THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA--IMPERIALISM
I.
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
A. INTRODUCTION
1. LAST SEVERAL DECADES OF 19TH C & INTO 20TH C
2. SAW AGGRESSIVE IMPERIALISM IN WHICH
a. BRITAIN,
b. FRANCE,
c. GERMANY,
d. ITALY,
e. JAPAN
f. & U.S.
g. CONQUERED & ANNEXED OTHER AREAS OF WORLD
(1) IN NAME OF CIVILIZATION
3. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA MAJOR PART OF THIS EXTRAORDINARY AGGRESSION IN
HISTORY
4. SCRAMBLE BEWILDERED EVERYONE,
a. FROM HUMBLEST AFRICAN PEASANT
b. TO MAJOR STATESMEN OF AGE
5. AT FIRST EUROPEAN GOVTS ATTEMPTED TO REMAIN ALOOF FROM THIS RACE FOR
AFRICA
6. WHAT DID DESERT OR MALARIAL SWAMPS & JUNGLE OFFER TO EUROPEANS
SLIDE A3 - NATURAL VEGETATION & CLIMATIC ZONES IN AFRICA
7. BUT EUROPE UNDERGOING PERIOD OF ECONOMIC STAGNATION
8. & BLACK AFRICA MIGHT BE EL DORADO,
a. MAYBE DIAMONDS & GOLD WOULD BE FOUND
9. HUGE NEW MARKET FOR UNSOLD COTTON & OTHER GOODS
B. BACKGROUND
1. BY MID 1870'S MUCH AFRICA STILL KNOWN TO WHITES
2. FOR NO WHITE EXPLORER HAD PENETRATED INTERIOR
a. ALTHOUGH SOME EXPLORERS BEGINNING TO
SLIDE B27 - HEINRICH BARTH'S CAMP LAKE CHAD REGION & HIS BOOK ON 19TH AFRICA GREAT SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
3. EUROPEANS PICTURED MOST OF CONTINENT AS VACANT
a. LEGALLY NO MAN'S LAND
b. SO CALLED IT DARK CONTINENT
4. BEST-KNOWN PART WAS NORTH AFRICA
a. WHERE 90 MILLION MOSLEMS LIVED
5. OLDEST INDEPENDENT COUNTRY ABYSSINIA OR ETHIOPIA
6. YOUNGEST INDEPENDENT COUNTRY - LIBERIA
7. FOUNDED 1822 BY AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY
a. SETTLEMENT FOR FREED BLACK SLAVES FROM U.S.
