Zagadnienia do egzaminu na stopień licencjata z językoznawstwa
(wersja 2010)
1. Branches of linguistics in the macrolinguistic perspective
2. Dichotomies in the divisions of linguistics (theoretical-applied, general-descriptive, synchronicdiachronic)
3. Levels of linguistic investigation according to the unit of description
4. Unique features of language as contrasted with animal communication
5. The components and nature of native speaker’s linguistic knowledge
6. Linguistic competence versus linguistic performance
7. Prescriptive versus descriptive approach to language
8. Grammatical categories and grammaticalization
9. Theories about the origin of language
10. Why do languages change?
11. Sources of similarities between languages
12. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, linguistic determinism
13. Indo-European languages – groups and location
14. The place of Polish and English in the Indo-European family
15. Language, dialect, idiolect and diglossia
16. Style and register
17. Define pidgins and creoles
18. Differences between British and American English
19. Synthetic, analytic and agglutinative languages
20. Types of languages
21. Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law
22. The diachronic perspective of the English language: Old English, Middle English and Modern
English
23. Functions of language according to Jakobson
24. Major assumptions of Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory of language
25. The concept of linguistic sign according to De Saussure
26. Major assumptions of Noam Chomsky’s theory of language
27. Deep and Surface Structures, Phrase Structure Rules and Transformations
28. Major assumptions of the cognitive theory of language
29. Phonetics versus phonology
30. Articulatory, acoustic and auditory phonetics
31. The reasons for differences between spelling and pronunciation in the English language
32. Homophones, homographs and homonyms
33. International phonetic alphabet, diacritics and types of transcription
34. The notions of phoneme, phone and allophone
35. Articulatory features of English consonants
36. Articulatory features of English vowels
37. Places of articulation of English consonants
38. Manners of articulation of English consonants
39. The voiced-voiceless, oral-nasal and central-lateral oppositions
40. Cardinal vowels
41. What are allophonic rules?
42. Types of coarticulation in English
43. Assimilation and neutralisation as phonological processes
44. Phases in the articulation of plosives, the fortis – lenis distinction
45. Major allophonic variants of English plosives
46. Major allophonic variants of English nasals and approximants
47. Articulatory differences between plosives, fricatives and approximants
48. The notions of aspiration, syllabic consonants, nasal and lateral release
49. Allophonic processes affecting vowels in English
50. Segmental and suprasegmental phonology
51. The concept of distinctive features in phonology, the notion of natural class of sounds
52. Stress-timed versus syllable-timed languages
53. The structure of a syllable and phonotactic constraints in English
54. Types and functions of intonation in English
55. Linking and intrusive /r/ in English
56. Coalescence and elision in English
57. Lexicology, lexicography and the dictionaries of English
58. The problems with the definition of the term “word”
59. The notions of lexeme, word-form, phonological word, orthographic word and grammatical word
60. The notions of morpheme, morph and allomorph
61. Types of conditioning of allomorphy
62. Inflection versus derivation
63. Concatenative morphological processes
64. Non-concatenative morphological processes
65. Word-manufacturing processes
66. The notions of suppletion, zero morph and empty morph
67. Types of affixes
68. Types of compounds
69. The notions of stem, base and root
70. Content words and function words
71. Obligatorily bound and potentially free morphs
72. Bound bases and portmanteau morphs
73. The category of aspect and tense in English
74. The category of number, gender and case in English
75. The category of mood, person and voice in English
76. The scope of syntactic analysis
77. Tests for constituency
78. Modification and complementation in syntax
79. Functions in a sentence
80. Subject and predicate as the immediate constituents of a sentence
81. Types of nouns and the functions of NP’s
82. Major properties of English nouns
83. Major properties of English verbs
84. Subcategories of verbs in English
85. How to distinguish ditransitive and complex transitive verbs?
86. How to distinguish monotransitive and intensive verbs?
87. Major properties of English adjectives
88. Major properties of English adverbs
89. Major properties of English prepositions and prepositional phrases
90. Coordination in syntax
91. Major classes of English function words
92. Types of adverbials
93. What is ellipsis?
94. Finite and non finite clauses, simple and complex sentences
95. Grammaticality versus acceptability
96. What are phrase markers? What can they show?
97. The notions of node and dominance in a tree diagram
98. The scope of study of semantics
99. Semantic componential analysis
100. Semantic features
101. Ambiguity and its sources
102. Types of antonymy
103. Synonyms, hyponyms and superordinates
104. Polysemy and homonymy
105. Truth conditions and sentential semantics
106. Thematic roles
107. Theta assignment and theta criterion
108. Semantic anomaly, metaphors and idioms
109. Reference and sense in semantics
110. Proper names as referring expressions
111. What is the scope of study for pragmatics?
112. Exemplify the potential difference between speaker meaning and sentence meaning
113. What is entailment? Which type of entailment can be named a true paraphrase?
114. What are analytic and synthetic sentences? What are contradictions?
115. Presupposition and its major properties
116. Types of presupposition
117. Proximal and distal deictic items
118. Person, place and time deixis
119. The notion of the deictic centre, possible shifts of the deictic perspective
120. Social and discourse deixis
121. Reflections of indexicality in grammar
122. The major assumptions of the speech act theory
123. Performatives versus constatives
124. Three component acts of a speech act
125. Typology of speech acts
126. Felicity conditions
127. Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices, direct and indirect speech acts
128. Indirectness and implicature
129. Types of implicature
130. Grice’s Co-operative Principle and the Maxims of Conversation
131. Hedges and intensifiers
132. The notion of politeness in pragmatics
133. Maxims of politeness according to Leech (1983)
134. The concept of “face” in Politeness theory
135. Face Threatening Acts – which acts threaten particular aspects of face?
136. The global strategies of face saving