1 CONTENTS Chapters Page Chapter 1 Introduction 2-4 Chapter 2 Capabilities Envisaged 5-12 Chapter 3 Technology Perspective 13-75 Chapter 4 Conclusion 76 Appendixes 77-88 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION References (a) DPP 2008 (Amendment 2009) (b) LTIPP (2012-2027) (c) Tech Needs to Achieve Joint War Fighting Capability (Sep 2004) (d) Indian Army Doctrine (e) INBR 08 Indian Maritime Doctrine (f) IAP 2000-07 Op Doctrine of IAF (g) Defence Science & Technology Strategy (Aug 2006) (h) Strategic Guidance for Naval Self Reliance (j) S&T Road map of DRDO 1. Self- Reliance has always been one of the avowed goals of the Indian Armed Forces. The importance of being self-reliant in the defence sector needs no emphasis as it is not only of critical strategic and national importance but also an essential component of the national power of a sovereign nation. 2. In the 62 years since independence, the country has made significant progress in achieving this goal. However there is still much to be done. The MoD is conscious of this and recognises that progress needs to be accelerated by harnessing our national capability in all its forms. 3. Indian industry has made rapid strides and has established itself on the international stage. Developing the latest technologies, providing state-of-theart products to the customer and adopting best practices in management has enabled them to not only hold their own in the global arena but also contribute to India’s emerging status as an economic powerhouse. This coming of age of the Indian industry must find expression in the defence sector as well. Steps have been initiated through regular interaction between the MoD, individual services and industry and there is a consensus on the need for greater industry participation. However the modalities on how to achieve this optimally need to be streamlined and the role that both sides i.e the MoD and industry are required to play needs to be clearly defined. 3 4. Development of defence equipment and cutting edge technology with defence application needs considerable investment in terms of time, money and human resource. If Indian industry is to become a meaningful participant in the national endeavour of achieving self- reliance in defence equipment, it would be expected to make this investment. This, of course requires them to be aware of the capabilities the Armed Forces are seeking and the technologies required to achieve these over a reasonable period of time. 5. Induction of new weapon systems are cost and time intensive. Building complex platforms like ships, submarines, tanks and fighter jets has a long lead time which is constantly challenged by the race to keep pace with the relentless march of technology. It is therefore imperative that the long term requirement of capability be identified and understood for appropriate technology to be developed and operationalised in an acceptable time frame. 6. The Armed Forces prepare a long term Perspective Plan which covers a period of 15 years. This document identifies the shape and size of the services over the designated time period based on foreseeable strategic trends. From this document flow the 5 year plans which translate the 15 year plan into an action plan with committed funding. These 5 year plans run concurrent with the national 5 year plans. More immediate commitments and capital acquisitions are included in the Annual Acquisition Plans to enable effective oversight of committed funding vis-a-vis progress. The unpredictability of the global events in an increasingly ‘Flat’ world necessitates a periodic review of the Long Term Perspective Plan. This facilitates applying mid-course corrections based on the more discernible emerging trends and the need to adapt the capabilities for these. However the fundamental capabilities enumerated in the 15 Year plan remain essentially the same. 7. Perspective plans determine the capability sought by the Armed Forces which in turn drive the procurement of platforms and equipment and the technology required to attain this capability. They focus on bridging the capability gaps and building force levels to ensure that the Armed Forces are optimally structured, equipped and weaponised to achieve the desired combat potential across the entire spectrum of conflict. 8. It is an established fact that the future battlespace will be shaped by technology and technological superiority is going to determine the outcome of future battles. It is therefore essential that technological self reliance remains our mantra for the future and a collective national effort be initiated to achieve this in the quickest possible time ensuring that developments in technology are commensurate with our desired military capability. 9. The Indian Armed Forces have, over the years, identified technology insertion required both in the existing inventory as well as development of future capability. The Defence Procurement Procedure has articulated the means of obtaining these either through the ‘Buy (Indian)’, Buy (Global), ‘Buy and Make’, 4 ‘Make’ or the newly introduced ‘Buy and Make (Indian)’ categories. Inadequate investment in R&D, inaccessibility to cutting edge technologies and an industrial and vendor base not sufficiently large or mature enough to cater to the needs of the Indian Armed Forces had led to frequently exercising the ‘Buy (Global)’ category of acquisition.This is not only an expensive proposition and a drain on the country’s precious foreign exchange reserves, but could also compromise the country’s defence preparedness at times of crisis, through imposition of various technology denial regimes. At a strategic level, in the last two decades preparedness of the Armed Forces was discernible. 10. The Ministry of Defence has, in the last few years, sought to untangle the cobwebs associated with the Defence Procurement Procedure. The DPP 02 was the first such attempt which was improved and replaced by subsequent DPPs. Based on the experience gained and feedback obtained, further amendments to DPP 08 have been carried out which have been implemented from 01 Nov 09 as DPP 08 (Amendment 09). The inputs received from various sources have enabled the MoD to not only simplify the procedure but also address the challenges faced in keeping pace with rapid technological advancement. Defence Procurement Procedure 2008 (Amendment -09) has incorporated these inputs and Para 9a has addressed the industry’s request for more information to be made available. 11. This document titled “Technology Perspective & Capability Road Map ‘ intends to provide industry an overview of the direction in which the Armed Forces intend to head in terms of capability over the next 15 years which in turn would drive technology in the developmental process. It is based on the Long Term Perspective Plans of the Armed Forces. It will highlight the broad capabilities envisaged by the Armed Forces and the technology perspective to achieve these. Industry would be expected to interact with the MoD on a regular basis and offer firm commitments in partnering the MoD in developing contemporary and future technologies as well as productionalising equipment required by the Armed Forces. Effective participation based on mutual trust and cooperation would go a long way in achieving the desired degree of self reliance. 12. This document highlights the capabilities and technologies currently envisaged and would be updated periodically as and when further details become available or changes occur in future iterations of the LTIPP. 5 CHAPTER 2 CAPABILITIES ENVISAGED 1. Introduction. The existing and emerging security scenario, both global and regional, requires the Armed Forces to maintain a high degree of preparedness across the entire spectrum of conflict. Identifying and developing the capabilities required by the Armed Forces to maintain the decisive edge will be the cornerstone of future defence planning. The tremendous advancement in technology as well as the rapidly evolving scenario in the security environment requires a well thought out capability road map adequately supported by technology to achieve optimum combat preparedness. Achieving self-reliance in providing the desired capability requires quality as well as quantity. Capacity building is therefore an equally big challenge. Achieving both capability and capacity will be possible only with proper planning and ensuring that a clear and coherent way ahead is understood by all stakeholders to achieve optimum utilisation of scarce resources. Synergy between the Ministry of Defence including the Armed Forces, the DRDO and industry is essential to identify and achieve the desired results. The ability to achieve this through indigenous means should be a national endeavour. The Joint Military Strategy to counter the envisaged external and internal threats and to fulfil the National Defence Objectives would include (a) Strategic Deterrence (b) Full Spectrum Capability (c) Sea Control (d) Aerospace Capabilities (e) Special Operations (f) Logistics (g) Defence Cooperation (h) Media (j) Personnel and Leadership (k) Use of Technology 2. The effective harnessing of the scientific and technologically trained pool of manpower, the R&D skills and the technological expertise available with the 6 public and private sector would be the key to achieve this goal through self reliance. 3. This chapter aims to identify the current capabilities of the Armed Forces and highlight both, the augmentation of these and development of new capabilities to achieve the desired level of combat preparedness. Although this document serves to highlight the capability road map for the next 15 years, it must be understood that this is a continuous process and the dynamics of the evolving national and international scenario will require periodic review and constant adaptability for it to become meaningful. Achieving the desired synergy will require a pro-active approach from all agencies, a clear understanding of their constraints and a focussed approach to address these and achieve the desired progress. Definite timelines, committed finances and constructive interaction at every stage would be of essence to achieve the desired results. 4. The current and future desired capability over a 15 year period from 2010 to 2025 is enumerated below as required by individual services as well as areas where joint capability would be the optimal choice. Joint Capabilities 5. The capability objectives required to enable the military to meet the challenges of the future battlefield have been identified and the likely technologies we would need to develop to achieve such capabilities have also been drawn out. These capabilities had first been covered in detail in the form of ‘Joint War Fighting Capability Statements`, which form various chapters in the 2004 document ‘Technology Needs to Achieve Joint War fighting Capabilities’. Some of these have also been taken up in S&T roadmap of DRDO and have been included in DRDO’s XI plan. These capabilities are enumerated in the succeeding paragraphs. 6. Information Superiority. Information Superiority (IS) encompasses the capabilities of Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) and Command, Control, Communications and Computers (C4) to acquire and assimilate information needed to dominate and neutralise the adversary and effectively employ own forces. This will require IS to include the capability for near real-time awareness of the locations and activities of both own and enemy forces throughout the battlespace. It also includes a seamless, robust C4 network connecting all own forces to provide a common picture of the battlespace. The capability of information warfare is also needed to affect enemy information systems while protecting one’s own. Operational and functional capabilities needed to achieve IS are highlighted later. Pursuing key IS technologies to develop a ‘system-of-systems’ will pave the way for achieving IS. 7. Electronic Warfare. Electronic Warfare is the capability to disrupt and degrade an enemy’s defences and protect our own through the use 7 of the electromagnetic spectrum including directed energy systems. It includes the capability of deceiving, disrupting and destroying the surveillance and command and control systems as also the weapons and sensors of an enemy’s integrated air defence network. It should also include the capability to detect similar attempts by the enemy and initiate countermeasures and also protect own systems through redundancy and hardening. 8. Area Missile Defence. Joint Area Missile Defence is the capability to use AD assets of the three services in conjunction with the surveillance sensors of other agencies to detect track, acquire and destroy incoming theatre ballistic and cruise missiles. It encompasses the seamless flow of information on missile launches by specialised surveillance capabilities, through tracking by the sensors of the services as also other associated agencies, to missile negation and destruction. 9. Combat Identification. In any battlefield scenario it is imperative that the war fighter is able to have a clear and unambiguous awareness of the identity of all those present in the area. Being able to identify ‘Friend from Foe’ as also to have a clear picture of all neutrals present is critical for ensuring successful engagements with optimal utilisation of armament, avoiding fratricidal engagements and minimising collateral damage. Modern technologies in surveillance sensors, communication & computing have enabled the task of achieving, sharing and maintaining battlespace awareness. However, combat identification remains a major challenge. Present IFF systems can at best enable a confirmation whether a contact is friendly or not. What is essential is to know further whether it is hostile or neutral as also its type, size and other details, if battlespace awareness is to be truly achieved. This would require an effort in the direction of identifying various technologies, which need to be developed for Combat Identification. The aim is thus to develop a capability with which we can positively identify potential targets as friend, foe or neutral in sufficient time with the highest possible level of confidence and at the requisite range to support weapon release and engagement decisions. Precision Force. This is the capability to destroy selected targets with precision using the information available through enhanced battlespace 10. awareness and utilising the best-placed platform for ordnance delivery. It includes the requisite sensor to shooter C4I capability for the responsive and timely application of such force, which includes the surveillance and targeting capabilities for the employment of Precision Guided Munitions (PGMs). 11. Military Operations in Built-Up Areas (MOBUA). This is the capability to undertake operations in built-up areas so as to achieve military objectives with minimum casualties and collateral damage. It includes the appropriate precision weapons as also non-lethal weapons, surveillance sensors, navigation means and communication systems that are effective in confined, built-up urban areas. In a broad sense, our combat forces must be able to fight and survive better than their adversaries. The key operational capabilities 8 required are firepower, force protection and manoeuvre. C4I and the associated situation awareness would enable each of the operational capabilities. The challenge is to integrate the technologies into coherent interoperable systems optimised for MOBUA. 12. Combating Terrorism. This includes the capability to oppose terrorism throughout the threat spectrum including anti-terrorism (defensive measures to reduce vulnerability) and counter-terrorism (offensive measures to prevent, deter and respond). It includes protection of personnel, assault, explosives detection and disposal, investigative sciences and forensics, physical security and protection of infrastructure, surveillance and collection. Support to land, sea, and air forces would be achieved by the use of improved detection, monitoring and tracking, intelligence and logistic communications, training and planning. The principal goal of Combating Terrorism is to protect lives and resources and allow forces the freedom of action required to accomplish assigned missions. Combating terrorism leverages optimal utilisation of limited resources and focuses on technologies that offer significant improvement in force protection capability. Successful execution of the wide range of R&D efforts cited in this plan will greatly improve the capability of the soldier by reducing the terrorist threat to the nation. 13. Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Warfare Defence and Protection. The threats posed by the nuclear, chemical and biological warfare capability available in the neighbourhood are a reality. There is thus a need to provide our forces with nuclear, chemical and biological warfare defence and protection. The requirement is to enhance joint warfighting capability so that our forces are capable of operating in an NBC environment both for offensive and defensive missions. Chemical and Biological warfare threats, however, need to be assigned a higher priority over the nuclear threat. Accordingly, the aim is to highlight the desired strategy for achieving future capabilities required by our armed forces to operate in such an environment. 14. Logistics Support. The capabilities which enhance mobility, employability, and sustainability – attributes that are essential for the armed forces of 2010 and beyond cannot be achieved without a revolutionary change in the concept of logistics support. A Revolution in Military Logistics (RML) will have to be an integral part of any technological advance used to bolster warfighting capability by the enhancement of readiness for joint operations. There is a need to use technological breakthroughs to transform logistics into a distribution-based logistics system that substitutes logistics velocity for logistics mass. Technology has to be leveraged to fuse new organisational structures, concepts, transportation techniques, information systems, and logistics systems. This would fundamentally reshape the way the services are projected into operations and sustained thereafter. Investments in technology are needed which would reduce the bottlenecks that directly impede or delay the capability to support fighting forces. In order to do so, military capability must concurrently maintain the military advantage in key areas, develop new areas of military 9 advantage, and deny asymmetric advantage to the adversary. It entails adapting existing capabilities to new circumstances whilst experimenting with new capabilities whose development is made feasible with new technologies. 15. In addition the following Joint Capabilities would need to be developed / enhanced (a) Special Forces (b) Space Warfare (c) Develop key enablers for Military Diplomacy in IOR (d) Out of Area Contingency (OOAC) and Strategic Intervention/ Disaster Relief’s Operations Capability (e) Enhance deterrence potential. 16. As emphasised earlier, these capabilities would require a synergised approach to ensure that an optimum balance is achieved which would provide the Indian Armed Forces and the Nation the capability to shape the environment and create dependencies in our area of interest. 