b. YET FEW WENT THERE
8. ONLY ALGIERS HAD EXPERIENCED EUROPEAN OCCUPATION
9. IN 1830'S FRENCH MOVED INTO AREA TO GET RID OF PIRATES PREYING ON THEIR SHIPS
10. 300 YRS OF EUROPEAN EXPLORATION BEGINNING IN 15TH C. ALONG AFRICAN
COASTLINE
11. HAD RESULTED IN WHITE TRADING POSTS ON EAST & WEST COAST
12. & BRITISH & DUTCH SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
13. MILLIONS OF AFRICANS HAD BEEN EXPORTED TO FOREIGN LANDS AS SLAVES
14. BUT BY MID 19TH C. SLAVERY HAD BEEN OUTLAWED IN WESTERN LANDS
15. SO WHY BEGINNING IN 1880'S & CONTINUING TO 1902?
a. DID 5 EUROPEAN POWERS
(1) BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY, BELGIUM, ITALY
b. GRAB ALMOST ALL AFRICA'S 10 MILLION SQ MILES
2
c. ESTABLISHING 30 NEW COLONIES & PROTECTORATES
d. & BEGIN RULING OVER 110 MILLION BEWILDERED NEW SUBJECTS
16. WHY THIS UNDIGNIFIED RUSH BY LEADERS OF EUROPE TO BUILD EMPIRES IN AFRICA?
17. HISTORIANS AS PUZZLED NOW AS POLITICIANS THEN
II. CAUSES & METHODS OF IMPERIALISM
B28 A. DR DAVID LIVINGSTONE 1813-1873
1. MANY HISTORIANS THINK SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA CAME FROM HEROIC ADVENTURES &
DEATH OF MISSIONARY-EXPLORER-DOCTOR DAVID LIVINGSTONE
2. 1840 SCOTTISH DR. LIVINGSTONE SENT BY LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY TO AFRICA
3. 3 DECADES HE TREKKED CONTINENT
a. CENTRAL & SOUTHERN REGIONS
4. MAPPING & EXPLORING UNKNOWN REGIONS
5. SEARCHING FOR THE SOURCE OF THE NILE
6. SO PEOPLE & SUPPLIES COULD BE BROUGHT
a. TO HEART OF CONTINENT FROM MED. SEA
b. FOR COLONIZATION & CHRISTIANIZING
7. HE WROTE POPULAR PRESS ACCOUNTS OF BRUTAL SLAVE TRADE
a. CONTROLLED BY ARABS IN EAST AFRICA
b. SO TRADE COULD BE STOPPED
8. IN 1860'S HE DISAPPEARED
9. NEW YORK HERALD NEWSPAPER FINANCED
B30
a. HENRY M. STANLEY,
b. ADVENTURER, WRITER & EXPLORER
c. TO FIND HIM
10. STANLEY'S ACCOUNT OF HIS PERILOUS JOURNEYS
a. WHERE HE ONLY EUROPEAN SURVIVOR
11. & HIS FAMOUS MEETING WITH DR. LIVINGSTONE IN 1871
B31
a. DR. LIVINGSTONE I PRESUME
12. MADE EXCITING READING
13. LIVINGSTONE'S DEATH STIRRED UP EVEN MORE INTEREST
14. WHEN DR. LIVINGSTONE DIED HIS FAITHFUL COMPANIONS BURIED HIS HEART & OTHER
INTERNAL ORGANS WHERE HE HAD DIED
a. MAY 1873, AT ILALA IN HEART OF CONTINENT
15. & THEN AFTER SUN-DRYING HIS BODY FOR FORTNIGHT
a. KEEPING NIGHT WATCH SO HYENAS WOULD NOT GET BODY
16. THEY BROUGHT BODY SURREPTITIOUSLY
a. WRAPPED IT IN SKIN & PUT IN CYLINDER OF BARK
b. TO COASTAL REGION AFTER 5 MONTHS JOURNEY
17. 11 MONTHS LATER LIVINGSTONE BURIED IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY BACK IN ENGLAND
18. LIVINGSTONE'S CALL FOR AFRICA TO BE REDEEMED BY 3 C'S
a. COMMERCE, CHRISTIANITY & CIVILIZATION
b. AIMED AT CONSCIENCE OF CIVILIZED WORLD
19. LITTLE DID HE KNOW 4TH C WOULD BE ADDED
a. CONQUEST
B. CHRISTIANITY & MISSIONARIES
1. HUNDREDS OF MISSIONARIES WENT TO WEST AFRICA IN EARLY 19TH C
2. BUT THEY WENT WITH SAME MENTALITY OF MISSIONARIES WHO WENT TO AMERICA OR
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
a. NATIVES CONSIDERED INFERIOR
b. NATIVE CULTURE NEEDED TO BE OBLITERATED
c. IN ORDER FOR CHRISTIANIZATION & CIVILIZATION TO TAKE EFFECT
d. WHERE THOU FINDEST IGNORANCE, STUPIDITY, BRUTE MINDEDNESS ... ATTACK IT, I
SAY, SMITE, SMITE IT IN THE NAME OF GOD
3. ALL TOO OFTEN NATIVE POPULATIONS LEARNED MORE ABOUT INHUMANITY FROM
3
EUROPEANS THAN ABOUT CHRISTIANITY
B41
4. EUROPEAN MISSIONARY PREPARING TO BAPTIZE AFRICAN WOMAN BY IMMERSION AS
GROUP OF FOLLOWERS LOOKS ON
C. TO CIVILIZE THE AFRICANS
1. NO ACCIDENT GREAT COMPETITION FOR COLONIAL TERRITORIES
2. COINCIDED W/POPULARITY OF THEORIES OF RACIAL SUPREMACY
a. SOCIAL DARWINISM
b. SURVIVAL OF FITTEST IDEA
c. LESSER RACES WOULD PERISH
(1) OR BE TAKEN OVER BY SUPERIOR RACES
3. HISTORIANS, PHILOSOPHERS, THEOLOGIANS, NATURALISTS,
4. ALL BELIEVED WHITES SUPERIOR TO BLACK & ORIENTAL PEOPLES
a. THOUGHT 4 SPECIES OF GENUS HOMO
(1) EUROPEANS & OTHER CAUCASIANS
(2) ORIENTAL
(3) BLACKS
(4) ORANGUTANS
5. MUCH OF WRITING RELATED TO SUPERIORITY OF ANGLO-SAXON RACE
a. THERE WOULD BE A FINAL COMPETITION OF RACES
b. & ANGLO-SAXONS OR ARYANS WOULD WIN
6. KARL PEARSON, GERMAN WRITER REMARKED IN 1900 IN ARTICLE "STANDPOINT OF
SCIENCE"
a. HOW MANY CENTURIES, HOW MANY THOUSAND OF YEARS, HAVE NEGRO HELD
LARGE DISTRICTS IN AFRICA...YET HAVE NOT YET PRODUCED A CIVILIZATION IN
LEAST COMPARABLE WITH ARYAN...
