• ___________ & its effects o ___________ processes that break down rock. o Sediments: sand, silt, & ___________ o Weathering ___________ the Earth’s surface.
• Mechanical Weathering o Occurs when ___________ are broken apart by physical processes.
• Caused by: o ___________ plants o Burrowing ___________ o ___________ ice
• Ice ___________ occurs where water enters cracks in rocks, freezes, & expands.
• As surface area increases, more rock is ___________ to be weathered.
•
Chemical Weathering o Chemicals ___________ the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals. o Naturally formed acids can weather rocks ___________ o ___________ acid forms when Carbon dioxide mixes with water. The acid reacts with calcite in limestone to form caves. o Some roots & ___________plants give off acids that dissolve minerals in rock. o ___________ occurs when some materials are exposed to oxygen and water. (Rust)
•
Effects of Climate o Mechanical weathering occurs more in ___________ climates. o ___________ weathering occurs more in warm, wet climates. o Rock type can affect the ___________ of weathering in a particular climate.
• Soil
• ___________ of Soil o Weathering gradually ___________rocks into smaller and smaller fragments. o Plants and animals add organic matter to the rock ______________________.
• Soil is a ___________ of o Weathered ___________ o Decayed ___________ matter o ___________ fragments o Water o ___________
• ___________ for soil formation include: o Climate o ___________ o Types of ___________ o Types of vegetation o Length of ___________ that rock has been weathering
• Composition of Soil o Decayed organic matter turns into a dark-colored material called ___________. o Humus provides ___________ for plants. o Burrowing creatures mix humus with the other ___________ fragments.
• Soil ___________
• A ___________ (topsoil) o Can be covered by litter, organic material that will eventually become humus and helps ___________ erosion.
• B Horizon o ___________in color & contains less humus. o Leeching is the removal of minerals that have been ___________ by water.

o Water reacts with humus & carbon ___________ to form acid.
• C Horizon o Made of partially weathered rock and is found at the ___________ of a soil profile.
• Soil Types o Different types of ___________vary in color, depth, texture, & fertility. o The type of soil depen ds on the region’s ___________. o Deserts are dry, prairies are ___________, & temperate forests are mild & moist.
•
Soil ___________
• Soil – An Important Resource o Soil is eroded when it is moved to a new location by ___________ or water. o Soil erosion removes ___________ that is important for plant growth.
• Causes and ___________ of Soil Erosion o Human activities can ___________ the rate of soil erosion. o Soil erosion occurs rapidly on steep slopes and areas that are not covered by
___________. o Forest ___________ & overgrazing contribute to the rate at which erosion can occur.
• Preventing Soil Erosion o Farmers reduce erosion by planting ________ belts, using no-till farming, and planting cover crops after harvesting. o Contour farming and terracing are used to control erosion on ___________. o Rows of trees (___________) are planted on the plains to reduce erosion caused by wind.
Erosion
• Wearing away of surface materials by __________, water, wind, or glaciers.
• __________- process where sediments are dropped by erosion agents as they lose energy.
• Mass movement occurs as __________ moves materials down a __________ as one large mass.
 Examples: Slumping, Creeping, Rock __________, & Mudflows
 Steep slopes can be made __________ with vegetation, drainage pipes, and walls of concrete or railroad ties.
Glaciers
• Large masses of ice and __________that slowly move on land causing erosion.
• __________- erosion process caused by moving glaciers picking up __________, gravel, & sand.

Scour & scrape the soil and __________
 Grooves & __________ indicate the direction a glacier moved.
• Glaciers __________ a mixture of different sized sediments (till) when they retreat.
 Moraine- a ridge, or __________, of deposit left at the end of a glacier.

Outwash- material deposited in layers by the __________ of a glacier, with largest pieces closer to the glacier.
 Eskers – __________ deposit formed as meltwater rivers within the ice deposit sand & gravel within their channels.
• Types of Glaciers
 Continental Glaciers-huge __________ of ice and snow that cover large areas of land.

Covers 10% of Earth near the poles. (__________ & Greenland)
 Ice Ages - periods of __________ glaciation over the last 2 to 3 million yrs.
 __________ than some mountain ranges.
 ____________________- exist in mountain ranges.

Cirques- bowl-shaped __________in the sides of mountains.
 Arête- a long _______ that forms when two valley glaciers __________ a mountain side-by-side.


Peaks- form when valley glaciers erode a __________ from several directions.
 __________ for med by glaciers are “U” shaped
Wind
• Scatters dust or __________ ash over thousands of kilometers.
• __________- wind removes small particles of loose sediment, leaving behind heavier materials.
• Abrasion- wind behaves like a __________ blowing sand grains against rocks __________ them down.
• __________– rows of trees planted to slow down wind in order to reduce erosion.
• Dunes – mounds of sediment __________ by wind.
__________ Erosion
Surface Water
__________
• Rainwater that doesn’t __________ in to the ground or __________.
• Affected by:
 Amount of __________
 __________ of time it falls

Steepness, or __________, of the land
 __________of vegetation
Rivers & Streams
• River system –network of __________ & streams that come together to form a system.
• Drainage Basin- area of land from which a stream or river collects __________
 The __________ River __________basin is the largest in the United States
__________ River

Flows swiftly through a __________ valley.
 May have __________ & waterfalls.
 __________the bottom faster than the sides.
 “V” shaped __________
__________ Stream
 Flows __________ through the valley.

Erodes more on the sides.
 Forms __________ & oxbow lakes.
 Carves a flat, broad valley floor called a __________
__________Stream

Flows smoothly through a __________ it has carved.
 Delta – fan shaped area formed by sediments that are __________ as water empties into an ocean or lake.

__________
– fan shaped area formed by sediments that are deposited as water empties from a mountain valley onto a flat open plain.
Groundwater
• Groundwater is water that soaks into the ground and collects in the __________ of the underlying soil.
• Soil and rock are __________ if water can pass through the pore spaces. (Sandstone)
• Soil and rock are impermeable if water cannot pass through the pore spaces. (__________)
• __________ – a layer of permeable rock that lets water move freely.
 Zone of Saturation: area where all the __________ are filled with water.
 Water Table: upper __________ of the zone of saturation.
• __________ are used to pump groundwater from an __________ to the surface.
 Artesian wells – wells that don’t require a pump because the water is under
__________.
 __________
– free flowing water because the water __________ is so close to the surface.


Geyser
– hot spring that erupts __________, shooting water & steam into the air.
• __________are formed by Carbonic acid dissolving limestone rock, thereby enlarging cracks to form chambers.
 Stalactites
– Calcium __________ deposits that hang from a cave’s ceiling.
 __________ – Calcium carbonate deposits that form on a __________ floor.
• Other Features:
 __________ Straws

Cave __________
 Cave Pearls
 __________

Columns
__________ Shoreline
• Shoreline Forces
 Waves __________against pound against shores.
 Currents move sediments along the __________.
 __________ carry sediment out to sea & bring in new sediment.
• Rocky Shorelines

__________ & cliffs
• Sandy Beaches
 Beaches –deposits of sediments __________ to the shore.

_____________
– fragile sand deposits that parallel the shore but are __________ from the mainland.