17. The joint capabilities listed above will also have to mesh seamlessly with the capabilities envisaged by the individual services and enumerated in the succeeding chapters. This would ensure that the desired National capability is greater than the sum of its parts. Army 18. The Indian Army operates in varied and difficult terrain ranging from the high Himalayas, the deserts of Rajasthan, the jungles of the North-East and every kind of terrain in between. The sheer volume of equipment to be inducted for an army of over one million makes the challenge even greater. Self-reliance in equipping the army and providing it with equipment to achieve the desired capability objectives should be of great importance to industry. The army would be looking to augment and introduce the following functional capabilities:(a) (b) (c) (d) Augment and optimise force application capability. Individual Protective Equipment for troops Enhance detection and decontamination eqpt in quality and qty Develop Integrated Field Shelters (e) (f) (g) (h) Address Logistic voids and enhance logistic capability Enhance mobilisation capability Enhance C4I2SAR capability Improve night fighting capability 10 (j) Develop IW capability (k) Improve anti armour, SAM, ASM and SSM capability (l) Develop and introduce the ‘Land Warrior’ concept (m) An aviation Quick Reaction capability (n) Indigenisation of bridging technology (o) Improve communication to effect manpower savings and derive maximum benefit from the telecom network (p) Improve and develop Wide Area Network and Satellite Communication Network. (q) Enhance battlespace awareness (r) Enhance force protection capability Navy 19. Navies operate in international waters well beyond the territorial limits of a nation not only in war, but also in less than war situations and peacetime. The Navy is a versatile and a flexible instrument of the nation state that can be used in an increasingly wide ranging manner from destruction of the enemy to coercive diplomacy. The navy is also a powerful instrument that can be used for enhancing international cooperation, conflict resolution and for providing a competitive edge to economic activity. Unlike the other two services the maritime threats that can emerge in the future are dynamic, and it would not be appropriate to limit this to particular ‘potential adversaries’. The Navy has periodically articulated its roles and missions through various documents in the open domain (INBR 8 Indian Maritime Doctrine). The full range of operations in which a nation’s maritime forces may be involved is extremely wide, including high intensity war fighting at one extreme and disaster relief operations at the other. This broad range of operations can be broken into distinct roles each demanding a specific approach to conduct of operations (Military, Diplomatic, Constabulary and Benign Roles). Based on these, the capability road map is being drawn up. The current and future capabilities required by the Navy are as follows:(a) Sea Control with Carrier centric CBG capability to cover our Area of interests. (b) Blue Water deployment and Power Projection with appropriate force levels. (c) Networked Operations (d) Expeditionary and Amphibious Capability for one Indep Bde Group (e) Coastal Defence including Minesweeping (f) Sea Denial with adequate Sub surface capability including submarine and ASW. (g) Maritime Surveillance (Space based and Airborne - Long Range, Medium Range, Short Range) (h) AEW capability (Rotary & fixed wing) (j) Air to Air refuelling (k) Base infrastructure including development of new bases. 11 (i) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) CI2SR capability – ship based, air based and UAV borne Special Ops including covert launch capability Salvage and Deep Diving capability and EOD. Precision strike capability ashore Establish credible submarine rescue capability Enhance hydrographic survey force levels and technology Air Force 20. The IAF’s vision is to acquire ‘Strategic Reach’ that serves the ends of Military Diplomacy and enables force projection within India’s strategic area of influence. The IAF, after assessment of the prevailing situation should be able to undertake all operational and assigned tasks not only as a single service but also in integrated ops with other defence agencies. In pursuance of its task, IAF must display flexibility and effectiveness by continuously evolving, retaining the technological edge, anticipate procurements and accommodate changing patterns in training and operational tasks. The IAF must optimise its resources by planned organisational changes, careful upgradations and incorporate force multiplication philosophy. The overall aim must be to cater for the changes in the environment to retain an edge over the likely adversary at all times. 21. The operational employment of the IAF under conventional threat should focus on maintaining conventional superiority in terms of numbers and better technology of assets. However, when it comes to unconventional threats in support of the tasks, the op philosophy will have to change. The legitimate or non legitimate nature of the source of threat includes all facets where the entire nation could bear the consequences. Therefore, the aim of the Op philosophy would be to amalgamate IAF assets with trained manpower to achieve the desired effect in this variable environment. The operational windows for military action will be restricted and there will be a requirement to plan for various contingencies and to have rapid reaction capability. 22. The approach towards air operations must be to achieve air dominance and undertake Effect Based Operations (EBO). The Air Force is augmenting/developing the following capabilities:(a) Capability to maintain day and night ops in all weather conditions. (b) Modernise and upgrade the fleets of aircraft to meet challenges of advancement in technology. (c) Develop stand-off weapon capability during day and night. (d) Develop Force Multipliers like FRA, AWACS, AEW&C, surface surveillance, UAV, UCAV etc. 12 (e) Develop future AD assets in terms of radars and SAGW to address multi-level, multi-mode threats and to operate in networked environment. (f) Develop multi-spectrum offensive and defensive IEW capability, including space based capability and operational infrastructure for analysis of data and real time transmission. (g) Develop space based assets for C4ISR, communication of all types, navigation, meteorology etc. (h) Enhance op support infrastructure on an incremental basis in conjunction with modernisation/induction of systems/equipment. (i) Capacity building of training infrastructures for larger numbers in step with the advancement of technology. (j) Development and enhancement of indigenous R&D. 13 CHAPTER 3 TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 1. Introduction. Technology superiority is increasingly going to be the decisive factor in future battles. The development of technology to meet our future joint warfighting should aim at a broad based programme spanning all defence related sciences. The strategy should be to ensure that we are able to develop and transform superior technology into affordable and decisive military capability keeping in mind affordability, timeliness, dual use, technology base and modular design. The aim should be to adopt an approach towards procurement of weapons and systems, that is warfighting capability driven. This would enable the country’s R&D establishments to focus on specific capability requirements and work out appropriate technologies needed to fulfil these requirements. It would be possible to identify critical technologies that are likely to be denied and efforts concentrated on indigenous development of these. The focus has been to concentrate on newly emerging areas of warfare that have been identified as essential for joint warfighting. There would be many capabilities in single service specific areas that would have to be addressed by respective Services and may need inclusion in future versions of LTIPP. The previous chapter highlights the planned and envisaged capabilities. This chapter is arranged in line with the document `Technology Needs to achieve Joint warfighting capability’ produced by HQ IDS (WSOI Div) and the LTIPP as also the Perspective plan of each Service. 2. The objective is therefore to ensure that the efforts of the country’s defence technology R&D are aimed at supporting the future war fighting capabilities needed by the armed forces. It is felt that own R&D Agencies (both Public and Private) would be able to work out a detailed plan to develop the needed technologies, including the necessary funding and their research objectives in specific areas. This would include plans for the development of capability in areas that are considered critical to own efforts to enhance warfighting capability, and draw-up a roadmap towards achieving this capability by tapping all available national resources including industry, both private as well as government, and academia. The R&D agencies would also need to draw up their specific objectives for developing technologies for the military that they would develop or demonstrate, the specific benefits resulting from each technological advancement, as also the funding required to achieve this capability. 14 TECH NEEDS FOR JOINT WARFIGHTING 3. This is already hosted on MoD website under the title `Tech Needs to Achieve Joint War Fighting Capabilities’. 4. Some of the areas of technology, which are considered to be of great significance for the future, include the following:(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (k) Artificial Intelligence. Mobile computing. Nanoscience. Bio-metrics. Smart structures. MEMS. Mobile wireless Communications. Compact power sources. Surveillance sensors. Electronic Warfare. TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDIAN ARMY 5. An overview of Indian Army’s futuristic technology requirements are covered in the succeeding paragraphs. Some of this is already hosted on the CII website as ‘Army’s Future Technology Requirements’. This is covered in two sections; the first indicating key program areas for futuristic requirements and the second covered arm and service wise so that the needs and specifications are better understood. This would help the industry understand the organisation so that inquiries at later stage may be referred to a particular arm / service. The requirements are dynamic in nature and this list needs to be viewed as an outline guide only. SECTION I 6. Equipment and Technology Requirements. The following key program areas have been identified for the futuristic modernisation requirements of the Army:(a) Battlefield Transparency. (b) Combat Systems. (c) Communication Systems. (d) Rockets and Missiles Systems. 15 (e) Directed Energy Weapons. (f) Advanced Material Technology. (g) Artificial Intelligence. (h) Robotics. (j) Nano Technology. (k) Bio-technology (l) Non Lethal Weapons. (m) Combat Modeling and Simulation. (n) Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare Defence. 7. Battlefield Transparency. The Indian Army needs to exploit the advances in Information Technology for providing all weather surveillance, collation and instant dissemination of this information to facilitate increased battlefield transparency. The following systems will be required:(a) Battlefield Surveillance Radars and Weapon Locating Radars. Battlefield Surveillance Radars and Weapons Locating Radars with capabilities to detect vehicles and personnel movement at varying ranges will be required for the Army. (b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs with advanced sensors and weapons are going to dominate all facets of the future battlefield and hence the need to acquire the necessary UAV’s expertise indigenously. These should be capable of carrying payloads such as weapons, SAR payloads, electro-optical devices, electronic intelligence and communication intelligence. (c) Advanced Electronic Warfare Systems. Electronic warfare systems have played a crucial role in recent conflicts. Various electronic intelligence, communication intelligence, Radio Emitter Location and Jamming Systems integrated with Command and Control centres will provide enhanced battle field transparency to the commanders. 8. Combat Systems. The combat systems such as battle tanks, infantry combat vehicles etc, are mobile protected platforms designed to defeat similar systems of the enemy. In future, these combat systems will require all-round protection against various forms of threats namely, enemy tanks, anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM), armed attack helicopters (AAH) and anti-armour mines etc. The technologies that the Indian Army will require are given as under:- 16 (a) Develop improved and next generation small arm weapon system. (b) Develop a suitable light armoured multipurpose vehicle which combines the essential requisites of mobility, agility, protection, communication, navigation, stealth and observation for reconnaissance. (c) 9. State of art night fighting systems. Communication Systems. The following systems will be required:(a) Integrated platforms to support voice, data, image, multimedia applications and networking. (b) Real Time Secure Mobile Communication. Real time secure mobile communication links are becoming the backbone of modern warfare. Though some progress has been made in the civilian sector, there is a need to catch up with military applications. (c) 10. Indigenisation of critical components in satellite communication. Rocket and Missile Systems. (a) Rocket Systems. There is a need to develop rocket systems of the range of 120-150 km indigenously with reduced dispersion. The ranges could also be enhanced to 120-150 km by developing Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) systems in the 250-300 mm calibre class. Solid propellants with high specific impulse should be developed for achieving longer ranges with radar based Trajectory Correction Systems (TCS) and inertial navigation systems. (b) Missile Systems. The aim is to develop missiles with longer ranges and higher accuracies for surgical strikes on high value strategic targets with minimum collateral damage. Anti missile active and passive seeker defence technologies be developed for supersonic cruise missiles, for short range missiles, long range sub-sonic cruise missiles. 11. Directed Energy Weapons (DEW). The needs of the Army in this field are as follows:(a) Anti UAV Weapon. DEW for engaging enemy UAV in the 8-10 km range capable of being designated and controlled by appropriate detection and tracking systems. (b) Precision Weapons and Dazzlers. These should be developed for use by Special Forces/ Anti Terrorist forces to make operations swift and surgical with minimum collateral damage. 17 (c) AD Weapons & Air Deliverable PGMs. Air Defence weapons from ground based mobile platforms capable of engaging all kinds of projectiles like rockets, mortar/ artillery, UAVs, missiles, fighter aircraft, helicopters, PGMs and other stand off armament . 12. Advanced Material Technology. Carbon composites, advanced ceramics and metal matrix composites are going to be the main structural materials for the future systems. These will enable weapon platforms to be made lighter and tougher. These technologies would find their application in all weapon platforms and support systems, especially in tanks / ICVs, protection suits for armour/ personnel, missiles/ munitions/ war heads, artillery gun barrel/ loading/unloading/ firing mechanism, communication equipment/ systems and so on. 13. Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is an inescapable need for numerous military applications. Some possibilities are in the following areas:(a) Imagery Interpretation. Image interpretation for target identification and classification. Artificial Intelligence techniques could automate the extraction of low-level map features from imagery. (b) Expert Systems. Expert systems for diagnosis and maintenance of sophisticated weapon systems such as radars and missiles. (c) Intelligent Evaluation of Kill Zone. Missile – target range and trajectory analysis for evaluation of kill zones and launch time and simulation to assist in qualifying missile performance in various environments. 14. Robotics. Robotic applications for the Indian Army are as under:(a) Robots can be used to assist troops in combat for tasks such as surveillance, reconnaissance, anti mine and anti IED role, urban area combat, casualty extraction etc. (b) Robotic equipment can be used to provide precision targeting support, carriage of ammunition and accuracy. Camera equipped and shock-resistant platforms to fire the guns remotely are possible applications. (c) Robotic vehicles equipped with cameras and weapons can be used to perform tasks such as limited / spot surveillance and reconnaissance etc. (d) Robotic Military Vehicles. These vehicles are required for a variety of high risk jobs such as mine / IED clearance, obstacle breaching 18 and route opening. Man portable, light weight robotic systems would be required for reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition missions for sub-terrain/ urban operations. Robotic vehicles are also needed for mine detection/clearing, obstacles breaching, clearing wire obstacles, placing explosives, tactical deception, direct fire and communication relay. 15. Nano Technology. The applications for Army in the fields of nano technology are as follows:(a) Counter Terrorism Tasks. Possible applications are unobtrusive micro audio bugs and video recording devices with high capacity data storage to plant at likely meeting places of terrorists, over ground agents and sympathisers, unattended micro ground or air sensors which can be placed in advance and remotely activated on required basis and micro sized energy devices which can power unattended sensors / audio / video devices and a host of other applications in remote areas or places which require extremely light weight power sources like light weight man portable radars, missiles, UAVs and other systems. (b) Dynamic Camouflage. Fabric of uniform would act as a screen for displaying terrain specific picture. Fabric would also have switch able surfaces (E.g. cotton and polyester) for comfort and bio – chemical gas detectors for chemical agent warning. (c) Other nano applications could include extremely rugged and safe arming and triggering mechanism for appropriate weapon systems, solid lubricants for weapon systems at high altitude areas. 16. Bio-technology. Some of the biotechnology applications for the Indian Army are as follows:(a) The bio-technological R&D should be extended to bio friendly / green developments i.e. the development of biodegradable ammunition which causes minimum damage to the environment. (b) Lighter food and fuel for carriage by individual combatants. (c) Bio production mechanisms to enable soldiers to generate food, fuel and materials from raw materials in the field, allowing for extended operation in remote areas. 17. Non Lethal Weapons. Sub-lethal or disabling military technology is particularly suitable in an urban or complex environment. Some of the important areas of research in this field having applications for the Army are as under:(a) Stun Grenades. Low impact grenades which can stun or immobilize adversaries. 19 (b) Optical Weapons. Optical munitions to cripple sensors and dazzle, if not blind, soldiers. (c) Acoustic Weapons. Weapons that emit sonic frequencies to cause such sensations as disorientation, debilitating dizziness and motion sickness or nausea, also generate vibrations of body organs resulting in extreme pain or seizures. 18. Combat Modeling and Simulation. Simulation advances will transform military planning and training. Today, virtual reality simulations can enable soldiers to train in high fidelity mock-ups, at substantial reduction in risk and spending. There is a need to exploit a range of tools and products that will enhance the Army’s capabilities in the domains of training, development, acquisition and decision support. 19. Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) Warfare Defence. Indian Army will require protection from Chemical, Biological & Radiological hazards as per the following:(a) Individual Protective Equipment (IPE). There is a requirement of developing common IPE equipment which can provide individual protection in all kinds of contaminated environment. (b) Collective Protection. Both fixed and mobile shelters should be portable, easy to assemble & pack, to give NBC protection in all types of terrain. (c) NBC Detection, Alarm & Monitoring. The equipment should be portable, sensitive and electromagnetic pulse hardened to accurately indicate the radiation dosages and chemical and biological contamination level in real time. (d) Decontamination Equipment. In future the technology should be developed to provide mobile decontamination station which can decontaminate A & B vehicles, equipment and persons in a “tramline” mode at faster rates. (e) Calculation of Nuclear Blast Parameters. The equipment should be able to automatically calculate the various parameters of nuclear blast like cloud and cloud bottom angles, illumination time, flash to bang time for carrying out estimation of yield and to work out down wind hazard distance. It should lend itself to integration with meteorological sensors. 20 SECTION II ARMOUR 20. Armour has been constantly finding ways to increase mobility, protection and fire power to enhance survivability. The proliferation of number of hand held weapons, top attack munitions, land mines, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) as well as involvement of armour in urban and 4th Generation Warfare has necessitated a new look at these issues and enhance the vital ingredients of survivability of tanks. Mobility 21. Automotive System : Diesels and Turbines. Developers of Armed Fighting Vehicles (AFV) are expected to continue to desire more power, light weight, a smaller package, and reasonably long life of propulsion system. In order to achieve ‘extraordinary’ acceleration, it is necessary to couple conventional diesel engine to a turbine. The ‘Hyberbar’ engine will be able to accelerate from zero to full power at 1,500 hp in 2.8 seconds, while conventional diesel engine requires 8-12 seconds. The quest for more compact power pack has led to renewed interest in gas turbines, which needs to be explored. 22. All Electric Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs). A fundamental step in designing a diesel-electric drive involves coupling a high-power-density motor with a magneto-electro dynamic generation and replacing the variable mechanised transmission with a similar electromechanical model. 23. Tracks and Suspension. Continuous-band tracks are a design alternate that reduces track weight, maintenance, and acoustic signal of light AFVs. Active suspension system with sensors, control units, and a hydraulic power source in combination, is needed to automatically alter the suspension characteristics to more closely match the speed of the vehicle and the terrain profile, especially in Indian terrain conditions. Protection 24. Survivability. The survivability of armoured vehicles on the battlefield involves basic principles of remaining undetected; if detected, avoid being hit; if hit, stop the penetration; and if penetrated, survive. The most obvious way to prevent being hit is to minimise the possibility of detection by making the armoured vehicle small and compact and as difficult to detect by a variety of 21 battlefield sensors including radar, acoustic and electro-optical system, as possible. 25. Signature Management. Current and expected future threat scenarios require signature management measures of a multi spectral type, and they require an extremely short reaction time. Indian Army (IA) requires signature management in design measures, basic camouflage, additional camouflage and temporary camouflage. 26. Armour Protection. The main battlefield threats against tanks are Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGMs), unguided anti tank rockets and grenades; shaped charge High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) gun rounds; Kinetic Energy (KE) gun rounds; and top-attack weapons like intelligent sub-munitions, terminally guided artillery rounds, etc. There is a need for developing Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA). Given optimised designs, integrated ERA offers tanks highly effective protection against both the penetrators of Armoured Piercing Fin Stabilised Discarding Sabot (APFSDS) projectiles and the jets of shaped charge weapons, including those with tandem warheads. 27. Material. Increasing the level of protection of a vehicle involves considerations of cost and weight. We require high-performance armour system with advance materials including:(a) (b) (c) (d) Reduced penetration by most lethal weapons. Elimination of parasitic mass leading to a weight reduction. Excellent corrosion resistance. Inherent thermal and acoustic insulation properties. 28. Soft Kill Sensors. Our tanks need Infra Red (IR) detectors, target identification systems, laser warning systems, radar warning receivers and devices to coordinate their signal and instantaneously control a countermeasures suite. These countermeasures fall into two categories: soft-kill system and hardkill system. The soft kill sensors must discriminate true and false targets and they must discriminate between missiles or other rounds that threaten the vehicle being protected and those that will miss or are aimed at other targets. 29. Hard-Kill System. We need Automatic Protection Systems (APS) for tanks. The radar should determine threat levels adequately, and the self-defence 22 rockets should not cause high levels of collateral damage, particularly to accompanying dismounted infantry. Firepower 30. Electronic Weapons. Conventional tube weapons are the product of a mature technology, and have now reached a high level of performance. However, on account of the gas-dynamic processes of thermally transformed powder, the muzzle velocity of projectiles is theoretically limited to approximately 2,300 m/s. Contemporary tank guns still offer a considerable growth potential, and electronic guns will be able to exceed this and become an attractive proposition. 31. Tank-fired Missiles. Such missiles, which carry shaped-charge warheads, were susceptible to various countermeasures, especially reactive armour. Now, it seems reasonable to expect development of high velocity KE missiles with heavy-metal, long-rod penetrators to defeat current and future tanks both within and beyond line of sight. Such extended-range missiles would enable armoured vehicles to engage targets beyond the direct fire zone. 32. Fire Control System (FCS). Ground sensors, non-line-of-sight launch system and the network capability will enhance soldiers’ understanding of their situation in dynamic battlefield conditions by promoting a common perspective of enemy and friendly locations on digital maps and provide timely actionable intelligence. 33. Simulators for Training. Need to manufacture modern simulators using lasers, micro-processors and magnetic tapes, thereby creating near actual combat conditions during training. 34. Future Main Battle Tank (FMBT). A futuristic design for an MBT to meet our long term requirements should be pursued. Futuristic tanks could incorporate the following technology:(a) Develop an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system for our tanks, to obviate chances of own tanks firing at each other in battle. (b) Reliable and secure mobile communication system capable of data transmission, audio and video conference. 23 (c) Stealth technology including paints/materials to provide limited invisibility in IR/visible spectrum and for scrambling and avoidance of detection. (d) Development of driving, gunnery and tactical simulators. (e) The high/medium-energy level (100 kJ) vehicle-mounted laser is expected to be a lethality option against rockets, air vehicles, light ground vehicles, antennas of armoured vehicles and electro-optical sensors. (f) Protection in the form of soft-kill system requires IR detectors, laser warning, radar warning and devices to instantaneously integrate these signals and control a countermeasure suite. Such systems are threat specific so all would have to be carried on a vehicle to gain protection against more than one part of the EM threat spectrum. (g) Hard-kill system to provide full-spectrum defence against top attack weapons, ATGMs, guided missiles and gun-launched KE and HEAT rounds. (h) Hybrid electric vehicle technology. (j) Digital vehicle electronics (vetronics) will provide intra-vehicle and inter-vehicle communication capability that will greatly improve sit awareness and enhance operational effectiveness. MECHANISED INFANTRY 35. General. The current Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV), BMP-2 will be due for de-induction from service after few years. Operational requirements in the short term will be met by qualitative upgrades in the existing equipment, however, for the period beyond that, we will need a new ICV. Important factors that merit attention for futuristic development of any FICV and technology upgrades available world wide are given in succeeding paragraphs. 36. Basic System. The technology development and emerging trends are as under:(a) Platform. The technology is progressing from modular to scaled hull with anti-mine blast floor. Latest development including Space frame 24 construction, nano-technology in materials, structural composites, metal matrix composites and transgenic biopolymers need to be taken note of. (b) Electronics / Electrical. The technology is progressing from system on chip (digital data) electrical drives to high voltage power management (distribution, storage and transmission), reconfigurable LRU architecture and system on chip (imagery data), thermal resistant circuitry ultrasonic and nano-particle based wireless. (c) Multi Mode Interface Systems. The technology is progressing towards crew reduction via autonomy to heads-up display, predictive diagnostics and nano-robotic repairs which needs to be exploited. 37. Protection. Various emerging technologies in protection are as under:(a) Composite Armour. It has steel hull to defeat small arms and ceramic armour for protection against 14.5 mm ammunition and 152 mm air burst. (b) Slat Armour. It envisages a bar cage around vehicle’s hull with intent to detonate RPGs before they reach vehicles. This has emerged out of necessity of ICVs to operate in close country, Built-Up Area (BUA) and in Counter Insurgency operations. (c) Reactive Armour. Requirement of reactive armour has been felt to defeat HEAT projectiles. (d) Add-on Armour. Need to contemplate adding titanium armour fitted to/welded at hull to protect against medium caliber threats. (e) Modular Armour. Need to contemplate ceramic based light weight modular armour like Puma of Germany. (f) Multiple Self Protection System(MUSS). We also need to consider MUSS like Puma and Leopard 2A5. MUSS should provide protection in 360o azimuth and 70 o elevations besides countering four threats at a time. (g) Missile Laser Threat Alerting Sys (MILTAS). It can be mounted on turret and linked to an active IR jammer and grenade launcher. 25 (h) Fourth Generation Remote Sensing systems. (j) Miscellaneous. Other forms of armour like plastic armour, responsive armour, re-enforced armour, spaced laminated armour, ceramic armour, active armour and reactive armour needs to be developed. 38. Armament /Ammunition. The emerging technologies include:(a) Hunter-Killer Turret. Two men hunter-killer turret with 3035mm gun, Third generation missile system and Machine Gun (MG). (b) Hit Fist Turret. It again envisages two men turret with futuristic weapon system. (c) One Man Turret. cannon, missile and MG. One man turret with stabilised dual feed (d) Miscellaneous. Non-lethal weapon, 25-40 mm Cannon, 3rd generation ATGM on retractable launcher, hyper velocity missile with KE Warhead, Combat KE Missile (CKEM), Integrated FCS, Electro Magnetic Gun, Direct Energy Weapon, MM Wave KE Projectile Guidance etc. (e) Armament. The technology needs to progress from smart munitions to adaptive recoil, higher lethality lower calibre (CTA Warheads) munitions, electromagnetic weapons and laser energy weapons. 39. Mobility. Various emerging technologies in mobility are as under:(a) Track/Wheeled. Band and rubberised tracks are emerging alternative for segmented metal track. Light weight, continuous track facilitate smooth traveling around suspension. Advance wheels, chambered tyres and counter mine flat tyres are emerging as alternatives. (b) Suspension System. (i) Hydro-pneumatic drive train suspension to eliminate hull vibration, stabiliser turret and gun control system. 26 (ii) Need to have power pack and suspension to accommodate 30 percent growth in vehicle weight without modification e.g. Puma. (iii) Active suspension. (c) Additional Power Sources. Auxiliary engine/power units, rechargeable power sources like disposables, solar energy, diesel rucksack portable generator sets and portable fuel cells. (d) Navigation. Combined fiber optic gyro/GPS based autonomous Land Navigation System (LNS). (e) Automotive. The technology needs to progress from hybrid electric drive (multi-engine) to hydrostatic suspension, band track active suspension, energy recovery and ceramic engines. 40. Sighting System. are as under:(a) Various emerging technologies in sighting systems Hunter-Killer Fire Control System. (b) New generation cooled thermal imagers (Amorphous Silicon) for gunner and commander with independent panoramic sight. (c) Holographic Sights. 41. Survivability. Various emerging technologies in survivability systems are as under:(a) Defence aid suite (DAS) like automatic threat detection and identification and hit avoidance. (b) Mine ploughs / remote mine activation system. (c) Detection Avoidance Technique. Need for signal management, integrated multi spectral camouflage with inherent capability to be effected in visual, IR and radar range. (d) Survival enhancers – stealth technology. 27 (e) Camouflage and concealment capability. (f) Survival / Protection. The technology needs to progress from soft-kill DAS and hard-kill DAS (1st generation) to momentum transfer armor, standoff explosive detection and hard-kill DAS (2nd generation) including adaptive camouflage. (g) Interchangeable Role Modules. With the emerging concept of container system, there is requirement to reduce the need for spares and training. ARTILLERY 42. General. Artillery power will continue to remain a vital component of the future battlefield. Its application must graduate from the quantitative to the qualitative and from sheer mass to precise effect. The entire structure and equipment profile must be tailored towards achieving Precision Force Capability. 43. Guns. Our future weapon systems will be based on 155mm caliber. Equipment required for operations in different types of terrain and in support of armoured/mechanised formations will comprise of towed guns, Ultra light, self propelled(both wheeled and tracked) and mounted gun systems. 44. Artillery Mortar. There is a need to develop a mortar with improved range, accuracy and lethality for mountains. It is desirable to induct mortar with longer ranges while retaining the versatility of the system. 45. Multi-barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL). For interdiction tasks, rocket launcher system with ranges upto of 90 km are required. The weapon system should have increased accuracy, enhance lethality and a variety of war heads to include smart anti tank ammunition, bomb lets and mine lets. 46. Surface to Surface Guided Missiles (SSM). In order to engage critical targets beyond the gun range, there is a need to have surface to surface guided missiles, with ranges varying from 90 km to 300 km. Earth penetrating war heads and low Circular Error of Probability (CEP) should be essential features of these SSMs. 47. Loitering Missiles. Artillery Fired Medium Range Loitering Missiles have loitering capability like an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and can strike a target with fully guided precision like a missile. Thus it has capability for acquisition of targets and precision engagement. Each Artillery Fired Medium Range Loitering 28 Missile can carry out one combat mission. These systems are gaining popularity as collateral damage and conventional missiles invite lot of criticism. We must exploit technological challenges in this field. 48. Ammunition. A wide variety of ammunition is needed for each weapon. Important ones are improved projectile designed to achieve longer ranges, highenergy propellant channels achieving longer ranges, high explosives with better fragmentation effect, proximity fuzes, scatterable mines, incendiary ammunition, fuel air explosives against bunkers/buildings, precision guided munitions and autonomous homing projectile such as the `Trajectory Correctable Munitions’ (TCM). 49. Essential Equipment and Instruments. In order to improve the responsiveness of artillery system on the move, deployment, communication, logistics and engagement of a target, the introduction of following equipment is envisaged :(a) Fast survey equipment. (b) Integrated Observation Post (OP) equipment. (c) Artillery metrological system. (d) Muzzle velocity measuring equipment. (e) Technical fire control (ballistic) computers. (f) Automated tactical fire control systems. (g) Palletised ammunition and ammunition vehicles with cranes. 50. Miscellaneous Support Equipment. Radio and line communication need to be improved tremendously. Frequency hopping Radio Set (RS) with inbuilt secrecy having a range of 40 km in the VHF mode need to be developed. HF RS having ranges in excess of 70 km are also required. There is a need to introduce suitably designed vehicles for command and control elements, observation post parties, command post and communication equipment, ambulance carriage and re-supply vehicles and these must possess matching mobility and protection with the force being supported. 29 51. Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) Equipment. To fulfill their tasks in future the SATA units would require the following equipment:(a) Long range battlefield surveillance radars. (b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) with satellite communication links. (c) Long look optical system and remote delivery sensor system. (d) Weapon locating radars/Artillery meteorological system. (e) Latest survey equipment based on Global positioning System (GPS)/Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). (f) Cruise missile tracking Capability through airborne platforms. 52. Electronic Warfare (EW). Increasing introduction and employment of Battle Field Surveillance Radar (BFSR) and SATA equipment for exploiting its weapon systems fully, demand secure EW equipment. The ESM equipment should have capability of picking up, analysing and storing EW Intelligence about EW elements of the enemy in the complete EW spectrum used by noncommunication emitters. The ECM suite should include both passive (ELINT) and active ECM capabilities. 