7. MANY FELT BLACKS HAD NO SOUL
a. PAPACY TRIED TO COUNTERACT THIS VIEW OF BLACKS
8. BUT DIFFICULT TO CHANGE MENTALITY OF EUROPEANS
9. WHOSE FATHERS & GRANDFATHERS HAD OWNED SLAVES & PROFITED FROM SLAVE
TRADE
10. EVEN AFTER LOCAL AFRICAN POPULATIONS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY
a. WHITES DID NOT SEE THEM AS EQUALS
11. IT WAS A RARE TRAVELER TO AFRICA FROM EUROPE WHO DID NOT BELIEVE
a. WHITE'S MAN'S BURDEN
(1) TO BRING CHRISTIANITY & CIVILIZATION
12. BRITISH POET RUDYARD KIPLING
a. CHARACTERIZED AFRICANS AS
(1) SULLEN, NEW CAUGHT PEOPLES, HALF DEVIL & HALF CHILD
13. 1 MISSIONARY WROTE IF WE REALLY WISH TO DO GOOD IN AFRICA WE MUST TEACH
HER SAVAGE SONS THAT WHITE MEN ARE THEIR SUPERIORS...OTHERWISE WE NEVER
WILL SUCCEED IN RAISING THAT QUARTER OF THE WORLD FROM ITS PRESENT
EXTREMELY DEBASED & DEMORALIZED STATE
14. ONLY SHORT STEP FROM VIEWS OF THIS KIND TO A JUSTIFICATION OF TOTAL EUROPEAN
TAKEOVER OF AFRICA
D. ECONOMIC
1. BEFORE LONG ADVENTURERS & PROFITEERS OUTNUMBERED DEDICATED MISSIONARIES
2. INDUSTRIALISTS, BANKERS & INVESTORS
a. HOPED TO PROFIT FROM NEW MARKETS & INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
3. STANLEY ONCE OBSERVED THAT IF ALL THE CONGOLESE COULD BE PERSUADED TO
WEAR CLOTHES ONLY ON SUNDAYS, THEY WOULD CREATE AN IMMEDIATE MARKET
FOR OVER 300 MILLION YARDS OF BRITISH COTTON CLOTH
4. ALSO INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS CONSTANTLY SEEKING CHEAP RAW MATERIALS
5. THEY NEEDED SUPPLIES OF COAL, IRON ORE, COPPER,
6. & LATER RUBBER & PETROLEUM
7. THESE NEW AREAS ALSO OFFERED POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF CHEAP LABOR
4
8. AS LABOR UNIONS IN EUROPE DEMANDING HIGHER WAGES & BETTER WORKING
CONDITIONS
9. MANY INDUSTRIALISTS TRANSFERRED THEIR BUSINESSES ABROAD
a. SHADES OF TODAY
10. BRITAIN, FRANCE & GERMANY HAD LOTS OF SURPLUS CAPITAL TO INVEST
11. MARXISTS ECONOMISTS AT TIME BELIEVED IMPERIALISM REPRESENTED A DESPERATE
EFFORT TO SAVE CAPITALISM FROM ITS INEVITABLE DECLINE
12. 'LENIN ARGUED THAT IMPERIALISM: THE HIGHEST STATE OF CAPITALISM HAD
EXHAUSTED [MARKETS] AT HOME...UNLESS THEY TURNED THEIR AGGRESSIVE NEED
FOR COMPETITION & PROFITS OUTWARD THEY WOULD DEVOUR ONE ANOTHER AS
MARX HAD PREDICTED
13. YET IRONY OF IT
a. COLONIES ECONOMIC LIABILITY
14. OF BRITISH & EUROPEAN INVESTMENTS OVERSEAS
a. ONLY SMALL % WENT TO NEW COLONIAL AREAS
15. MOST WENT INTO EUROPE ITSELF
16. OR INTO OLDER, WELL-ESTABLISHED AREAS
a. US, CANADA, AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
17. BASICALLY COLONIES AN ECONOMIC LIABILITY
18. BRITAIN PAID FAR MORE IN ACQUIRING & MAINTAINING HER EMPIRE
19. THAN SHE REGAINED IN PROFITS FROM ITS MARKETS
20. 1913 FRANCE WAS SPENDING 500 MILLION FRANCS A YR SIMPLY ON DEFENDING HER
COLONIES
a. A SUM 1/3 AS LARGE AS TOTAL VOLUME OF HER COLONIAL TRADE
21. ITALY & GERMANY EMPIRES LOSING PROPOSITION MONETARILY
22. COLONIES OF POORER NATIONS - ESP SPAIN & PORTUGALa. HUGE DRAIN ON GOVTS
E. POLITICAL PRESTIGE & POWER
1. HAVING COLONIES NB IN POWER & PRESENTIGE RACE AMONG NATIONS
2. LIKE POWER STRUGGLE AMONG INDIVIDUALS
3. LIKE KEEPING UP W/JONES'
4. & CAN EXPLAIN WHY FRANCE
a. ONE OF LEAST INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS AT TUNE
b. TOOK OVER LANDLOCKED IMPOVERISHED REGIONS IN AFRICA
c. FRANCE'S LOST TO GERMANY
(1) FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
F. COLONIES' STRATEGIC MILITARILY
1. EUROPEAN POWERS WANTED CONTROL OF STRATEGIC AREAS & ESTABLISHMENT OF
MILITARY BASES
2. COLONIES ALSO SERVED AS NEW SOURCE OF MILITARY MANPOWER
EG
3. WHEN EGYPT'S STABILITY WAS THREATENED BY INTERNAL TROUBLES IN 1880'S
4. BRITISH MOVED IN & ESTABLISHED A PROTECTORATE
5. THEN TO PROTECT EGYPT THEY ADVANCED INTO SUDAN
III. CONTEST FOR EMPIRE
A. SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS FACILITATING NEW IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA
