rates. Cold Regions Science and Technology 9: 3-15. doi: 10.1016/0165232X(84)90043-0.
———. 1987a. Creep and strength behavior of frozen silt in uniaxial compression.
CRREL Report 87-10. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory.
———. 1987b. Tensile strength of frozen silt. CRREL Report 87-15. Hanover, NH: Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Geophysics
Arcone, Steven A. 1984. Pulse transmission through frozen silt. CRREL Report 84-17.
Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
——— and Allan J. Delaney. 1982. Dielectric properties of thawed active layers
overlying permafrost using radar at VHF. Radio Science 17 (3): 618–626. doi:
10.1029/RS017i003p00618
——— and Allan J. Delaney. 1984. Field dielectric measurements of frozen silt using
VHF pulses. Cold Regions Science and Technology 9: 29–37. doi: 10.1016/0165232X(84)90045-4.
——— and Allan J. Delaney. 1985. Dielectric studies of permafrost using cross borehole
VHF pulse propagation. In Workshop on permafrost geophysics; Golden
Colorado, 23-24 October 1984, CRREL Special Report 85-5, ed. J. Brown, M.C.
Metz, P. Hoekstra, 3-5. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory.
——— and Allan J. Delaney. 1988. Borehole investigations of the electrical properties of
frozen silt. In Vol. 2 of Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on
Permafrost in Trondheim, Norway, August 1988, ed. K. Senneset, 910–915.
Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Publishers.
——— and Allan J. Delaney. 1989. Investigations of dielectric properties of some frozen
materials using cross-borehole radiowave pulse transmissions. CRREL Report
89-4. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Delaney, Allan J. 1987. Preparation and description of a research geophysical borehole
site containing massive ground ice near Fairbanks, Alaska. CRREL Special
Report 87-7. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
——— and Steven A. Arcone. 1984. Dielectric measurements of frozen silt using time
domain reflectometry. Cold Regions Science and Technology 9: 39-46. doi:
10.1016/0165-232X(84)90046-6.
Dinwiddie, C. L., R. N. McGinnis, D. Stillman, R. E. Grimm, D. M. Hooper, and K.
Bjella. 2009. Integrated geophysical examination of the CRREL Permafrost
Tunnel's Fairbanks Silt Units, Fox, Alaska. Paper presented at American
Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, Abstract #C41A-0429.
Hunter, J.A. 1974. Seismic velocity measurements in permafrost, Fox Tunnel, Fairbanks,
Alaska. Canada. Geological Survey Paper 74-1, pt. B, pp. 89–90.
Hunter, Lewis E., Allan J. Delaney, Daniel E. Lawson, and Les Davis. 2003. Downhole
GPR for high-resolution analysis of material properties near Fairbanks, Alaska.
Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments: Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 211: 275-285. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.211.01.22.
Mining Engineering
Barker, James C. and Frank J. Skudrzyk. 1984. Resource Potential and Underground
Mining Research of Permanently Frozen Deeply-buried Placers An Interim
Report. In MIRL Report Number 69: Sixth Annual Conference on Alaska Placer
Mining: University of Alaska Fairbanks, March 28-28-1984, ed. Daniel E. Walsh
and M. Susan Wray, 15-38.
Bjella, Kevin. 2008. The effect of near-freezing temperatures on the stability of an
underground excavation in permafrost. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Ninth
International Conference on Permafrost: University of Alaska Fairbanks, June
29-July 3, 2008, ed. D.L. Kane and K.M. Hinkel, 119-124. Fairbanks, AK:
Institute of Northern Engineering.
——— and Matthew Sturm. 2012. A new permafrost research tunnel: methodology,
design, and excavation. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Tenth International
Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District,
Russia, June 25–29, ed. Kenneth M. Hinkel, 39-44. Salekhard: The Northern
Publisher.
———, Thomas Tantillo, Jason Weale, and James Lever. 2008. Evaluation of the
CRREL Permafrost Tunnel. CRREL Technical Report 08-11. Hanover, NH:
Engineer Research and Development Center/Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
Chester, J.W., and J.N. Frank. 1969. Fairbanks placers fragmentation research final
report. Minneapolis: Twin Cities Mining Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Mines,
Heavy Metals Program, 52 p. Auth. No. 9-1115-33.
Dick, Richard A. 1969. Evaluating blasting techniques in frozen gravel. Mining Congress
Journal 55(9): 30–32; 34–36.
———. 1970. Effects of Type of Cut, Delay and Explosive on Underground Blasting in
Frozen Ground. U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7356.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Doorman, K. Robert and Aldon E. Gooch. 1970. Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam to
Insulated Heated Rooms Excavated in Permafrost. U.S Bureau of Mines Report
of Investigations 7392. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of
Mines.