53. Miscellaneous Equipment. (a) Security of Gun Areas. There is a need to develop sensors based on laser/acoustic/vibration and Thermal Imaging (TI) sights for guns for night engagement /direct/Anti tank firing. (b) Containers. This concept should be developed and introduced with new family of vehicles of following types:(i) Command Post Vehicles. Battery and Regiment Command Post Vehicles, FDC and SATA CP. (ii) Survey Computing Centres. (iii) Ammunition Carrying Vehicles. 30 (c) Precision Munitions. This should include multi spectral sensors, guidance and control, technically, enhanced electronics, better airframes for missiles and efficient power packs. (d) Electro magnetic rail guns and directed energy weapons. (e) SATA. Fusion, Technical Database Management System, Moving Surface Target Imaging Radar, IR focal frame array, secure data links, auto target recognising technology and target configuration technology. 54. Artillery Simulators. (a) Following type of simulators are essentially required both from the point of view of providing realistic training and enhanced effectiveness:(i) Sub Calibre Trainers for various types of guns and rocket systems. (ii) Forward Observation Simulators capable of training Observation Post officers in shooting procedures, fire planning and command and control systems. (b) Present simulators for Artillery training need to be further improved to provide more realistic and comprehensive training to include the following:(i) Training of all trades i.e. Operators, Technical Assistants, Observation Post Officers, Troop Leaders, Gun Position Officers and Command Post staff both collectively and in stand alone mode. (ii) System must cater for integration of related data viz metrological and variation in muzzle velocity etc. (iii) All type of shoots with all available ammunition/equipment /fire control instruments must be feasible. (iv) System should be applicable for all terrains and visibility conditions. For better training analysis, 3D effect of terrain is essential. 31 ARMY AIR DEFENCE 55. Radar. Technologies that need indigenous Research & Development efforts include the following:(a) Development of Multifunction Phased Array Radars. Phased array technology permits rapid beam steering capabilities which provide almost continuous all round track-while scan surveillance capabilities, doing away with the limitations inherent to the rotating antenna. Advancements in component technology has resulted in development of solid-state microwave sub-system viz, oscillators, low-noise and low power amplifiers, phase shifters, T/R modules using MMIC technology etc. (b) Development of Synthetic Aperture Radar. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides high-resolution three-dimensional imaging capabilities, a technology which has considerably matured over the last three decades. SAR combines all-weather and cloud-penetrating capabilities with optical resolution imaging capabilities, and is essential for effective and accurate airborne and satellite reconnaissance, including missile guidance. Development/ procurement of SAR therefore need to be accorded high priority. (c) Development of Millimeter Wave Radar (MWR). MWRs, operating a millimeter-wave frequencies around 94GHz (frequency band that coincides with a spectral region of minimal atmospheric absorption), have potential to generate high-resolution two-dimensional imagery. Development efforts on the related technologies need to be vigorously pursued. (d) Transmitters. Wide-band transmitters, capable of generating complex signals for detection capability, need to be developed. Development in these areas to evolve and optimise complex signals, need indigenous efforts so that the terminal performance of the radar could be improved. 56. Surface to Air Missile (SAM) System. Development / acquisition of SAM system with longer ranges, detection and multiple engagement capability is essential to enhance the stand off ranges and serve as a deterrent to the launch platforms. These would need to have high acceleration, agility, intelligence, ability to receive mid-course guidance and target recognition features to successfully engage supersonic attack aircrafts and missiles. Development of 32 longer ranges and smart SAM system would involve the following technological areas:(a) Propulsion System. Suitable propulsion system needs to be developed for supersonic and hypersonic velocities as well as for long ranges. This includes development of ramjet engine technologies. (b) Guidance and Control System. Development of improved midcourse guidance system by combining INS and GPS to provide lower Circular Error of Probability (CEP) is becoming essential. Higher demands would be placed on the control system on account of the super/ hypersonic velocities and high agility. (c) Seeker. With the development of longer range SAMs, development of suitable seekers will need to be undertaken concurrently to ensure high accuracies. These seekers will need to posses all weather capabilities and incorporate advance Electronic Counter Countermeasure (ECCM) feature. (d) Warhead. While the warhead technology has reasonably matured, efforts to enhance its lethality would have to continue. Directional radio fuses for warheads need to be developed for concentrated fire power in the direction of the target and enhance lethality. 57. Guns. Apart from enhancement of ranges using latest technology in gun design, improved ammunition and armament, guns are being integrated with fire control systems or target designation systems to reduce reaction time. Improved sighting system including Electro-Optical devices, TV cameras, Integrated Laser Range Finders (LRFs) and Thermal Imaging (TI) sights for engagement in all weather conditions and facility of automatic tracking by use of sighting system are required. 58. Ammunition. Technology developments have provided guns with enhanced ranges, better efficiency and destruction capabilities. These developments are as listed below:(a) Advance Technology. (i) Hit Efficiency and Destruction (AHEAD) Combination of electronics and projectile innovations. 33 (ii) (b) Advance hit efficiency and destruction. Pre-fragmented Pre-programmable, Proximity Fuze (PFPF). (i) Provides flatter trajectory, increase Muzzle Velocity and thus greater range. (ii) Provides area saturation upto 180 sq m. 59. Air Defence C&R. Improved C&R system for giving greater freedom to weapons and more efficient air Space management. Complete automation of Air Defence C&R and its integration with IAF IACCS. ARMY AVIATION 60. Avionics. Futuristic helicopters and aircraft will be required to accomplish mission oriented tasks as part of all Arms Teams Concept and hence, will require one or more of the following avionics:(a) Integrated Architecture Display System(IADS). There is a requirement to provide the primary flight displays, tactical scenario, navigation displays, weather radar displays, engine and other system and mission data etc on high resolution Multi Functional Colour Displays (MFCDs). Information from a threat warning system superimposed on the digital tactical map provides comprehensive picture to the crew. (b) Fly By Wire/Light Flight Control. The system with required redundancy (quadruplex or triplex redundancy) is designated to give the pilot excellent control and handling characteristic across the entire flight envelope of the helicopter. The system provides continuous automatic stabilization of the helicopter and aircraft by computer controlled surfaces from appropriate motion sensors. (c) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS). The system with adequate redundancy (duplex) is designed to reduce pilot work and also to provide good control response. Typically, AFCS consists of control augmentation system, stability augmentation system and an autopilot. With enhanced stability and autopilot features it would permit the pilot to fly under conditions of poor visibility and by night. AFCS coupled with an onboard navigation system, and integrated with suitable guidance system 34 to provide automatic terrain following or terrain avoidance will permit the helicopter to fly at high speeds at very low altitudes (50-100ft AGL). 61. Navigation. Ability to fly low and also navigate at night and during poor visibility in any type of terrain, is required to support the manoeuvre battle. Following technological features will be required for precision navigation:(a) Night Vision Capability. The operational role of IA demands that the future helicopter should be capable of carrying out operations during night and poor visibility conditions for which Third Generation night vision system is required. (b) Integrated Surveillance Sighting System. An integrated surveillance sighting system compatible with FLIR, CCS, LRF and laser designator would be very effective. (c) Radio Altimeter. A instrument to give the terrain clearance beneath, specially in hills is an essential feature of future helicopters. (d) GPS/INS Sys. INS are computer based self contained systems and provide aircraft position information in terms of latitude, longitude, speed, heading & track information, without any external input other than the starting location. (e) Multi Mode GPS. Multi mode GPS, which should be able to receive signals both from NAVSTAR, IRNSS, GLONASS & GALELIO, would be an effective communication aid. (f) VOR/ILS/DME. These equipments are a must for all the aircraft that needs to be cleared for IFR flight. These would not only increase the confidence of the pilot flying the aircraft, but would also be useful in growing air traffic. (g) Helmet Mounted Display. The helmet mounted display would be ideal equipment which would give all the details to the pilot in digital form without him having to move his head and locating the instruments. (h) Ground Proximity Warning System (GPSW)/ Enhanced GPWS (EGPSW)/Terrain Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). The equipment like GPWS & EGPSW and TCAS provide aural and visual signal to the pilot when the aircraft is in danger of impacting with the ground or is in close proximity of any other traffic. This facilitates low flying by 35 giving the crew advance warning of terrain proximity. When it is coupled to the Navigation System and AFCS it takes corrective terrain avoidance action. The system contributes to safe and successful mission conduct by permitting to fly low and undetected by enemy radars. (j) Global Positioning System (GPS). For pin point navigation accurate GPS system is required. Own GAGAN system/a space based GPS augmentation system to be launched shortly should be catered for the military helicopters. (k) Doppler Navigation System (DNS). GPS accuracy can be degraded, or its coverage disabled/reduced in times of hostilities, hence a stand alone navigation system is mandatory. A Doppler Navigation System is one such system that does not depend on external input sources and must form a standard fitment on all Army Aviation helicopters. The DNS could also be utilized in integrated mode with GPS for better accuracy and redundancy. (l) Inertial Navigation System (INS). INS is also a stand alone system like the DNS. In addition, INS is effective as part of an attack system and for weapon delivery from an attack helicopter. INS coupled with surveillance system will help obtain targeting data for engagement by precision guided munitions. (m) Microwave Landing System (MLS)/Instrument Landing System (ILS). This will help both fixed wing aircraft and rotary wing helicopters for take off and landing in poor visibility and night conditions. (n) Weather Radar. Its use in weather mode and mapping mode with a range of 150 Nautical Miles (NM) or more will permit safe flying operations in most weather conditions and assure greater success probability of a mission. (o) Digital Map Generator and Moving Map Display. A digitally generated map of the area of operations with updated tactical information enhances situational awareness of the crew. It is coupled to the navigation systems of the aircraft and it contributes significantly to mission accomplishment. 36 62. Reliability. The helicopters need to have adequate redundancy for the primary systems and high Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) of all components. This is achieved by incorporating the following:(a) Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). The system monitors the health of important systems by recording their critical parameters such as functioning of engine, gear box, vibration levels, loads on critical structures etc. This forewarns the maintenance staff of a likely problem, if any, and to take preventive maintenance action. Maintenance activity and cost of spares is thereby reduced by change of components. (b) Use of Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) in all aero engines would be mandatory. With helicopters and aircraft getting computer heavy and mission systems being software intensive, there is a need to have redundancy in both hardware and software on all critical systems to enhance reliability. (c) Use of composites to increase the reliability of tail rotors, main rotors and other airframe structures should be explored. 63. Survivability. Military helicopters operate under adverse Air Defence environment in the Tactical Battle Area, in inhospitable terrain and in inclement weather conditions. A degree of survivability needs to be built into the helicopter and crew to survive in an intense battle field. Survivability philosophy is based on the maxim, ‘avoid being seen, if seen do not be hit, and if hit, survive to fight’. Technologies to enhance helicopter survivability are discussed below:(a) ELT Interlinked with GPS. An equipment like this would give out the position of the ELT activations thus saving the time in pin pointing the location of the aircraft in distress. (b) Fire Protection System. To negate the chances of fire, the aircraft should be equipped with state of the art fire detection and fire suppression systems both for electrical and other types of fires. (c) Integrated Oxygen System. An integrated Oxygen system is a must for both crew and passengers especially in areas where the operating altitude is beyond 8000 feet above sealed. (d) Enhanced Power pack is required for simultaneous operations and running of air conditioners and all other ancillary equipment. 37 (e) Means to Avoid Being Seen. achieved by:- Stealth in helicopters can be (i) Low Visual and Radar Signature by Design. Low radar signature can be achieved by use of Rader Absorbent Paint/Material (RAP/RAM). (ii) Low acoustic signature can be achieved by tailoring the blade profile to lower noise levels and reducing engine noise. (iii) Lowering of Infra Red (IR) signature by use of IR suppressors. (f) Means to Avoid Being Hit (If Seen). (i) IR Jammer. An IR Jammer is an effective counter measure against heat seeking missiles. In order to defeat a missile it will have to be integrated with a Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS) which will be a part of an Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS) and also have heat dissipation mechanism to lower the ambient temperature of the exhaust system to avoid detection. (ii) Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS). CMDS comprising of Flare Chaff dispensers provides protection against fire control radars and IR seeking missiles. CMDS must be integrated with EWS to be effective. (iii) Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS). An EWS comprising of Missile Approach warning System (MAWS), Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and Laser Warning Receiver (LWR) warns the crew against missile threat. The EWS also displays the type and direction of threat viz, search/ track/ fire control radar, or a laser designator/range finder. EWS integrated with CMDS and IR Jammer will considerably enhance helicopter survivability in the TBA. (iv) Wire Strike Protection System (WSPS). Helicopters operating at low altitudes are prone to wire strikes. WSPS is required on all helicopters to survive wire strikes. 38 (v) Armour Protection. Armour protection to crew and critical helicopter systems like flight controls, FADEC and hydraulics is an essential requirement. This can be achieved by selective armour plating to the helicopter. (vi) Ballistic Tolerance of Rotor Blades. Build a degree of ballistic tolerance into the main and tail rotor blades to survive small arm fire and hits of 12.7mm Gun which is the caliber of a gun mounted on an Attack helicopters. (g) Means of Survival (If Hit). (i) Redundancy for all critical systems and high damage resistant design for systems like gear box which should be capable of running dry without lubrication for 30 minutes or more. (ii) Crashworthy fuselage and seat design that can take the impact with minimum injury to crew in the event of a crash. (iii) Self sealing fuel tanks with a flame suppression system and provision of dumping of fuel in an emergency. (iv) Fire Fighting Suppression. This will help the crew in Fire Fighting and operation of extinguishing system. (h) NBC Capability. Helicopter would have to be pressurized and NBC filters incorporated to enable operation for limited periods in NBC contaminated areas. (j) Crew Ejection System. The helicopters should incorporate vertical or sideways ejection system to ensure that crew can eject in case of a mishap or if hit by enemy. (k) Cockpit Air Bag System (CABS). Cockpit Airbag System (CABS) and electronic sensor devices ensure that airbags fitted in the cockpit inflate as the aircraft crash lands on ground, there by cushioning the impact and ensuring the survivability of crew. (l) Combat Search and Rescue. An airborne search and rescue system for recovery of crashed aircraft/aircrew and for Special Heliborne 39 Operations (SHBO). The system must incorporate use of coded transmission for safety of Special Forces and crew. 64. Communications. Digital communication is replacing analog communication and future aircraft will need to have the following:(a) Internal Communication System (ICS). For effective communication between the crew and the passenger, a good quality, static free, ICS with utmost clarity with noise reduction is recommended. (b) Secure VHF/UHF and /or VHF (FM/AM) with frequency hopping feature, covering the entire frequency range of radio sets operational in the Army. (c) HF Single Side Band Radio sets. (d) Satellite Communication (SATCOM) links to enhance operating ranges. (e) Light weight Identify Friend or Foe (IFF). (f) Communication interface with other airborne surveillance systems like UAVs/AWACS and Attack helicopters. (g) Downlink capability to pass real time battlefield information (Video, Audio and Data) and capability for data fusion for real time situational awareness. (h) Radio management set for interface with avionic input. 65. Reduced Maintenance. Maximum availability of aviation assets can be ensured to field commanders during operations if maintenance of helicopters can be made easy, fast and less man-hour intensive in field conditions. This can be achieved by following:(a) Incorporating Built in test equipment (BITE) and to follow ‘On Condition’ maintenance. (b) Modular construction to enable change of components and subassemblies in field conditions. 