B89 RIVER STEAMER LOADING PASSENGERS
B90 STERN-WHEELER
1. STEAMBOATS BEGAN PENETRATING RIVERS IN 19TH C.
a. LED TO INCREASED MOBILITY FOR EUROPEANS
2. WITH DISCOVERY OF QUININE AS PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST MALARIA
a. EUROPEANS ABLE TO TRAVEL IN AFRICA WITH MUCH REDUCED FEAR
3. INVENTION OF GATLING & MAXIM MACHINE GUNS
B69 - BRITISH TROOPS ATTACKING BENIN FORCES 1897
4. SHIFTED MILITARY BALANCE OF POWER DECISIVELY AGAINST AFRICANS
5
5. SO LONG AS MUSKETS STANDARD FIREARMS BALANCE MAINTAINED
6. BUT WITH ADVENT OF REPEATING RIFLES & MACHINE GUNS
7. AFRICANS ALMOST AS OUTCLASSED AS AZTECS & INCAS HAD BEEN BY SPANIARDS
WITH THEIR MUSKETS & HORSES
8. LATER ON RAILWAYS & TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS FACILITATED PENETRATION
OF AFRICA
B. AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
1. AFRICAN SOCIETIES DID NOT ACCEPT OUTSIDE DOMINATION WITHOUT STRUGGLE
2. THEY OFTEN LAUNCHED MASSIVE RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS
B66 MAP SHOWING AREAS OF VIOLENT RESISTANCE TO EUROPEAN RULE DURING IMPERIAL ERA 19-20TH C.
B33 AFRICAN VIEW OF ENGLISHMAN
3. MANY MUSLIM AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN PARTICULAR LED WELL-ORGANIZED & EFFECTIVE
STRUGGLES AGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS
4. IN CERTAIN REGIONS OF AFRICA EUROPEAN CONQUEST TOOK CONSIDERABLE TIME
5. FOR INSTANCE, CONQUEST OF WEST AFRICA TOOK 25 YRS
6. IN MANY COLONIES ATROCITIES COMMONPLACE DURING FIRST PHASE OF OCCUPATION
BY EUROPEAN POWERS
a. GERMAN BRUTALITY IN SOUTH WEST AFRICA PROVOKED REVOLT BY HEREROS
B76 GERMANY GENERAL ISSUED EXTERMINATION ORDER AGAINST WHOLE TRIBE, WOMEN & CHILDREN INCLUDED
b. ABOUT 20,000 OF THEM DRIVEN AWAY FROM WELLS GERMANS SEALED
(1) TO DIE IN OMAHEKE DESERT
c. FOR MONTHS GERMAN PATROLS ENCOUNTERED REMNANTS TRYING TO BREAK
BACK TO WEST
(1) WALKING SKELETONS TO BE SHOT & BAYONETED
7. IN END ONLY 1/4 OF 80,000 HEREROS SURVIVED
8. NEXT YEAR SUPPRESSION OF MAJI REVOLT IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA
a. 75,000 DIED
b. NEARLY ALL VICTIMS OF ARTIFICIALLY CREATED FAMINE
9. BUT SIMILAR METHODS EMPLOYED BY AMERICAN TROOPS IN 1900 DURING SUPPRESSION
OF FILIPINO REVOLT
10. ASKED BY SENATE INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE TO DEFEND BURNING OF VILLAGES
11. GENERAL ROBERT P. HUGHES ANSWERED
a. THESE PEOPLE ARE NOT CIVILIZED
12. WHILE IT GENERALLY CONCEDED IT WAS GUERILLA WARFARE BY NATIVES
a. THAT CAUSED THESE ATROCITIES ON PART OF IMPERIALISTS
b. EUROPE HAD IMPOSED ITS WILL ON AFRICA AT POINT OF GUN
13. IT WAS LESSON THAT WOULD BE REMEMBERED 50 YRS LATER WHEN AFRICA CAME TO
WIN ITS INDEPENDENCE
C. BELGIUM: LEADER OF SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
1. BELGIUM ITSELF A NEW NATION IN 1830
B64
2. WHEN ITS KING LEOPOLD II HEARD STANLEY'S DESCRIPTIONS
3. & REALIZED AFRICA'S GREAT NATURAL WEALTH
4. BY USING FAMILY & BANKING MONEY
5. 1879 HE HIRED STANLEY AS HIS AGENT TO PURCHASE 900,000 SQ MILES OF REAL ESTATE