Font-Jimenez, Gilherte. 1964. Air Evacuation System for Removing Alkirk Miner
Cuttings from the Permafrost Tunnel, Fairbanks, Alaska. CRREL Technical Note.
Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Garbeil, Harold M. 1983. Temperature and time effects upon the closure of a gravel room
in permafrost. M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Hawkes, I. and J. McAnerney. 1968. Airblasting Frozen Ground at the Fox Tunnel Site,
Alaska. CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
Huang, Scott L. 1983. Research into the Safety and Efficiency of Underground Placer
Mining and Frozen Ground. U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report 83-3.
Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Mineral Industry Research Laboratory.
———. 1985. Temperature and time effects on the closure of a gravel room in
permafrost. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 22(1): 53-65.
———, Nolan B. Aughenbaugh, and Ming-Chee Wu. 1986. Stability study of CRREL
permafrost tunnel. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 112(8): 777–790. doi:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:8(777).
——— and Harold Garbeil. 1983. In-situ displacement analysis of underground opening
in permafrost regions. In Proceedings of First Annual Workshop: Generic
Mineral Technology Center; Mine Systems and Design and Ground Control;
Blacksburg, Virginia, November 28-29, 1983, ed. M. Karmis and J.R. Lucas, 6782. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
——— and R. C. Speck. 1985. The deformational behavior of a tunnel in permafrost. In
Fourth International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Sapporo, Japan, 5-7
August 1985, 277-282. Rotterdam; Boston: A.A. Balkema.
——— and R. C. Speck. 1986. Laboratory creep tests on frozen gravels. Cold Regions
Science and Technology 13: 101-104. doi: 10.1016/0165-232X(86)90012-1.
——— and Richard C. Speck. 1989. An investigation into creep behavior of CRREL
tunnel, Alaska. In Mining in the Arctic, Proceedings of First International
Symposium on Mining in the Arctic, Fairbanks, 17-19 July 1989, 65-73.
Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
——— and Ming-Chee Wu. 1983. Optimization of pillar dimensions in permafrost
placer mine. In Proceedings of First Annual Workshop: Generic Mineral
Technology Center; Mine Systems and Design and Ground Control; Blacksburg,
Virginia, November 28-29, 1983, ed. M. Karmis and J.R. Lucas, 143-156.
Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
——— and Ming-Chee Wu. 1984. In-situ displacement analysis of underground opening
in permafrost regions (II) – Time and Geometric Effects. In Proceedings of
Second Annual Workshop: Generic Mineral Technology Center; Mine Systems
and Design and Ground Control; Reno, Nevada, November 12-13, 1984, ed. M.
Karmis and J.R. Lucas, 73-84. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University.
Johansen, Nils I., Peter C. Chalich, and Earl W. Wellen. 1980. Sublimation and
sublimation control in the CRREL Tunnel. In Proceedings of the Second
International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Trondheim, Norway, June 24-26,
952-968. Rotterdam; Boston: A.A. Balkema.
———, P.C. Chalich, and E.W. Wellen. 1981. Sublimation and its control in the CRREL
permafrost tunnel. CRREL Special Report 81-8. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
———, and J.W. Ryer. 1982. Permafrost creep measurements in the CRREL tunnel. In
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Hanover,
New Hampshire, 61-63. Hanover, New Hampshire: U.S. Army CRREL.
Kozie, Walter J. 1964. Bullhead construction for closing permafrost tunnel. CRREL
Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory.
——— and John E. McCoy. 1964. Thermocouple assemblies for the Alaska permafrost
tunnel. CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
Linell, Kenneth A. and Edward F. Lobacz. 1978. Some experiences with tunnel entrances
in permafrost. In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Third International Permafrost
Conference: July 10-13, 1978, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 813-819. Ottawa,
Canada: National Research Council of Canada.
Luyet, Basile. 1966. Study of rate and mechanism of sublimation in permafrost silt.
CRREL Internal Report 24. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
McAnerney, John M. 1967. Experiments in Excavating Frozen Silt Underground. In
Alaska Minerals Conference, University of Alaska Fairbanks, College, Alaska,
23-26 May, 1967, 20 p. (Preprint)
———, I. Hawkes, and W.F. Quinn. 1969. Blasting frozen ground with compressed air.
In Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Permafrost, Jan. 14–15,
1969: Technical Memorandum no. 96, ed. R.J.E. Brown, 39-58. Ottawa: National
Research Council Canada, Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research.