40 (c) All first line servicing to be carried out without the use of specialized equipment and maintenance stand (single tool concept). (d) Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS). (e) Turn Round Servicing (TRS) is kept as short as possible. (f) Low frequency or periodicity of servicing, and be able to operate the helicopter and aircraft in field conditions for prolonged periods. Where possible, servicing should be on need basis. INFANTRY AND RASHTRIYA RIFLES (RR) 66. The nature of future wars is likely to be significantly different from the ones we have fought in the past. Full scale conventional conflicts would recede in occurrence giving way to sector specific, short, intense, high tempo and destructive battles in a nuclear backdrop. More lethal and accurate weapons would be used by both sides. The battlefield will be fully transparent making decision cycle short and critical. Initiatives at lower levels would be the rule rather than an exception. There will be information overload on the commanders and electronic deception would be a major factor in the outcome of the war. Threat of asymmetric war would concurrently exist and close combat in these would significantly influence the results of the other war. In such a scenario, the infantry soldier, the sub units and units would have to be optimally equipped, trained and deployed to achieve ascendancy over the enemy. Infantry soldier must be equipped to counter future threats which may emerge as a result of technological developments. 67. Personal Weapons and Ammunition. There is an urgent need to develop rifles, carbines and light machine guns of 5.56mm caliber to replace the existing INSAS class of weapons. The hall mark of new weapons should be reliability, robustness, night firing capabilities and modular cum inter changeable parts. The weapons themselves are of little use unless supported by compatible and indigenously manufactured ammunition. 68. Medium Machine Guns. It would be desirable to develop a Medium Machine Gun to fire 5.56mm ammunition. 69. Automatic Grenade Launcher. For increased lethality and antipersonal role, a light weight Automatic Grenade System-30 is being introduced in 41 the Army (including Rashtriya Rifles). Further research should be taken up in this field. 70. Grenades. The development of a light, more effective and safe (from the point of view of the thrower) anti-personal grenade is desirable. 71. Surveillance and Night Vision Device. The need for surveillance and Night Vision Device requires further development to improve the system in this field. 72. Rifle Simulator. Further developments should be undertaken in this field to reduce cost of training and enhance skills so as to increase operational efficiency. 73. Personnel Protection Suit. Personnel protection suit for soldiers incorporating light weight body armour, multi-spectral camouflage, ballistic helmets needs to be developed to provide enhanced protection. 74. Remotely Operated Weapon Station (RWS). There is a requirement of a vehicle-mounted system that enables remote operation of weapons with axis stabilized mount that contains a sensor suite and fire control software, allowing on-the move target acquisition and first-burst target engagement. It should be designed to mount on a variety of vehicle platforms and support the Automatic Grenade Launcher, Medium Machine Gun and Anti Material Rifles to increase engagement range, first-round hit probability and operation response time. It should have sensor suite including a daytime video camera, second-generation Forward Looking Infra Red and Laser Range Finder enabling target engagement under day and night condition. 75. Rifle Combat Optics. This will improve the capability to recognize and engage targets upto 500-600m with the existing weapons. The optics will allow troops rapid transition between long and close quarter engagements without degrading the ability to conduct reflexive fire technology. The optics can be used to scan an area for acquiring and engaging targets. When a target is acquired, the ranging reticule within the optics can be used to obtain an accurate range to the target. An appropriate aiming point on the reticule can then be selected to accurately engage the target. 76. Futuristic Soldier. Soldier as a system is gaining popularity and our qualitative requirements have been formulated. A wired and net connected 42 soldier integrated with battle field management systems need to be developed indigenously. 77. Built Up Area (BUA) Operation-Modular Shotgun System. It could be designed to be fitted on the modular weapon system and fire lethal and house clearing ammunition. It provides a capability to transition between lethal and non-lethal rounds and can serve as a stand-alone shotgun. 78. Light Weight Laser Designator Range Finder (LLDR). It is a manportable, modular, target location and laser designation system. The system consists of a target locator module and a laser designator module. LLDR provides troops a man-portable capability to observe and accurately locate targets, digitally transmit target location data and laser-designate high-priority targets for destruction by precision munitions.LLDR greatly increase the ability to recognise targets at night. 79. Anti Tank Missiles. Accurate, reliable, night firing capable missiles mounted on highly mobile vehicles operated by infantry crew is required in large numbers. The industry needs to tap this potential and develop this technology with expertise from DRDO and other development partners. 80. Miscellaneous Aspects. Other new system that need consideration are as under:(a) Flexible display screens to provide the troops with light weight, compact displays that can be worn, rolled up and stored. (b) Simulators and virtual environment technology for commanders and unit for operational rehearsal and training. troops, (c) Medical technology for self diagnosing and treatment at individual level. (d) Genomic, DNA-based vaccines to sustain troops and unit combat effectiveness. 43 ENGINEERS Bridging 81. Military bridging plays a vital role in opening and keeping open routes across dry and wet gaps, both natural and artificial. The equipment has to cater for various load classes due to multifarious equipment in our inventory. 82. Some of the bridges required in the near future are as given below:(a) Modular Bridge. These bridges are mechanically launched with a span of 40 to 46 m with a load class 70 Tons. The components should be modular in nature which can be quickly assembled in field using mechanical means. (b) Floating Foot Bridges. Floating foot bridges with a span of 50m which can be easily carried and quickly constructed are required for water currents of upto four knots. (c) Aerial Cable Ways. Aerial cable ways of 400m span with load carrying capacity of minimum 500kgs are required for remote areas. These cable ways should have motorized haulage mechanisms. (d) Heliportable Bridge System. Light weight bridges of upto class 24 which can be constructed in plains and carried under slung by helicopters are required. (e) Mat Ground Surfacing (MGS). MGS of various load classifications are composite material extrusions linked to each other to enable quick passage of vehicles in inaccessible areas. These should be polymer based and light weight. 83. The bridging components should have the following features:(a) Light Components. (b) Larger unsupported gaps. (c) Higher load classes. 44 Mine Warfare 84. Majority of mines and explosives are dealt by government controlled factories, however few related equipment can be developed indigenously:(a) Automated Mine Field Recording System. The equipment is based on GPS with GIS background and is used for recording of the mines laid. (b) Mechanical Mine Layers (MML). MMLs based on high mobility vehicles to lay a variety of mines in different terrain conditions. (c) 85. Glue/foam based anti traction obstacle systems. Considerable progress has been made in the industry for mine detection and mine breaching equipment. A few of the mine breaching equipment envisaged in the near future are as given below:(a) Robotic vehicles for mine detection/clearance and to destroy Improvised Explosive Devices (IED). (b) IED/mine detectors based on multi sensors including standoff detection capability. (c) Light weight anti mine boots and protective gear. 45 Counter IED Equipment. 86. IEDs are extensively employed by the terrorists as a low cost option. There is a requirement to continuously upgrade the search, detection, neutralization and disposal equipment to counter the newer technologies and methods used by the terrorists. Some of the areas for improved equipment technologies are as given below:(a) Standoff explosive detectors. (b) Cellphone jammers. (c) Electronic circuit detectors. (d) Remotely operated vehicles for identification and disposal of threat. (e) Bomb suppression blankets and containers. (f) Laser based Remote Ordnance demolition system. Material Handling Equipment (MHE) 87. Engineer tasks have always been manpower intensive, requiring haulage of bulky items or lifting of heavy loads. Induction of a variety of material handling equipment is being given priority to save time and effort. Some of the equipment being considered are as given below:(a) Multi purpose tractors with a number of attachments. (b) Skid Steers. (c) High Mobility Vehicles mounted cranes. (d) Rough terrain fork lifts with extendable forks. (e) Industrial fork lifts. (f) Truck mounted knuckle boom articulated cranes. 46 Water Supply Equipment 88. Water supply is an essential task undertaken by the engineers in all types of terrains and operations. It requires employment of varied equipment and techniques depending on the sources and quality of water and the terrain. Concerted efforts are being made to upgrade the present vintage water supply equipment. A few of the envisaged equipment are as follows:(a) High yield portable pumps of capacity 15000 ltrs/hr. (b) High head portable water pumps for mountains with head upto 200m. (c) Ultra filtration based water purification equipment of capacity 13500 ltrs/hr. (d) RO based desalination plants for brackish waters. (e) High mobility vehicle base boring rigs. (f) Lighter and collapsible water storage and carriage tanks. (g) Flexible HDPE pipelines. (h) Snow melters for glaciers. Camouflage Equipment 89. The requirement of modern day battlefield is to ensure camouflage of vital equipment from surveillance devices which operate in almost the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum from visual to near IR to mid IR to far thermal and also in the millimetric range like radars. The sensors could be ground based, air borne, ship borne or positioned in space. Some of the envisaged equipment and technologies are as follows:(a) Synthetic camouflage nets which are reversible lighter and more durable than jute nets. (b) Multi spectral camouflage nets for protection against visual, near IR, thermal IR and radar homing/ detection. 47 (c) Multi spectral personal camouflage equipment such as ponchos, sniper suits ad personal screens. (d) Smoke generators to blind the enemy. (e) Paints to reduce thermal emissions and polymer based paints for visual and near IR range. (f) Dummies of various critical equipment such as tanks, guns etc. (g) Stealth technology based camouflage system. SIGNALS 90. The Indian Army is in the process of modernization with the ultimate objective being able to harness the power of Information Technology, fully capable of executing Network Centric Warfare. The process can not be completed in one go and will necessarily be executed in phases where legacy integration issues will always be important. Although, the ultimate aim is to transform the Indian Army info a force capable of Network Centric Warfare, and as such bulk of the procurement/development actions will be aimed at this objective. However, a few procurements may be aimed at meeting the immediate objectives/ short comings and may not be immediately perceived to be contributing directly to the stated aim. The modernization process to be successful will need a very active participation from Indian industry. The succeeding text gives a broad overview of the envisaged process of modernization and indicates opportunities for the Defence Industry in General and Indian Defence Industry in particular. Detailed inputs will be made available on need to know basis as the process unfolds. Capabilities being Developed 91. The capability development envisaged in the immediate future covering next 3-4 years is discussed below :(a) Strategic Network. (i) Core Network. The core network is being designed on a captive OFC media which will be based on IP/ MPLS technology. The Network will be of a very high capacity and will include 48 security layer which is indigenous. Adequate redundancies in terms of physical paths and switching devices is being catered for. (ii) Access Network. The access network will be all IP with captive OFC rings covering all military stations. (b) Tactical Networks. The present Tactical Network is based on a low bandwidth, low data rate System which is being replaced by a high capacity Tactical Communication system. The architecture would be IP/ MPLS with Field Wireless Systems addressing the needs of the mobile users. The systems will create a high mobility backbone serving highly mobile users, fully integrated with the Strategic NW. (c) Radio Communication. The Radio communications based on point to point Combat Net Radio (CNR) sets capable of data transfer, though capable of addressing the present requirements are gradually being replaced by IP Radios which implement MANET and offer greater bandwidths. The aim is to create our own indigenous Software Defined Radio (SDR) program that will serve the needs for all future Soldier Radios in the Army. (d) Satellite Communication. High bandwidth high mobility satellite terminals are being planned that are served off captive satellite resources. The focus is to provide high bandwidth secured data and voice to the user. The satellites terminals will also be used for providing bridges in the strategic portion of the Network. (e) Applications. A host of applications are at various stages of implementation/ conceptualization that can work seamlessly across Strategic and Tactical Networks. The applications range from General Messaging Softwares to Situation Awareness, Sensor Data Sharing, Command and Control applications, Battle Field Management Systems and Decision Support Systems. 92. The ultimate capability envisaged is to convert the Armed Forces into a Network Centric Operation capable force. This would require establishment of a robust high capacity backbone and a high capacity Tactical Communications system,. The Network created will seamlessly support high density flow of converged voice, data and video through multitude of applications, with acceptable latency. The details are discussed below:- 49 (a) Strategic Networks. The Strategic backbone network would be a high capacity captive OFC NW suitably augmented by Satellite links and microwave links. The networks with IP/MPLS would employ the existing protocols at any given time, by continuously upgrading and refreshing the technology. (b) Access Networks. High capacity IP access networks will allow users to reap the benefit of applications that support Network Centric Operations. (c) Tactical Networks. A state of the art Tactical Network based on high capacity, frequency hopping Radios would form the backbone of Tactical NW. The end users would be served using Field Wireless System with 3G/LTE/WiMax technologies. The system would seamlessly integrate with the backbone Network. (d) Radio Communications. The Radio Communication would be ultimately based on SDR being produced by an indigenous program. These would cater to diverse needs of forces by incorporating a multitude of specialized wave forms and would be available in a variety of form factors. MANET feature would allow use of these radios seamlessly in the Tactical Networks for data transfer and exploitation of applications. (e) Satellite Communications. The aim is to be able to exploit S band, Ku band and Ka bands for providing high data, highly mobile Satellite Communications through a few captive satellites. These terminals would meet the needs of forces in remote areas and would also be used as bridges to provide redundancy to Strategic Networks. (f) Applications. A full suite of C4I2 applications would need to be developed as the network rollout progresses. Since considerable work on some applications has already commenced, Integration would remain a continuous challenge and opportunity for the Industry. 50 Opportunities for Industry 93. In view of the foregoing, general areas of opportunities for the industry are summarized below:(a) Backbone Infrastructure. (i) Transmission Systems (Dense Multiplexing). (ii) Switching Systems. (IP/MPLS) (iii) Access Systems. (IP) (b) (c) Wavelength Division Tactical Communication Systems. (i) High Capacity Radio Relays. (8MB/34MB/STM 1) (ii) Frequency Hopping Radio Relays. (2/8/34MB) (iii) Ruggedised Tactical Switches. (IP/MPLS) (iv) SDR including MANET features. (SCA Compliant) (v) Field Wireless Systems. (3G/CDMA/LTE/WiMax) (vi) Optical Fibers including Tactical Optical Fibres. (vii) Power Generation and Power Management Systems. (viii) Containerisation of Communication Platforms. (ix) Generic IT hardware. Applications. (i) Battle Field Management Systems. (ii) Situational Awareness Systems. (iii) C4I2 Systems. (iv) Decision Support Systems. (d) Satellite Systems including S, Ku, Ka Band Terminals. (e) Bulk Encryption Devices that are scalable using the same box. (f) Aerostat /UAV based Communication Platforms. (g) Field Wireless Systems. 51 (i) CDMA. (ii) 3G. (iii) Military WiMax. (iv) LTE (h) Integration Communication of Legacy Systems. Combat Net Radios and Legacy ELECTRONICS AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (EME) 94. The existing infrastructure and repair capabilities of EME caters for repair and Over Haul facilities Armoured fighting vehicles, artillery guns, Engineer Equipment, Bridging Equipment , Air Defence System Specialised Vehicles like Kraz, Zil, Ural & Scania, Radars, Optical and Fire Control Instruments, computers and peripherals. 95. The following modernization plan is under way:-. (a) Modernisation of two Army Base Workshops. (b) Over Haul facilities for the following major equipment:(i) Stella and OSA AK Msl Sys. (iii) (ii) ARV WZT-2. (iii) Improvement of Over-Haul facility of T-72 and BMP-II. (iv) Creation of new Overhaul facilities for ARV VT-72B and ARV WZT-3. (v) Component level repair facility for ANTPQ-37 WLR. (c) Implementation of Enterprises Resource Planning (ERP) in EME. (d) Modernisation of field workshop and Corps Zone Workshop. 96. With the improvement in the infrastructure and enhanced repair facilities, the technology capability is likely to improve as follows:- 52 (a) Modernisation of Army Base Workshop. (b) Enhanced over head facilities for all major equipment held by the Army. (c) Creation of over head facilities for vintage Air Defence System, being retained in service to enhance their ‘in service’ life. (d) Development of new facilities for providing base repair to certain new equipment and enhancing the engineering support Capability. (e) Improvement in specialist repair facilities at nodal workshops to reduce down time of equipment. (f) Enhanced repair facilities for specialized equipment in field army. (g) Development of diagnostics and repair facility for Network Centric Warfare (NCW) equipment. INFORMATION SERVICES Decision Support System 97. Limited ‘Decision Support’ by the application software including customized GIS has been implemented. Customised application software & GIS are being added based on user requirements. Improved hardware for supporting new application is under development/ procurement. 98. Capability Envisaged. (a) Convergence of different functionalities on single machine and access based on rights/ requirements is envisaged. (b) Exploitation of latest technology to assist in integration of different protocols implemented for various components. 