6. FROM LOCAL CHIEFS WHO COULD NOT COMPREHEND MEANING OF SCRAPS OF PAPER
7. WITH THEIR COMMUNAL LANDHOLDING TRADITIONS LIKE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS
8. THEY SIGNED IN RETURN FOR
a. CASES OF GIN & RUM
b. BRIGHTLY COLORED COATS, CAPS & HANDKERCHIEFS
9. NEW BELGIUM CONGO NEARLY 80 TIMES LARGER THAN BELGIUM
10. WHEN LEOPOLD SOLD OFF HIS LARGE TRACTS OF LAND TO HIGHEST BIDDERS
a. THIS LED TO SOME OF WORST ATROCITIES & ABUSES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES &
RESOURCES IN ENTIRE COLONIAL PERIOD
B93 BRITISH CARTOON CRITICIZING ABUSES OF LEOPOLD
11. WITH THIS PRIVATE INVESTMENT
6
a. RACE ON TO EXPLOIT AFRICA
12. OTHER MEN BOUGHT AFRICA REAL ESTATE FOR FRANCE & GERMANY
a. SAME WAY STANLEY DID FOR LEOPOLD
13. GB & FRANCE ALSO BEGAN TO MOVE INLAND TO LAY CLAIMS TO LARGE AREAS
14. IMPERIALISTIC NEWCOMERS GERMANY & ITALY QUICKLY FOLLOWED
D. BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-5
1. FEAR OF CONFLICTS AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS LED BISMARCK TO CALL
B65 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 1884-5 IN BERLIN
a. LAID DOWN SIMPLE RULES FOR EXPLOITATION OF AFRICA
b. INCLUDING STIPULATIONS THAT EFFECTIVE EUROPEAN OCCUPATION HAD TO BE
DEMONSTRATED
c. SO CONFLICT WOULD NOT ENSUE AMONG EUROPEAN POWERS
d. NO AFRICANS WERE IN ATTENDANCE
2. THIS TREATY CLEARED WAY FOR GREATEST LAND GRAB IN HISTORY
3. AT BEGINNING OF SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
a. LESS THAN 10% OF AFRICA UNDER EUROPEAN DOMINATION
4. BY 1914 WHEN IT ENDED
a. LESS THAN 10% OF AFRICA INDEPENDENT
IV. OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
A. FRENCH
1. FRENCH CONSIDERED THEMSELVES TO HAVE MOST SUPERIOR CULTURE
a. & ESPECIALLY BETTER THAN BRITISH
2. WITH THEIR TOEHOLD IN ALGERIA FROM 1830
3. FRANCE NEXT ESTABLISHED PROTECTORATE OVER TUNISIA EARLY 1880'S
4. EXTENDED THEIR INFLUENCE THROUGHOUT WESTERN SAHARA
5. GAINED STRONG FOOTHOLD IN FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA
6. CONTROLLED LARGE AREA IN W. AFRICA 1895
7. FRENCH GUINEA 1886
8. TO FRENCH MOST NB WAS SPREAD OF FRENCH LANGUAGE SO THAT NEWLY
CONQUERED AFRICANS
9. WOULD LEARN ACHIEVEMENTS & SUPERIORITY OF FRENCH CIVILIZATION
10. & IN TIME WOULD FEEL THEMSELVES PART OF FRENCH CULTURE
B. ITALY
1. ATTEMPTS TO GAIN ETHIOPIA
a. EARLIER ROUT OF AN ITALIAN ARMY BY ETHIOPIAN TROOPS 1896
2. PUT AN END TO ITALIAN COLONIAL AMBITIONS IN ETHIOPIA UNTIL ANOTHER ATTEMPT
UNDER MUSSOLINI IN 20TH C.
3. BUT DISTURBED COMPLACENT VIEW THAT EUROPEAN TROOPS INVINCIBLE
4. ITALY DID GAIN ITALIAN SOMALILAND, LIBYA & ERITREA
C. PORTUGAL
1. ANGOLA (PORTUGUESE WEST AFRICA)
2. MOZAMBIQUE OR EAST AFRICA
3. PORTUGUESE GUINEA
D. SPAIN
1. RIO DE ORO
2. CANARY ISLANDS
E. GERMANY
1. CAME RELATIVELY LATE TO GAME
2. BISMARCK GENERALLY RELUCTANT TO ENGAGE IN COLONIALISM
3. AS FELT WOULD DO LITTLE TO PROFIT GERMANY EITHER POLITICALLY OR
ECONOMICALLY
4. EVENTUALLY HE CONCLUDED GERMANY COULD NOT AFFORD TO LET OTHER POWERS
DIVIDE CONTINENT AMONG THEMSELVES
5. GERMAN EAST AFRICA 1890
7
6.