McCoy, John E. 1964. Use of mechanical system to tunnel in permafrost. CRREL
Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory.
McGrew, J. 1965. Tunneling in Marginal Permafrost: An evaluation of the Alkirk Cycle
Miner (1964-1965 Project 6.1). CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Milligan, Glenn. 1963. Portal support in the Permafrost Tunnel by roofing-bolting.
CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory.
Mukesh, Kumar. 1985. Design of a Pillar in Time Dependent Materials. M.S. Thesis,
University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Murrmann, R.P., D.C. Leggett, and T.F. Jenkins. 1970. Feasibility of tunnel detection by
trace gas analysis. CRREL Special Report 148. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Pettibone, Howard C. 1973. Stability of an underground room in frozen gravel. In North
American Contribution to Permafrost: Second International Conference; 13-28
July 1973, Yakutsk, U.S.S.R., 699-706. Washington: National Academy of
Sciences.
——— and Galen G. Waddell. 1969. Stability of an underground room in frozen, goldbearing strata, Fairbanks, Alaska: oral presentation, preprints, and publication;
For the 75th Annual Northwest Mining Association Convention, December 5-6,
1969, Spokane, Washington, 14 p.
——— and Galen G. Waddell. 1971. Stability of an underground room in frozen gravel.
In Proceedings of the 9th annual engineering geology and soils engineering
symposium: Boise, Idaho, April 5,6, and 7, 3-30.
Rommel, Robert R. No Date. Support for semi-circular liner plates, Permafrost
Tunnel, Fox, Alaska. CRREL Technical Note. Hanover, NH: Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Skudrzyk, Frank J. 1983. Preliminary studies of the effectiveness of water jet
cutting on frozen ground: Final report, P.O. B4620191, 35 p. Fairbanks
Alaka: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Alaska Field Preparation Center.
——— and Kumar Mukesh. 1984. Optimization of pillar dimensions in
permafrost placer mine. In Proceedings of Second Annual Workshop:
Generic Mineral Technology Center; Mine Systems and Design and
Ground Control; Reno, Nevada, November 12-13, 1984, ed. M. Karmis
and J.R. Lucas, 51-71. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University.
Smith, James L. 1970. Shock effects on frozen materials; exploding wire
experiments. CRREL Research Report 287. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Speck, Robert C., Scott L. Huang, and Hubert K. Law. 1989. In-situ plate-load
tests of frozen silt and gravel. In Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, St. Paul, Minnesota, February
6-8, 252-261. New York, NY: ASCE.
Sugumaran, Vijayan. 1985. High pressure water jet fragmentation of frozen
ground, 134 p. M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Swinzow, George K. 1967. The Alaska permafrost tunnel: CRREL Technical
Note. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
——— . 1970. Permafrost tunneling by a continuous mechanical method.
CRREL Technical Report 221. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
Weerdenburg, P.C., and N.R. Morgenstern. 1983. Underground cavities in ice-rich frozen
ground. In Permafrost: Fourth International Conference Proceedings, July 17–
22, 1983, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1384-1389. Washington: National Academy Press.
Wellen, Earl W. 1979 Sublimation of ice in permafrost silt at the CRREL Tunnel. M.S.
Thesis, University of Alaska.
Wu, Ming-Chee. 1985. The temperature and geometry influences on an underground
opening in the frozen ground. M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Other:
Cysewski, Margaret, K. Bjella, and M. Sturm. 2010. The History and Future of the
Permafrost Tunnel near Fox, Alaska. In Proceedings of the 6th Canadian
Conference on Permafrost, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, September 12-16, 2010:
1222-1227.
———, Matthew Sturm, and Kevin Bjella. 2012. The significance of the Permafrost
Tunnel (Fox, Alaska). In Vol. 1 of Proceedings of the Tenth International
Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District,
Russia, June 25–29, ed. Kenneth M. Hinkel, 73-78. Salekhard: The Northern
Publisher.
Dingman, S. Lawrence. 1966. Hydrologic studies of the Glenn Creek drainage basin near
Fairbanks, Alaska. CRREL Special Report 86. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory.
Johnson, Jerome B. and Ralph D. Lorenz 2002. Thermophysical properties of Alaskan
loess: An analog material for the Martian polar layered terrain? Geophysical
Research Letters 27(17): 2769–2772. doi:10.1029/1999GL011077.
Watanabe, O. (1969) On the structure of ground ice in the USA CREEL permafrost
tunnel, Fairbanks, Alaska. Seppyo, 31(3): 53–62. (in Japanese)