53 Battlefield Surveillance System 99. Identify new technology in sensors to render advice in procuring/ upgrading sensors held in the Army. Latest Communication technology to provide higher bandwidth and larger ranges is required. Battlefield Management System (BMS) 100. There is a requirement to provide a shared situational awareness to all elements operating in the TBA to include individual soldiers and platforms by providing computing devices interfaced with data radios to form adhoc networks which would provide the information grid on which sensors and shooters would plug in on as required basis. 101. Capability Envisaged. Self synchronizing and self healing high bandwidth data network, low power consuming computing devices and reliable and accurate GPS. Artillery Combat, Command & Control System 102. Artillery Combat Command and Control System is a fully digitized, integrated and networked system comprised of military grade tactical computers automating and providing decision support for all operational aspects. 103. Capability Envisaged. (a) Capability for simultaneous passage of voice and data over radio in an encrypted from. (b) Secure wireless communication in military band with encryption for ranges. Air Defence Control System 104. Multi Sensor Tracking (MST). In case of Army Air Defence in TBA where the individual sensors are located on mobile platforms, the data fusion of target reported is much more difficult and warrants developing of complicated algorithm. 105. Tracked Command Post. A standard tracked vehicle fitted with comn devices, power source and environmental control need to be produced in house 54 to meet the command post. This should be a standard platform which facilitates fitment of electronics pertaining to a particular progress, and thereby converting to a tracked command post. 106. Digitised Combat Net Radio (CNR). CNR with better EW Capability and offering data transfer Capability up to 64 kbps needs to be developed. Military Survey 107. Capability Envisaged. High resolution mapping using high resolution satellite imageries needs to be developed. 108. Intelligence Dissemination Systems. Compose and manipulate maps, manage and transfer overlays, digital terrain modelling, image integration and fly through, programmed briefing sequence, secure e-mail and file transfer protocol, efficient data handling and retrieval, secure transfer of data on the network, replication of data base user friendly graphic user interface. LOGISTIC SUPPORT 109. No amount of latest weaponry and networked battle field can be successful till efficiently supported by a well established and efficient logistic back up. Need for the future is :(a) Seamless Logistics System. Networking of logistics with efficient supply chain management and Automated logistics networks with decision support system suitably linked with Communication data transmission networks. (b) Maintainability. Latest Diagnostics and maintenance tools embedded with automotive technology. (c) Asset Visibility and Management. Timely and accurate information on location, move, status and identify of units, personnel, equipment and supply. Efficient storage and retrieval of inventory with latest technology in RFID, Automated Warehousing and GPS based tracking of assets. 55 (d) Reduced Energy Requirements. Alternate power generation in field, Fuel technology, efficient vehs, engines and generators can reduce the logistic loads. (e) Air Conditioned (AC) Containers. War fighting is prolonged affair in an inhospitable and environment unfriendly atmosphere. For maintaining the rations and supplies fresh at all times highly mobile and rugged AC containers are required. SPACE 110. Satellite Based Communication. A number of technology advances in satellite system are likely to take place in the near future. Indian Army would be looking forward to a few of the technologies given below:(a) Use of Ka Band. This would provide larger bandwidths, increase total capacity per satellite, and result in power and cost reduction of ground stations. (b) On-Board Processing (OBP) Techniques. These provide flexible manipulation of base band by allowing connectivity between user of different transponders or in different beams and use of multiple beams in place of single wide beam coverage. Steerable beams to provide communication in less frequented areas. High bandwidth, polar micro communication satellite net work, cryptography, data compression and satellite cross links. (c) LEO/MEO Satellite System. To reduce propagation delay associated with geo-stationary satellites, lower orbit satellite system similar to the commercial system like Globe Star and Teledesic, may be used. 111. Satellite System for Intelligence Surveillance & Reconnaissance (ISR). (a) Imagery Techniques. Need to developing capability for expl of the following three types of imageries:- 56 (i) Panchromatic / Colour. Panchromatic (black & white) or Linear Imaging Self Scanning (LISS) colour with mono and stereoscopic images. (ii) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). SAR images can see through cloud cover and night. (iii) Hyper Spectral Images. These use the spectrum of colours to differentiate between different surface textures of an image. (iv) Common Synthesised Image. There is also a need to develop capability to obtain common synthesised image using all the above three techniques. (b) Automatic Target Recognize (ATR) Technology. This would require data fusion from all the sensors, comparison of the data with archives, retrieval of data as required and in a user friendly format. (c) Satellite system with sub-meter resolution capability and automatic analysis of data. (d) Satellite Based ELINT. Need to indigenously design & development and validate a simple micro satellite with ELINT payload. 112. Satellite Based Positioning, Navigation & Time (PNT). The capability to provide precision navigation facility to various users and to deliver precision weapons on targets through combination of IRNSS and internal inertial navigation system is essential for future military operations. The GPS system currently in use, through providing high accuracy to NATO forces, provides degraded accuracy to other users. Following need to be developed:(a) Need to develop capability to establish indigenous satellite constellation for Position, Navigation and Tracking (PNT) requirements of the Services. (b) Integrated precision positioning of targeting and telemetry sigs. (c) Enhance navigation and guidance by integrating guidance system of SSMs with our IRNSS. 57 113. ASAT. (a) EMP hardening of satellite & sensors and satellites against AntiSatellite (ASAT). (b) Development of ASAT for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO and Geo – synchronous orbits. TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDIAN NAVY 114. Self Reliance in Defence Production is a lofty goal and involves contribution from a myriad of diverse sectors. One of the critical sectors that would directly affect defence production as far as the Indian Navy is concerned would be Ship Building and Repair. While India started early in its quest for self reliance in warship building, it did not increase capacities in consonance with demand, resulting in current capability being grossly inadequate to meet own naval requirements. As per Indian Navy’s long term plan over 95 ships and submarines are due for acquisition by 2022. Indigenous construction of these assets requires an estimated annual capacity of 107 Standard Ship Units (SSUs). The combined capacity available in the three DPSU shipyards is presently for construction of only 39.25 SSUs. If the requirement of the Coast Guard (158 ships till 2017) is also included the gap in Strategic warship building capacity further widens. Thus it is evident that demand exists for Warship building Capacity and repairs. Policy options for consideration and the effect on goals for achieving Self reliance in this field are enumerated in ‘Strategic Guidance for Naval Self Reliance’. Indian Navy is also publishing ‘Roadmap for Self Reliance: 2009 -2025’ which would describe in detail the Roadmap for production of various equipment and systems. 115. The Navy as a customer, the Designers of equipment and systems and the Industry as a supplier need to have a clear understanding of the requirements and the plan for induction and indigenisation. To this end Indian Navy had prepared a ‘15 Year Indigenisation Plan’ in 2003, to be reviewed after every five years. Present status of various indigenisation activities has also been included for maintaining continuity and to avoid duplication of efforts. Further, to focus efforts of development agencies a forecast requirement of equipment and systems has also been worked out and placed at Appendices ‘A’ to ‘E’. The document has since been revised based on requirements up to 2022 and formulated under the following major heads: (a) Marine Engineering. (b) Electrical Engineering 58 (c) Weapons and Sensors (d) Submarine Equipment and Systems (e) Project – 75 Equipment and Systems MARINE ENGINEERING 116. Major equipment and systems such as propulsion plants, prime-movers for power generation, air conditioning and refrigeration plants employed on board ships are specifically designed for marine application or are derived (marinised) from successful commercial models. Commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment are also existing in the IN inventory. Indigenous development of Engineering equipment and systems is being undertaken through a combination of ab-initio development, adopting off the shelf designs and the process of re-engineering. In this connection it is also important to understand that Warship equipment are designed to inherently meet the following requirements:(a) Assured performance in the presence of six degrees of ship motion, significant of which are roll and pitch. (b) Ability to withstand shock loads. (c) Appropriate material and metallurgical composition to withstand corrosion and erosion. (d) Assured performance when submerged /partially submerged. (e) Wide temperature variation in machinery spaces. (f) Attenuation of airborne and structure borne noise by appropriate vibration mountings. (g) Modularity in design to assure high level of maintainability in heavily congested machinery spaces. (h) Reliable operation in the presence of high levels of humidity. (j) Utilisation of seawater for cooling systems / heat exchangers. 117. Engineering equipment have been broadly tabulated into following categories for highlighting the requirements: - 59 (a) Main Propulsion Equipment. (b) Prime Movers for Power Generation Equipment. (c) Auxiliary Equipment. (d) Machinery Control Systems/Equipment. (e) Miscellaneous Equipment Main propulsion equipment 118. The main propulsion plant of a warship should have the following essential characteristics: (a) Capability of high maximum speed as well as low speeds for loitering and patrolling. (b) Good endurance in order to be able to stay on patrol for a long period of time. (c) High availability and maintainability (d) Reversing capability (e) High power to weight ratio (f) Compact and modular construction 119. Indian Navy currently employs the three conventional propulsion modes i.e. steam plants, diesel engines and gas turbines. Sufficient developments have been made in respect to steam propulsion plants and small diesel engines. Indigenously manufactured steam turbines of BHEL, main propulsion diesels of Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, are already in use onboard ships. However there exists a perceptible gap in high power diesel engines and gas turbines. 120. Gas turbines. Gas turbines, in the range of 11-15 MW and 20-25 MW are required for fitment on board future ships as main propulsion units. Presently all gas turbines, fitted in Naval ships are of foreign origin. There is an urgent need to develop indigenous gas turbines. Indigenisation initiatives taken in this regard include the following (a) General Electric’s LM 2500 gas turbine is being inducted on the basis of its licensed manufacture in India with progressive increase in indigenisation. The first set of two gas turbines have been assembled and tested by HAL, Bangalore. 60 (b) Development of a fully indigenous Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (marine derivative of LCA gas turbine) is in advanced stages at GTRE, Bangalore. 121. Diesel engines. Diesel engines in the range of 1-7 MW are used as main propulsion units. The primary requirement is for low noise levels, high availability and reliability. Though there exist a great degree of self-reliance in lower power range, the high power diesel engines to Naval specifications are largely imported or assembled in India. Indigenous manufacture / development of high power diesel engines to naval specifications will greatly reduce our dependence on imports. In addition to above the following specific requirements also exist:(a) Motor Boat Engines. The Survey motor Boats (SMB) and the Rigid Inflatable Boats (RIBs) are powered by diesel engines in the power range of 100-250 HP. These engines are to be of lightweight and rugged in design and having a high Mean Time between Overhaul /Failures (MTBO/MTBF). The survey motorboats are operated at sea for 8 to 10 hours continuously. (b) Non Magnetic Engines. The minesweeping vessels are fitted with non-magnetic 250HP engines. Due to the specific role of the ships for undertaking minesweeping operations, it is essential that engines having nonmagnetic characteristics be installed onboard. Presently, no indigenous diesel engine manufacturer is manufacturing non-magnetic engines. Indigenous manufacturers could enter into strategic tie-ups with reputed foreign manufacturers of Non Magnetic diesel engines viz. MTU Germany to develop indigenous competence and capability in this field for meeting requirements of the Navy. 122. Reduction Gear. For efficient power transmission to the propeller marine gearboxes should possess the following essential features (a) Higher hardness of pinion and gear materials with attendant higher gear tooth loadings. (b) High efficiency and reliability (c) Long life (d) Low noise levels. 123. Gearbox generated noise is a major factor in the overall under water noise signature of ship. Indigenous development of ultra low noise gearbox to achieve quieter operations is the need of the hour. Presently some gearboxes of ship are being manufactured in India under joint ventures with foreign firms such as M/s MAAG Switzerland, M/s Renk Germany. However the import content in the 61 assembled gearboxes is high. There is a requirement of gearboxes with greater indigenous content in the range of 1-50 MW for the new construction ships. 124. Air Independent Propulsion Solutions for Submarines (AIP). Indian Navy is also exploring AIP solutions for powering submarines as it offers considerable tactical flexibility by cutting down the indiscretion ratio thereby considerably improving the survivability of a non-nuclear submarine. Operational considerations like quietness, shallow water capability, size and manoeuvrability issues have rekindled interest in non-nuclear AIP solutions of many frontline navies. Some of the AIP solutions tried out by foreign navies are Stirling Engines (Gotland Class of Royal Swedish Navy), Closed Circuit Diesel(CCD) Thyssen Nordseewerke (Germany and RDM Netherlands) ,Fuel Cells (German and Italian Navy’s U212 with a PEM fuel cell pack by Siemens) and French MESMA Steam Turbine system. Sterling engines and closed cycle diesel AIP solutions are most developed and commercially available however electrochemical fuel cell and MESMA have good potential and have been focus of much of recent research. Indigenous competence in this field is still lacking or at a very nascent stage and is required to be built up to supply AIP solutions of the range of 225 to 250 KW for retrofitment on the existing submarines/ incorporation in the new designs. Prime Movers for Generators 125. Diesel engines, Steam turbines and Gas Turbine Prime Movers. Diesel engines, steam turbines and gas turbine prime movers are presently used onboard IN ships for power generation. Diesel engines in the medium power range (50KW - 1500KW) are used for power generation. Steam turbines are used for generating power in the range of 500 KW to 1000 KW. Turbo alternators are presently being manufactured by HAL under license from M/s Allens UK. 126. Indigenous development / licensed production of diesel engine and gas turbine prime movers in the higher power range (1 to 3 MW) will enable import substitution and also provide prompt and reliable product support for the Navy. Machinery Control Systems 127. Machinery Control Systems. To ensure substantial indigenisation in the next 15 years, the design of all machinery control systems for future shipbuilding programmes are being evolved around open architecture standards. This will ensure indigenous availability of core hardware as well as software of machinery controls on all new construction ships. For existing ships, conversion to indigenous equivalent designs has been planned for Corvette, SNF, Godavari Class, LST (JM) and P-16A class ships in the next 10 years and identification of suitable design is in progress. 62 128. Engineering Instrumentation. DME Specifications have been formulated for indigenisation and standardisation of all engineering instrumentation (Pressure gauges, 4-20mA gauges, pressure / temperature switches etc). Compliance to DME specs is mandatory for supplying instrumentation for the new construction ships and progressive replacement of the imported instrumentation fit for the ships in commission. Auxiliary equipment 129. Shafting/ Controllable Pitch Propellers (CPP). At present some headway has been made in indigenous development of fixed pitch propeller shafting systems with foreign collaboration where the critical components such as propeller, stern tube bushes, ‘A’ Bracket Bushes, Plummer block bearings are still being imported. The import content in case of CPP shafting systems is much higher. There is need to indigenously develop CPP shafting systems with a greater indigenous content of critical component for the future indigenous ship construction projects. 130. Propeller Shaft Sealing Arrangements. Shaft sealing devices are required to prevent ingress of seawater through the stern tube. At present these shaft seals are being imported from foreign firms viz. Deep Sea Seals UK etc. There is a need to develop a reliable indigenous gland sealing arrangement for the shafting system of the new construction ships and also for replacing the imported assemblies installed on existing ships as and when due for renewal. 131. Stabilisers/Steering Gears. These constitute hydraulically powered stabilizers / steering systems with digital controls adapted for Naval warship applications. The systems include high pressure hydraulics including variable delivery pumps, hydraulic manipulators and rams having predominantly high precision high reliability hydraulic components. Presently, all critical hydraulic items (hydraulic pumps & control valves etc) and controls are being imported. Indigenous expertise in this field is yet to consolidate and may be facilitated by technical tie-ups with reputed foreign manufacturers. 