7.
8.
9.
a. BECAME GB POST WWI
CAMEROONS 1884
a. BECAME FRENCH AFTER WWI
TOGO ON WEST COAST
a. BECAME FRENCH AFTER WWI
S-W AFRICA 1884
a. DESERT-LIKE TERRITORY
b. BECAME GB AFTER WWI
NONE OF THESE PLACES PARTICULARLY VALUABLE OR OF INTRINSIC STRATEGIC
IMPORTANCE
V. BRITISH
A. BRITISH COLONIAL RULE
1. BRITISH BIG WINNER IN AFRICAN SCRAMBLE
2. IN BRITAIN SCRAMBLE TAKEN CALMLY AT FIRST
3. THEN GROWING RESENTMENT TOWARDS WHAT THEY CONSIDERED INTRUDERS
4. BRITAIN HAD PIONEERED EXPLORATION & CHRISTIANIZATION OF CENTRAL AFRICA
5. & AS ONLY GREAT MARITIME EMPIRE
6. SHE NEEDED TO PREVENT HER RIVALS OBSTRUCTING STEAMER ROUTES TO EAST, VIA
SUEZ & CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
7. THAT MEANT DIGGING IN AT BOTH ENDS OF AFRICA
8. BESIDES AS JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, A COLONIAL SECRETARY & LATER PRIME MINISTER
9. BRITISH RACE WAS GREATEST OF GOVERNING RACES THAT WORLD HAS EVER SEEN &
FOR THIS REASON ALONE IT WAS BRITAIN'S MISSION TO PROTECT & ENLARGE HER
EMPIRE
10. AT APEX OF IMPERIALISM GB ALONE CONTROLLED ALMOST 1/4 OF WORLD'S
POPULATION
11. SUN NEVER SET ON GREAT BRITAIN'S EMPIRE
12. BRITISH INVOLVED IN NUMEROUS BATTLES TO GAIN & KEEP ITS EMPIRE
13. EVEN QUEEN VICTORIA REMARKED ENGLISH MUST BE RESIGNED TO WAR AS PRICE OF
WORLD PREEMINENCE
B. EGYPT
1. VASSAL STATE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE
2. BUT FRENCH INFLUENCE BECAME STRONG IN 18TH C
3. FRENCH CULTURAL INFLUENCE PERSISTS AMONG EGYPTIAN UPPER CLASSES &
INTELLECTUALS TODAY
4. UNDER FRENCH SUPERVISION SUEZ CANAL BUILT BETWEEN 1859 & 1869
a. SHORTED SEA TRIP BY 6000 MILES
5. BRITISH HAD BITTERLY OPPOSED BUILDING OF CANAL UNDER FRENCH PATRONAGE
6. BUT NOW CANAL FINISHED BECAME ESSENTIAL PART OF "LIFELINE" OF BRITISH EMPIRE
7. PURCHASED BY BRITISH UNDER PRIME MINISTER DISRAELI
8. & GB MILITARY OCCUPATION 1882 ELIMINATED FRENCH
9. MUCH WAS DONE BY BRITISH TO MODERNIZE EGYPT
a. ASWAN DAM ON NILE 1902,
b. 1ST OF SERIES OF PUBLIC WORKS
c. IMPROVED PUBLIC HEALTH LOWERED MORTALITY RATE
d. STRENGTHENED NUMBERS & PROSPERITY OF MIDDLE CLASS
10. BUT RESULT EGYPTIANS HATED BRITISH
a. GROWING NATIONALISM
b. EGYPT FOR EGYPTIANS
11. THIS PATTERN WILL BE FOUND ELSEWHERE AS WELL
C. RHODESIA 1895
C21
1. CECIL RHODES 1853-1902
2. CECIL RHODES' NAME SYNONYMOUS W/BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
3. RENAMED ZIMBABWE AFTER HIMSELF - RHODESIA
8
4. BORN IN BRITAIN, RHODES IMMIGRATED TO SOUTH AFRICA
a. WHERE HE MADE FORTUNE IN DIAMONDS & GOLD
b. ELECTED TO CAPE PARLIAMENT IN 1881
c. & SERVING LATER AS PRIME MINISTER
d. RHODES SOUGHT TO EXTEND BRITISH INFLUENCE OVER BOER REPUBLICS & INTO
INTERIOR OF CONTINENT
C22 THIS PUNCH CARTOON OF 1892 CAPTURES RHODES' IMPERIAL AMBITIONS
e. HE AIMED TO BUILD RAILWAY FROM CAIRO TO CAPE TOWN
f. BY 1910 TRACKS LAID AS FAR NORTH AS ELIZABETHVILLE IN CONGO
C23 BY MEANS OF LABOR GANGS LIKE THESE
g. RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS
D. BRITISH TERRITORIES OF CAPE COLONY & NATAL
1. HERE CECIL RHODES' AMBITIONS
2. & DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS & GOLD IN BOER LANDS
C13 DIAMOND MINERS