132. Propulsion System Integration. Naval Ships are powered with suitable propulsion plants to meet the specified targets of speed, endurance, and manoeuvrability as per their envisaged roles. The propulsion plant could consist of a Diesel Engine, Gas or Steam Turbine or combination of these. In-depth studies are required for selection and integration of the prime mover, Gearbox and shafting arrangement for evolving an effective propulsion system to match the ships hull and tonnage. The propulsion system design and integration studies are presently being sub contracted to foreign ship designers and vendors. With a large number of indigenous ship building programmes envisaged in the future, there is a need for Indian industry to acquire adequate expertise and in house competence in Propulsion system machinery selection, design and integration studies. 63 133. Air conditioning and Refrigeration Plants. Air conditioning plants in the navy range from 30 tons to 500 tons capacity. Indigenous manufacturers are providing the lower range AC plants. Although Indian manufacturers are capable of supplying the higher range AC plants the import content for such plants is in the order of 50-70%. Also in the light of IMO regulations for phasing out of ozone depleting CFCs there is requirement to convert existing R-11 plants to operate on R- 22 refrigerant. Indigenous industry has a large role to play in developing associated technologies for converting AC plants to run on R-22 / non-CFC based refrigerants. Also there is a requirement to indigenously develop screw compressors for higher capacity AC plants. 134. HP Air Compressors. Air Compressors are employed on board for variety of requirements like providing air for charging of breathing apparatus, starting of diesel engines and operation of weapon systems. The capacity, pressure and quality of discharged air is dependent on the end use. The large dependence on foreign sources for shipboard HP compressors in the required range has been reduced significantly by developing some Indian sources for replacing the imported compressors of existing ships. However there exists a large inventory of Soviet origin compressors of varying discharge pressure (200 to 400 bar) and capacity (upto 100 cubic mt / hour) and there is ample scope for indigenous substitution in this field. 135. Control Air Compressors. In order to provide oil and moisture free air required for operation of machinery controls, servo air compressors of import origin are fitted on board various ships. Recently M/s Atlas Copco, Pune, have successfully proved and supplied their control air compressors for Leander/Godavari class ships. Ample scope exists for other indigenous manufacturers to meet the requirements of new construction ships and replacement of imported compressors for ships in commission. 136. Desalination and RO Plants. All marine vessels, large and small require equipment for producing potable water for domestic consumption. In addition there is also a requirement of desalination plants to produce high purity water with maximum chloride content of 1 PPM for use as boiler feed water, Aircraft services and Battery fluid for submarine batteries. The Reverse Osmosis plants are being procured from a single indigenous source, which also has large import content. There is a requirement to develop additional indigenous sources of supply of the RO plants with considerable reduction in import content. 137. Centrifuges. A large number of Russian Origin Lube Oil and Fuel centrifuges are presently in use on board ships. Indigenisation of fuel oil centrifuges is in progress. Efforts are in hand to identify/ develop indigenous sources for manufacturing of lube oil centrifuges of capacity 1000 to 4000 litres per hour as replacement for soviet origin centrifuges. 64 138. Centrifugal Pumps. Fire pumps, AC and Ref plant seawater pumps, dewatering pumps, and fresh water pumps of Russian origin are fitted on ships. These pumps are of discharge pressure ranging from 2 kgf/cm² to 12 kgf/cm² and capacity 10 tons per hour to 250 tons per hour. Indigenous substitutes of these pumps are being developed through reputed Indian pump manufacturers. The volumes involved are quite substantial and should prove attractive for more Indian industry players to venture and meet the growing demands for new construction ships and replacement for imported pumps on existing ships. 139. Gear/Screw Type Pumps. Gear and Screw pumps are widely used on board for conveying POLs and combustible fluids due to their less turbulent pumping action. A small beginning has been made with replacement of Lub oil, fuel oil and AVCAT pumps of foreign origin with indigenous pumps developed by M/s Alekton and Tushaco Pumps. However, given the large numbers and diversity of the pumps there is ample scope for other manufactures to venture in his field. 140. HP Air and Hydraulic System Valves. Air and hydraulic system valves for high-pressure application (up to 400 bar) are not available indigenously and are being imported from UK and Russia for all the indigenous shipbuilding projects. These could be taken up for development by Indian valve manufacturers. 141. Sea Water System Valves. Sea water system valves are widely used in the critical systems of ships viz. fire main system, cooling water systems, prewetting system, ballasting/ de-ballasting systems etc. There is a recurring demand for valves in large numbers of sizes 25 mm to 250 mm. Premature failure of Gun metal sea water system valves has been experienced on some ships and Navy has now specified Nickel Aluminium Bronze (NAB) valves for sea water systems. This relatively low technology but high volume field presents an attractive opportunity for the industry to step in and supply reliable and quality products for Navy’s current and future requirements. Miscellaneous Equipment 142. Fire Fighters Thermal Imaging Camera. Thermal Imaging Camera’s (TIC’s) are used onboard ships by Fire Fighters for locating the source of fire in smoke filled compartments and also to locate trapped personnel. The TIC works on the principle of IR imaging with detector / sensing element with a vidicon tube or microbolometer. Presently fire fighters Thermal Imaging Cameras are being imported and there is a requirement to develop these TIC’s indigenously. 143. NBC Protective Suits. The Navy has a requirement of Nuclear, Biological, Chemical protective suits for use by personnel in an NBC environments. The NBC suits should be of reusable type with preferably, spherical carbon adsorbed based technology. Also suits with non-woven / woven carbon fibres are acceptable subject to the condition that they meet all user 65 requirements. Presently only the DRDO is in the process of developing re-usable NBC suits. Indigenous manufacture of the suits with technical collaboration from established manufacturers abroad would serve the large requirements of all the three services. 144. Fire Fighters Protective Clothing. There is a requirement to develop Nomex based fire fighters approach suits for use onboard ships during fire fighting operations. The Nomex based protective suit should meet the Naval requirements, which are based on EN 469 an International Standard for fire protective clothing. 145. Acoustic Enclosures. Gas turbines, Diesel engines, forced draught blowers etc are inherently noise generating equipment. With increasing emphasis on stealth, Navy is engaged in finding ways and means to attenuate the radiated noise levels. Acoustic enclosures are one of the ways to suppress the airborne noise to acceptable levels. Suitably marinised versions of COTS acoustic enclosures can be readily adapted for auxiliary machinery. 146. Infrared (IR) Suppression Devices. Significant improvements in IR sensing devices make ships increasingly vulnerable to IR detection and IR seeking missiles. There is a need to develop IR suppression devices to reduce IR signatures of the ships and increase its survivability. These devices include suppression devices for exhaust gases from Gas turbines and Diesel engines and active hull cooling systems for reducing solar heating of the hull. This is a practically unexplored field for the industry and they can work in consultation with the DRDO organization for an initiation into IR suppression systems. Forecast Requirements 147. A list of forecast requirement of Engineering equipment and systems for the next 15 years is placed at Appendix ‘A’. ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 148. Products like Generators up to 500KW, Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs), Switchboards, Air and Moulded Case Circuit Breaker, Automatic Flood Warning and Fire Alarm System, Electrical cables of different capacities, Lighting Systems, Automatic Emergency Lanterns (AELs), Hot Plates and Deep-fat Fryers for ship's galley etc. have been developed and supplied by the Industry. 149. In the recent past, resources of the indigenous industry have been tapped for products like Microprocessor Based Air Circuit Breakers, Automated Power Management System (APMS), 1MW Generators, Command and Control Systems, Multi-Function Displays, ATM based data bus, Control System for Remote Control Target Boat (RCTB), Rotary and Static Converters/ inverters etc. In addition to the above the participation of the industry for production of the under mentioned Electrical/ Electronic equipment, amenable to indigenisation needs examination. 66 (a) Gyros. Till recently all Western & Russian gyros in use by Indian Navy worked on the principle of rotating mass for angular measurement reference. However, presently Navy is inducting new generation gyros like Ring Laser Gyros (RLG). These are being procured from abroad and Navy would like to have manufacturing of such gyros based on latest technology (like RLG or fiber optics) to be available in India for better system availability and product support. (b) Logs. Navy is using Logs to obtain ship’s speed based on electromagnetic measurement concept and these Logs are required to give a high accuracy for integration with various weapon control systems and for navigation. The output of the Log gets affected by shape of the ships hull. Though M/s Keltron has indigenised Log systems for the Navy, the technology is of late 80’s vintage. Indigenous development of modern logs and their data transmission units is thus required to be undertaken completely in India. (c) Echo Sounder. The echo sounders play an important role in depth sounding especially for a ship’s navigation. M/s Keltron is presently supplying echo sounders for Naval ships. However, Navy is looking for modern indigenous echo sounders, which can be networked with ship’s data bus system for real time information availability. (d) INMARSAT. Indian Navy is presently dependent solely on INMARSAT consortium for satellite communication needs. However, Navy plans to go in for a secure mobile satellite network based on indigenous INSAT satellites for its tactical and strategic communication to avoid dependency on the foreign INMARSAT satellites whose security could be compromised. (e) GPS. With evolution of technology, GPS has become necessary navigational equipment for ships and its data is used as reference for data transmission amongst various shore & sea based units. USA controls the GPS satellites and the higher accuracy of the system is provided for use exclusively to NATO countries. (Navy is interested in a secure higher accuracy positioning system in similar lines as GPS). Whilst setting up a network of GPS satellites in the country is beyond the scope, it is proposed that at least the GPS receivers are indigenised with capability to be interfaced with ship’s weapons and sensors. (f) Microprocessor Based ACBs. The conventional Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs) of various ratings are currently sourced from different indigenous vendors including GEPC, Siemens etc. L&T has also offered their ACBs for evaluation. However, recently, microprocessor based release mechanism for the ACBs have been introduced, which though 67 available locally, are being sourced from abroad. There is a need to indigenise these microprocessors so that the state of the art ACBs are totally indigenised. (g) Static Frequency Converters. The required specific secondary supplies for systems like gyros & radars are derived from the ship’s main supplies by using separate rotary frequency converters which have inherent maintenance problems due to moving parts along with EMI/EMC problems. Static frequency converters are better suited for such applications and need to be designed and developed in India. (h) New Generation Zero Maintenance Batteries. Onboard ship batteries are used for providing control, firing and back-up supplies for various systems. Presently, lead acid batteries are being used for these purposes but they have many problems related to their maintenance and handling onboard a ship. Advanced generation maintenance free batteries with high cranking amps & high deep discharge capability are going to be a suitable replacement for lead acid batteries. (j) Flat Panel Displays (FPD). Presently CRT based displays used for various systems onboard ships are getting obsolete and there is a requirement to replace these with FPDs. This will involve development of various custom based form fit displays for the various systems. (k) System Integration Capability. In any new construction ship the integration of weapons, sensors and other equipment onboard ships is generally carried out onboard a ship after all equipment have been installed and individually tested/proved. The data flow between systems uses highspeed data bus which by it self also needs to be tested at the first instance. All these activities lead to an inordinate delays leading to non-availability of a fully capable ship in time. There is an urgent need to develop expertise within the country, who can take on the role of a System Integrator. (l) Energy Efficient Fluorescent Lights. Substantial advancement in the technology related to lighting and associated systems have take place in the last decade such as evolution of systems like DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) for remote & intelligent control of lighting circuits. Use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and LED cluster for lighting are replacing the conventional incandescent lamps. These developments have special relevance for Navy from the point of view of exploitation onboard a ship with regards to various EMI/EMC aspects, shock & vibration and installation issues. (m) Automatic Fire Detection System with Intelligent Sensors. With advent of intelligent sensors now more sensitive fire detection sensors are available with false alarms and transducer maintenance issues 68 being overcome with integration of sensors & centralized control. It is possible to integrate intelligent lighting system with fire detection & fire fighting system via a common data bus. (n) Automated Power Management System (APMS). APMS is a new system being planned for induction by Navy for the first time and is yet to be proved for new construction ship. There is however no technology Know how and Know-why of such systems within country. In order to exploit the automation in power generation and distribution systems, these systems are going to be installed onboard all future warships. (o) Soft Starters. Onboard a ship, a number of different types of AC induction motors are used with their associated Star-Delta/DOL starters for starting. Presently, soft starters are another form of reduced voltage starters available for induction motors hich have better protection & reliability features. Soft starters employ solid state devices to control applied voltage and hence the current to the motor. (p) Modems. Navy is in the process of incorporating a high speed online data & voice encryption/decryption device in the existing Satcom systems in order to obtain message security as per defence approved crypto overlay. Such devices have not been developed/productionised by any manufacturer within India. (q) Electronic Chart Displays. The overall objective of the ECDIS is to enhance navigational safety of a ship. ECDIS equipment provides the necessary ability to select, display, and interpret relevant information, including the use of navigational functions associated with route planning and monitoring; and knowing what proper action to take in case of malfunction. There is a need to have production of the system in India along with training to overcome ECDIS-related limitations, particularly those associated with errors of interpretation & over-reliance. (r) Nav Radars. The X-band navigation radars used onboard a ship are required to be incorporated with various ECM features like low probability of intercept (LPI) without degradation in system performance in a complex electro-magnetic environment. These radars are generally extremely low power CW radars with complex signal processing and capable of detecting targets beyond 24 NM without being picked up by ships EW systems. Development of such radars within the country could be explored. (s) Command & Control System. Command, Control, and Communication (C3) system is an information system employed within Navy which incorporates strategic and tactical systems like a combat direction system, tactical data system, or warning and control system with 69 associated human function. It is an integrated combination of people, procedures, and hardware used to enhance the ability of the individual performing command and control. Thus, it must necessarily complement the needs of the commander. The increasing need for responsive Command & Control systems is being driven by the rapidity with which weapons can be deployed. In a complex multi-threat combat environment, automated combat direction systems make it possible for people to deal with a large number of targets and compressed reaction times of modern warfare. The complex C3 functions required to keep track of hundreds of friendly, neutral, and enemy ships, aircraft, and weapons, while engaging only those permitted by the current rules of engagement, would be impossible by manual methods. In Navy it is felt that C3 system needs to be systematically designed as, in many cases, isolated systems were introduced in response to perceived needs or to take advantage of existing technology. C3 systems are required to be developed to incorporate following areas in support of commanders engaged in command and control: (i) Reconnaissance and Surveillance. (ii) Environmental Observation and Forecasting (iii) Intelligence Analysis (iv) Electronic warfare (v) Navigation (vi) Management (vii) Strategic and Tactical Weapons Deployment (viii) Logistics and Supply (t) Development of Indigenous High Speed Data Link for CAIO. The Indian Navy has developed inhouse V/UHF Data Link capability for its tactical messaging requirements of the Fleet, Air assets and establishments. The requirement now exists to identify indigenous sources capable of development of futuristic High Speed Data Links for U/VHF and L Band operations. (u) Multifunction Consoles (MFC). Integration is the key to successful system design. In MFC, Sonar, TV video, radar video etc can all be displayed on the same console, using an embedded system or based on a standard workstation or PC. Such a system needs to be productionised within the country for better system availability and product support. 70 (v) LBTS. New construction ships have a plethora of sensors and weapons from diverse sources, which are required to be integrated together with Combat Management Systems and Data Networks onboard. These systems are typically ready only towards the end of ships construction schedule. The Navy is looking towards vendors capable of development of test beds where ship borne systems could be integrated and de risked prior attempting integration onboard. Forecast Requirements 150. A list of forecast requirement of Electronic/ electrical equipment and systems for the next 15 years is placed at Appendix ‘B’. WEAPONS AND SENSORS 151. With the restricted availability of critical weapons and sensors spares from erstwhile USSR, and denial of license to import critical components from USA under sanctions, greater thrust has been given to indigenisation of critical systems. Indigenous developments, in the case of weapon and sensor systems in the Navy, are being undertaken through ab-initio design and development route. This option has been further enforced due to denial of critical core technologies to the nation as well as lack of adequate in-house R&D facilities existing with the industry. Accordingly, design of prototype weapon and sensor systems is undertaken by DRDO. 152. The Development and Evaluation model (D&E), thus developed, is subjected to extensive user evaluation trials and the design frozen before clearance for production. At this stage, production agency is normally selected on competitive basis. In this option of ab-initio design and development, dedicated user evaluation trials is required before freezing of the system design thereby causing delays in induction of the system. Most of the design efforts in the field of Anti-Submarine Warfare, in terms of sensors and Weapons, are being indigenised through this route. 153. However, in the case of indigenisation of weapon systems through Reverse Engineering, the industry is approached directly, to undertake a pilot sample. Batch production clearance (BPC) is accorded after trials of the pilot sample and meetings of Naval staff quality requirements (NSQRs). Industries for indigenisation of these components are selected from the set of industries registered with DQAN as meeting the requisite QA standards in terms of production and material usage. In the case of weapon launchers, involving mostly micro-controllers based elector-mechanical systems, the second option of reverse engineering is adopted. 71 154. Private industry has been involved in manufacture of various components/ spare parts of Naval weapon and sensors. A few leading examples are enumerated below :(a) Manufacture of SSM Loading Gear of P-20/21/22 Missiles. (b) Fabrication of Magnetic Influence Mine Sweeping Cables TEM-3 and AT-2. (c) Development of Torpedo Guide Strips for Submarines. (d) Manufacture of Emergency Recovery System for Towed Array Sonar. (e) Manufacture of Hydraulic Test-jigs for Towed Array Sonar 155. Indigenisation of spares and components are being progressed on a case to case basis. Some of the spares which are being indigenised are as follows:(a) Electronic components like Diodes, Capacitors, Resistors, etc. (b) Transformers of various ratings. (c) Fuses & Fuse Links of various ratings. (d) Lamps of various sizes, voltages, wattages and colours. (e) Electrical switches and switchgears of various ratings and sizes. (f) Electro-mechanical relays of various sizes, voltages and contacts. (g) etc. Mechanical components of Guns like Rollers, Bushes, Catch units, (h) Connectors, male and female, of various sizes, ratings and types Forecast Requirements 156. Technology for development of following is also being looked into by the Indian Navy (a) Ship launched / recovered UAVs and UCAVs with integrated radars/IR/LASER/video surveillance system. (b) Fibre optic technology to replace wave guide. 72 (c) LASER based systems for detection and imaging of targets. (d) LASER based wake detection. (e) Low frequency transducers for underwater detection. (f) Improved ammunition for increasing the range and lethality of SR/MR guns. 157. A list of forecast requirement of Weapon systems and sensors for the next 15 years is placed at Appendix ‘C’. SUBMARINE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS Existing Submarines 158. Indigenisation in submarines has been limited to few low end technology items and important critical weapon systems. This probably is due to the fact that submarine equipment and systems are required to conform to stricter and superior material and quality standards as compared to surface ships. This may be seen along with the fact that we as a technology driven nation is still evolving as submarine designers and more so in the design of equipment and systems catering to under sea applications. The indigenisation requirements of the submarines of erstwhile Russian origin are limited due to the declining residual life of these classes of submarines. 159. Not withstanding the above, private industry has been the corner stone of whatever indigenisation that has been undertaken by the Navy for the submarines. Some examples of indigenisation, which are undertaken in the recent past include:(a) Hydraulic oil accumulators (b) Fuel flow meters (c) Various system filters (d) Various pumps (e) Various types of cables (f) Submarine batteries (g) System coolers (h) Various types of sensors and indicators 73 Project -75 Submarine 160. GoI has concluded contractual agreements with the French Government for design, construction and TOT of Scorpine class submarines. This has offered an excellent opportunity for indigenisation of equipment and systems as per the provisions of the contracts. Equipment and systems proposed to be indigenised are as follows:(a) HP Air Bottles (b) Heat Exchangers (c) Battery (d) Bladder Accumulators (e) Various Filters (f) Air Conditioning Units/ Ref Plants (g) Air Conditioning Plants/ Valves/ Flaps (h) Air Conditioning Plants/ Heat exchangers (j) HP Air Compressor (k) Various Pumps Forecast Requirements 161. A list of forecast requirement for EKM and SSK class of submarines is placed at Appendix ‘D’. 162. A list of forecast requirements for Project – 75 submarines is placed at Appendix ‘E’. TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDIAN AIR FORCE Technology Requirements of the Indian Air Force 163. The technical advancement will dictate and influence as to how a force would operate in the future. The thrust areas that have shaped the formulation of the IAF technological needs are as follows:(a) Replacement/modernisation of combat aircraft, transport aircraft, helicopters and training aircraft. 74 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) 164. Induction of Force Multipliers Acquisition of modern armament and weapon systems. Strengthening of Air Defence Networks/systems/weapons. Building up of Information and Electronic Warfare capability. Setting up of reliable and secure communication facilities. Space based systems and their exploitation Integrated Air Operations Command & Control System (IACCS). Modernisation of training facilities. Development of operational infrastructure. Airborne Platforms (a) Fighter Aircraft The present fleet of combat aircraft will be upgraded from time to time to meet the technological challenges of modern warfare. The newer multi-role combat aircraft will replace the present ageing fleet in future. Future combat fleet will be a mix of medium technology upgraded aircraft and high technology modern combat aircraft with multi-role capability. (b) Transport Aircraft There is a need to enhance heavy lift capability. Newer generation medium lift ac are required to bolster the transport capability and fill the void between LTA and HETAC. (c) Helicopters Build and sustain helicopter fleet to cater for the requirements of strategic and effect based operations. Acquire LCH and attack helicopters to enhance required capability in this area. Upgrade existing helicopters and induct MLH and HLH to address the short comings of helicopter fleet. (d) Force Multipliers/Supporters/Enhancers (i) FRA and AEWACS Acquire adequate numbers to cater to the requirements of full spectrum operations. (ii) UAV Increase with additional induction. The pay load an d sensors to be upgraded with changing technology. The UCAV is also an important element in this cycle. 165. Intelligence/Information Collators. The strategic forces need to be facilitated/supported by real time information. These will include satellites that produce sub metric resolution and backed up by UAVs with great staying power in the area of interest. 166. SAGW The AD in critical and vulnerable areas requires to be bolstered. SAGW for protection of airfields and other Vas/VPs will be required to be augmented and heightened. 75 167. Communication The IAF needs supporting architecture and infrastructure towards achieving network centricity. Towards this a defence communication system with encryption with adequate band width is essential. This must also include data linking facilities. 168. Weapons conceived. 169. Advance Air to Air and Air to Surface weapons are IEW Systems Latest IEW capability is required to be acquired. 170. Aerospace Applications Satellites are being utilised for meeting reconnaissance, surveillance, meteorological, navigation, SAR and communication requirements. New programmes are required to encompass growing needs to data intensive modern weapon systems. Areas that merit special concern are mentioned in the succeeding paragraphs. (a) Communications SATCOM would be the conjoint medium using MF/TDMA technology for broadband communication. Such a system is to also cater for critical redundancies (during contingency). (b) Navigation ISRO is working on Indian Regional Navigation System (IRNS) comprising three navigation satellite in the GEO and four navigation satellites in the inclined Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). Also, ISRO has developed Indian Space based Augmentation System for GPS called the GAGAN. There is a need to enhance its accuracy. (c) Synthetic Aperture Radar. sensors for all weather Imagery. IAF needs satellites with SAR (d) Meteorology Geo-stationary satellite and constellation of LEO satellites for near real time high resolution weather data re required. Data processing facility within IAF for processing MET data from KALPANA, INSAT 3D, OCEANSAT and MEGHA TROPIQUE meteorology satellites and generating various meteorological products would be required for weather forecasting. SUMMATION 171. Although the direction and pace of the modernization plan as well as that of technology cannot be predicted accurately, foregoing is a fair assessment of the direction most likely to be followed by the modernization program of the Armed Forces. The exact details could be shared with the Industry in greater detail as and when projects actually come up for implementation. 76 CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 1. Self-reliance in meeting the requirement of defence equipment for the Armed Forces is a strategic milestone in a sovereign nations power projection capability and status in the global arena. Accelerating this pace of indigenisation is now a priority area for the MoD for which the active participation of industry, both the public and private sectors, is very important at every stage of the developmental process. Various mechanisms are proposed to be introduced to institutionalise this. Positive interaction between all concerned agencies is vital for progress to be tangible and viable. HQ IDS has initiated measures to develop this relationship through interaction at various levels which have been articulated through letters files, seminars etc. A MoD sponsored study has been carried out by CENJOWs and the report is awaited. Projects are also underway on ‘Exploitation of National R&D Infrastructure for in house R&D by Services’. 2. This document has attempted to create awareness in industry of the capability and technologies required by the Armed Forces over the next 15 years. It is hoped that this addresses the industry’s concern about a level playing field. On the part of industry, it is hoped that this document will encourage them to put forth firm proposals for participating in the self reliance process in terms of R&D. financial, production and product support commitments. It is also envisaged that the industry would be proactive and in future suggest options to the Armed Forces vis-à-vis their capabilities and available technologies. 77 Appendix-A (Refers to Para 147 of Chapter 3) FORECAST REQUIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS MARINE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT Equipment 2008-12 2013-17 2018-22 Total (No) 20 GT(20MW 06 GT(10 MW) --- 26 Gas Turbine 20MW 10MW Diesel Engines <1MW 1-2.5 MW 2.5-10 MW 15 mw 24(900 KW) 02 (15 MW) 12 (5 MW) 120 (1MW – 2.5 MW) 14 (6 MW)16 (~ 2.5 MW) --- 188 Gear Boxes <1 MW 1-2.5 MW 2.5-10 MW 15 MW 30 MW 24 (900 KW) 02 (15 MW) 06 (10 MW) 60 06 (30 MW) 14 (30 MW) 16 (~ 2.5 MW) --- 122 Shafting <1 MW 1-2.5 MW 2.5-10 MW 15 MW 30 MW 24 sets 02 sets 06 sets 60 06 14 16 sets sets sets sets --- 122 sets Steering Gear Rotary vane other 12 (rotary vane type) 02 sets 06 sets 60 06 14 08 sets sets sets sets --- 108 sets 03 sets 06 sets 14 sets 03 sets --- 26 sets Stabilisers 78 Machinery Control system 06 01 03 120 03 07 08 --- DAs (Prime Movers) 100-250 KW 0.5-1 MW >1 MW 24 (12-250 KW, 12-150 KW) 04 (2 MW) 12 (500 KW) 120 (100 KW-200 KW) 03 (1 MW) 24 (1 MW) 24 (500 KW) --- Air Conditioning Plants 40 TR 144 TR 18 (40 TR) 03 (144 TR) 15 (40 TR) -18 (144 TR) 42 (144 TR) 18 (40 TR) --- Refrigeration Plants 03 06 06 14 --- Centrifuges 06 04 12 --- 246 Air Compressors 12 02 09 120 24 48 32 200 12 14 24 --- 273 12 (10 TPD) 03 (30 TPD) 09 (30 TPD) -9 (30 TPD) 21 (30 TPD) 16 (4 TPD) --- 70 60 40 30 500 40 40 40 --- 750 Reverse Osmosis Plants Pumps 10 TPD 30 TPD <10 TPD 148 211 114 79 IPMS --- 25 Bow Thrusters 03 07 08 08 --- 08 Azimuth thrusters 16 --- 16 06 --- 06 06 --- 06 Replacement Material for Auxiliary Boiler of SNF Pumps Centrifugal Positive Displacement Propulsion Integration Study 10 --- 10 Turbo Alternators FD Blowers 06 01 750 KW 222 144 190 168 ---- 724 4 5 ---- 9 Thermal Imaging Camera Fire Fighting Suits ---- 100 ---- 100 800 ---- ---- 800 AIP Solutions 4 4 ---- 8 NBC Suits 2000 ---- ---- 2000 Acoustic Enclosure 60 60 ---- 120 GT IRSS 12 16 ---- 56 DE IRSS Sea Water Systems Stm. Systems 1200 Psi HP Air Systems Miscellaneous 12 16 IR Suppression Devices Marine Valves Large Quantities 80 Incinerator 10 7 3 20 Propulsion Control System 10 7 3 20 GTG 10 5 2 17 Diesel Oil Transfer Pump 20 20 10 50 81 Equipment Appendix-B (Refers to Para 150 of Chapter 3 ) FORECAST REQUIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 2008-12 2013-17 2018-22 TOTAL Automatic Fire Detection System 10 10 10 30 New generation Helo Starting Rectifier GT Starting Rectifier (1241 RE) 05 10 10 25 06 06 06 18 GT Starting Rectifier (SNF/ DELHI CLASS) GT Starting Rectifier 04 04 04 12 05 05 05 15 Dynamic Loading Device for GT Starting Rectifier New Generation Rotary Convertors Development of Navigational Radars (X Band) with LPI capability Development of capability for integration of various surveillance/weapon delivery systems RRB 03 03 03 09 05 15 15 35 40 30 30 100 10 5 10 25 30 40 30 100 Multi Functional Radars 10 10 10 30 Development of New Generation Gyro Development of New Generation Log Development of New Generation Echo Sounders duel as well as single channel 30 30 40 100 30 30 40 100 20 10 10 40 each 82 Appendix-C (Refers to Para 157 of Chapter 3) FORECAST REQUIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS WEAPON SYSTEMS 2008-12 2013-17 2018-22 TOTAL Equipment Missile System Missile System Front Safety mechanism Dummy Missile 05 05 05 15 02 02 01 05 Communication Unit Safe and Arm device Auto pilot 03 04 03 10 05 05 05 15 Altimeter 05 05 05 15 Power supply Assembly Proximity fuse 05 05 05 20 03 04 03 10 Missile extraction trolley Platform for clustering Cross piece 01 01 - 02 02 01 - 03 02 01 - 03 Display Unit of AKPA 6.3 Radio Altimeter 02 01 01 04 05 05 05 15 Attenuator 02 02 01 05 Antenna assembly Delay Line 02 02 01 05 02 02 01 05 Torsion bar 05 05 05 20 15 83 AK-100 Gun Spares 13 types ---- ---- 13 types 30mm Kashtan Gun spares 12 types ---- ---- 12 types A-190E Gun Spares 13 types ---- ---- 13 types AK-726 Gun Spares 92 types ---- SRGM 76/62 Gun Spares 103 types ---- ---- 103 types Safety Solenoid for 7.62mm Air Version Gun 25 ---- ---- 25 92 types 84 Appendix-D (Refers to Para 161 of Chapter 3) FORECAST REQUIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS SSK / EKM SUBMARINE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS ITEM 2008-12 2013-17 2018-22 TOTAL SSK AC CW Pump with motors 4 4 ---- 8 Piston Bilge Pump-I 2 2 --- 4 Piston Bilge Pump-II 2 2 --- 4 Propeller Shaft 1 1 --- 2 Bush (SACH-NR-144280) 1 1 --- 2 Bush (SACH-NR-014598) 1 1 --- 2 Cockpit Mast Snorkel 1 --- --- 1 Pneumatic Ejecting Device 1 1 --- 2 Piston Rod (FWD) 2 1 --- 3 Piston Rod (VR) 1 1 --- 2 Piston Rod (AP) 1 1 --- 2 Pressure Cylinder (Type 64DIA 130) Pressure Cylinder (Type 64DIA 100) Pressure Cylinder (Type 64AZ/P2-DN 300) 2 --- --- 2 3 --- --- 3 3 --- --- 3 Pressure Cylinder (Type 64AZ/P2-DN 400) 2 --- --- 2 85 EKM Generator Tacho 2 3 --- 5 Battery Breaker 2 2 2 6 Armature breaker 2 2 2 6 Electric Bilge Drying Pump 12 12 12 36 DC network insulation measuring 3 unit AC network insulation measuring 3 unit Unit P 12 G 6 2 --- 5 2 --- 5 6 --- 12 Coupling Indication System 8 WMC 4 4 --- 8 11 WMC 2 2 --- 4 Refrigerating Plant (without Evaporators) Lub Oil Priming Pump 2 3 --- 5 6 05 05 16 Generator Air Cooler 6 05 05 16 Main Motor Cooler 4 03 03 10 Reserve Motor Air Cooler 4 03 03 10 Cooler for Closed Loop Ventilation of Batteries Depth Gauges (0-40) 4 03 03 10 8 06 06 20 Depth Gauges (0-400) 10 08 07 25 Hydraulic Manipulators (GEM 2-10-5) Hydraulic Manipulators (GEM 4-6-5) Electromagnetic Blowing Valves 80 75 70 225 40 35 30 105 12 10 8 30 Electromagnetic Blowing Valves `Q’ Tank 2 2 1 05 86 Three Position HP Air Column Group Valves Two Position HP Air Panel Valves 16 16 12 44 30 25 25 80 Electromagnetic Drain Valves of Auto Blowing System HP Air Reducers 45 to 06 KG/CM2 Sea Water Valve (Shut Off Angle Union D 20 P 100) Sea Water Valves (Shut Off Brass Angle Union D 10 P 100) 10 8 6 24 12 10 8 30 60 50 45 155 40 35 30 105 Sea Water Valves (Angle Union Shut Off D32 P 100) Air System Valves (Angle Stop Valve D 32 P 400) Air System Valves (Angle Stop Valve 10 P 400) Air System Valves (Angle Stop Valve D 15 P 400) Breaker Circuit 2XAB 50-42 Tacho Generator Type (G) 12T3 35 30 25 90 30 40 30 100 30 25 20 75 25 20 15 60 4 4 4 12 4 2 4 10 Hydrogen Burner (P) (D)-3ATM4 4 2 4 10 Fan PCC 2.5/25, 1-2.9 K (P) 0, AC Blower Fan PCC 216/10-1,1.9(L) 0, Galley Blower Fan PCC 216/10-1, 1.9(L) 270 Compartment Blower Electric Fan PCC 63/40-1-29:K(L) 90 Supply Blower 4 4 4 12 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 87 Electric Fan PCC 63/40-1-2-9:K(L) 90 Exhaust Blower Fan PCC 8/25-1-1-9(L) O, Standard Blower Fan PCC 100/40 P Main Motor Blower DC Motor Generator Blower/HYD Pump DC Motor Main Motor Blower 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 4 2 4 10 DC Motor AMK-10 4 2 4 10 DC Motor EK-10 4 2 4 10 DC Motor Supply/EXHST, Blower 4 2 4 10 Circuit Breaker Type A 20 1,2,3,4 8 4 8 20 88 Appendix-E (Refers to Para 162 of Chapter 3) FORECAST REQUIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS P-75 SUBMARINE EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS ITEM 2008-12 2013-17 2018-22 TOTAL HP air bottles 04 sets --- --- 04 sets Heat Exchangers 04 sets --- --- 04 sets Battery: Battery cells. Fitting and connections Bladder Accumulators : Separate olepneumatic accumulators Various Filters 04 sets --- --- 04 sets 04 sets --- --- 04 sets 04 sets --- --- 04 sets Air conditioning Units / Air Heaters and refrigeration Plants 04 sets --- --- 04 sets Air conditioning Plant: valves/ Flaps Air conditioning Plant: Heat Exchanger HP Air Compressor 04 sets --- --- 04 sets 04 sets --- --- 04 sets 02 sets --- --- 02 sets Pumps- Various types of Pumps 02 sets --- --- 02 sets Note: One set comprises of various quantities Girish/*