3. BRITISH PUBLIC PERSUADED TO SUPPORT A FINAL IMPERIAL ADVENTURE
4. BITTER & SAVAGE WAR BOER WAR 1899-1902
a. DRAGGED OUT OVER 30 YRS
b. WITH BOERS HEAVILY OUTNUMBERED
C29 BOER GUERILLA FIGHTERS
c. COST BRITISH 45,000 DEAD
d. HANDFUL OF DUTCH SETTLERS WON
e. DISILLUSIONED MANY IN EUROPE ABOUT ADVANTAGES OF IMPERIAL RULE
E. OTHER BRITISH COLONIES IN AFRICA
1. GOLD COAST
2. NIGERIA 1900
3. KENYA 1920
4. UGANDA
5. SUDAN
6. BRITISH EAST AFRICA 1888
7. TANGANIKA 1922
8. BRITISH SOMALILAND 1862
VI. CONCLUSIONS
A. GENERAL REMARKS
B78 MAP OF AFRICA PARTITIONED AMONG EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS C 1914
B79 COMPARED WITH 1985 POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA
COUNTRY
# COLONIES
GREAT BRITAIN
55
FRANCE
29
GERMANY
10
BELGIUM
1
PORTUGAL
8
NETHERLANDS
8
ITALY
4
SPAIN
4
1. TOTAL AREA: OVER 20,000,000 SQ MILES
2. TOTAL COLONIAL POP CONTROLLED
a. ALMOST 600 MILLION
AREA
OVER 12,000,000 SQ MILES
OVER 4,100,000 SQ MILES
OVER 1,200,000 SQ MILES
OVER 900,000 SQ MILES
OVER 800,000 SQ MILES
OVER 750,000 SQ MILES
ALMOST 600,000 SQ MILES
ABOUT 100,000 SQ MILES
VII.EUROPE'S IMPACT ON AFRICA
A. ECONOMIC
1. SINCE ECONOMIC MOTIVES PROMINENT IN PARTITIONING OF AFRICA
2. IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT DRASTIC ECONOMIC CHANGES FOLLOWED IN ITS WAKE
9
3. EXPLOITATION OF AFRICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES FOLLOWED CONQUEST
4. GOLD, DIAMONDS, COPPER, PALM OIL, RUBBER & IVORY
B96 BAGGING COCOA BEANS
5. GHANA BECAME WORLD'S LARGEST PRODUCER OF COCOA
6. AS TRADE IN SLAVES FROM WEST AFRICA DECLINED EXPORTS OF PALM OIL INCREASED
SUBSTANTIALLY
B94 AFRICAN WORKER GATHERING BUNCHES OF OIL PALM NUTS IN NIGERIA
7. EUROPEAN & AMERICAN COMPANIES BOUGHT VAST PLANTATIONS IN SUCH REGIONS AS
a. CONGO, CAMEROONS, FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA
b. FIRESTONE CORPORATION 1926 GIVEN 90 YR LEASE ON 100,000 ACRES OF LAND IN
LIBERIA
B48 RUBBER TREES BEING TAPPED FOR LATEX
8. FOREIGN SETTLERS TOOK OVER MUCH OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL LAND
9. EUROPEAN SETTLERS FLOCKED IN PARTICULARLY TO SOUTHERN RHODESIA & EAST
AFRICA
10. TO TRANSPORT MINERALS & AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES EUROPEANS BUILT
NETWORK OF RAILROADS IN AFRICA
B86 AFRICAN WORKERS CONSTRUCTING RAILWAY
B87 AFRICAN WORKERS BUILDING BRIDGE SHOWS ROUGH TERRAIN
11. RAILWAYS DESIGNED TO FACILITATE EXPORT OF PRODUCE
12. RATHER THAN TO STIMULATE GENERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITHIN AFRICA
13. TRADITIONAL BARTER GAVE WAY TO MONETARY SYSTEM
14. NO LONGER DID AFRICANS EXCHANGE SLAVES, GOLD & IVORY FOR EUROPEAN GOODS
15. INHABITANTS OF TEMPERATE PLATEAU AREAS MOST AFFECTED BY LOSS OF LANDS
TAKEN BY WHITE SETTLERS
16. IN SOME CASES WHOLE DISTRICTS RESERVED FOR WHITES ONLY
17. CONSEQUENTLY AFRICANS FORCED TO WORK FOR WAGES ON WHITE MAN'S
PLANTATIONS
18. IN OTHER REGIONS AFRICANS FOUND IT NECESSARY TO LEAVE THEIR FAMILIES & GO TO
WORK IN MINES
C16 AFRICAN MINE WORKERS IN FRONT OF GOLD MINE
19. MINE WORKERS LIVED IN HOUSING COMPOUNDS
a. WHILE THEIR FAMILIES REMAINED IN RURAL COMMUNITIES
20. IF AFRICANS REFUSED TO PROVIDE LABOR NEEDED FOR PLANTATIONS & MINES
21. VARIOUS TYPES OF FORCED LABOR USED
a. UNDER FRENCH COLONIAL LAWS EVERY MALE BETWEEN 18 & 60
B85 AFRICAN LABORERS
b. REQUIRED TO CONTRIBUTE CERTAIN NUMBER OF DAYS TO STATE EACH YEAR
B85 AFRICAN LABORERS BUILDING ROAD
22. THESE VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS REDUCED TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
OF AFRICANS
23. WITH INTENT BY COLONIALISTS TO DEVELOPMENT CASH CROP PRODUCTION
24. WHICH WHEN ACCOMPLISHED DECLINE IN FOOD PRODUCTION ENSUED
25. SO COUNTRIES BECAME INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE TO FLUCTUATIONS IN WORLD
COMMODITY PRICES
B. CULTURAL
1. MISSIONARIES CHANGED AFRICAN WAY OF LIFE
2. THEY USED EDUCATION, MEDICINE & RELIGION TO DO SO
B43
3. SCHOOLS OFFERING WESTERN EDUCATION & WESTERN IDEALS INTEGRAL PART OF
EVERY MISSION STATION
4. THESE SCHOOLS PARTICULARLY INFLUENTIAL SINCE MOST COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
LEFT JOB OF EDUCATING TO MISSIONARIES
5. MISSIONARY EDUCATION ALSO ENCOURAGED INDIVIDUALISM
6. WHICH WAS CONTRARY TO COMMUNAL AFRICAN WAY OF LIFE
7. NOT SURPRISING THAT AFRICANS AFTER SEVERAL YRS OF MISSIONARY SCHOOLING
10
8. USUALLY LOATHE TO RETURN TO THEIR VILLAGE
9. INSTEAD THEY LOOKED FOR JOBS ELSEWHERE
a. WITH COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
b. OR IN PRIVATE BUSINESS
C. POLITICAL
1. WHEN BOUNDARIES OF VARIOUS COLONIES DRAWN
2. NO ATTENTION PAID TO INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
3. HENCE ONE GROUP OF PEOPLE MIGHT BE UNDER RULE OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN POWERS
4. EG SOME OF SOMALI RULED BY FRENCH
5. OTHERS BY BRITISH
6. STILL OTHERS BY ITALIANS
7. & SOME EVEN WITHIN ETHIOPIA
8. EUROPEANS GOVTS LACKED POPULATION TO RULE ALL PEOPLES DIRECTLY
9. SO THEY RESORTED TO VARIOUS FORMS OF INDIRECT RULE
10. ADMINISTRATION CONDUCTED THROUGH TRIBAL CHIEFS WHO ALLOWED TO RETAIN
SOME OF THEIR AUTHORITY
11. USUALLY BRITISH ALLOWED CHIEFS MORE LEEWAY THAN DID FRENCH
12. ON SURFACE AFRICANS RETAINED THEIR TRADITIONAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
13. THEY STILL HAD THEIR
a. COUNCILS OF ELDERS
b. THEIR LAWS
c. THEIR COURTS
d. THEIR CHIEFS
14. BUT IN PRACTICE POLITICAL STRUCTURE UNDERMINED
15. CHIEFS COULD BE APPOINTED OR REMOVED BY LOCAL EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATORS
16. & THEIR DECISIONS NO LONGER HAD FORCE OF LAW SINCE PEOPLE OF TRIBES COULD
GO OVER THEIR HEADS TO EUROPEAN OFFICIALS WHOSE WORD FINAL
D. CONCLUSIONS
1. ALTHOUGH TODAY IMPERIALISM MAY BE CONDEMNED IN TOTO
2. LATE 19TH C. IMPERIALISTIC SPIRIT CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD UNLESS IT IS REALIZED
THAT IT INCLUDED CONSIDERABLE ELEMENT OF
a. PEACE CORP IDEALISM
3. ONCE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA BEGAN IT IS SURPRISING IT DID NOT LEAD TO GENERAL
WAR BETWEEN GREAT POWERS
4. ALTHOUGH COME 20TH C. IMPERIALISM & INCREASED RIVALRY AMONG EUROPEAN
NATIONS
5. WILL BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN BRINGING ABOUT THE OUTBREAK OF WWI