The Treatment of Migraine with Variable Frequency
Photo-Stimulation
D.J. Anderson, B.Sc., M.B., B.S.
Reprinted from Headache 29:154-155, 1989.
SYNOPSIS
Variable Frequency Photo-stimulation (VFP) goggles are a form of portable stroboscope,
using red Light Emitting Diodes to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the
eyelids closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz. VFP goggles were used in the treatment of 7
patients with migraine headache. Of the 50 migraine headaches reported, 49 were rated
by the patient as being helped and 36 as being stopped by using the VFP goggles.
Treatment reduced the median duration of the headache in all patients. The interval
between migraine headaches appeared to increased in the two cases with follow up of
more than 18 months. We conclude in this preliminary study that VFP appears to be
effective in the treatment of migraine.
INTRODUCTION
VFP goggles consist of a pair of goggles, similar to swimming goggles, using red Light
Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the eyelids
closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz per eye. The eyelids are closed because the LEDs have to
use a narrow angle of illumination (70 degrees) and the eyelids act to diffuse the light.
The goggles are connected to a small battery powered control box by means of which the
user can control the frequency and intensity of illumination. The mark space ratio is 50%
independent of frequency. The light output from the LEDs is adjustable in the range of 10
to 500 millicandela. A pilot study was carried out using VFP on 7 patients in conjunction
with the Pain Clinic at Coleraine Hospital, The Psychology Department at The Queen
Elizabeth Military Hospital and a North Yorkshire General Practice.
METHOD
The patients all presented with long-standing migraine headaches. Migraine was
diagnosed using the definition of Blau. "Episodic headache lasting from 2 to 72 hours
with total freedom between attacks. The headaches must be associated with visual or
gastrointestinal disturbance or both. The visual symptoms occur as an aura before and/or
photo phobia during the headache phase. If there are no visual but alimentary
disturbances, then vomiting must feature in some of the attacks. " (Blau, 1984)
Patients were questioned as to their previous history of migraine and only those with a
history of at least five years were included. Any patient with a history of epilepsy was
excluded as a precaution, it being known that epileptic fits can be provoked by
stroboscopic light. Underlying pathology was excluded by physical examination. No
patient had achieved satisfactory control of symptoms with drug therapy. Patients were
given a pair of VFP goggles to take away and their use was explained. They were asked
to use them at the onset of their symptoms and to adjust the frequency and intensity of
illumination for comfort. The patient's informed consent was obtained. They were asked
to keep a record of their headache activity and use of the VFP goggles together with the
effect the VFP goggles had. Follow up was then arranged. Two patients have been
followed up over two years.
RESULTS
Seven patients (5 female, 2 male) aged 26 to 57 years (median age 42 years) were treated
with the VFP goggles. The median time since the first migraine headache was 20 years
(range 8 to 45 years). Median migraine frequency was 6 per month (range 1 per day to 1
per month).
Fifty migraines were recorded. Forty-nine of these were rated by the patients as being
"helped" by using the VFP goggles. Thirty-six of the migraines were rated as being
"stopped" by using the VFP goggles.
Fig. 1 -- The number of days between
successive migraine headaches plotted
against the interval number (ie 1=interval
between first and second migraine headaches,
2=interval between second and third, etc.).
Median duration of use of the VFP goggles was
30 minutes (range 5 to 60 minutes). The reported
duration of the migraine headaches without
treatment was 6 hours (range 4 to 48 hours). The
median duration of migraine using the VFP
goggles was 35 minutes (range 5 minutes to 6 hours). A Wilcoxon matched pairs test was
carried out to compare this data. The reduction in duration of migraine headache was
significant within this small group (P<0.02).
Clearly further studies of a larger group would be required to confirm these findings. The
interval between successive migraine headaches was calculated in the two cases with a
follow up of more than 18 months (Figure 1). It would appear that there may be a trend of
increasing intervals between migraines with repeated use of the goggles. No adverse
reactions were reported. The patients described the effect of using the VFP goggles as
calming and relaxing.
COMMENT
A preliminary study of a slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache
reported relief of muscle contraction headaches but no relief of migraine (Solomon
1985). The Dzidra Glass in that trial was used for 5 minutes and the author speculated
that longer treatment periods might improve results. The findings described in this
present study suggest that longer treatment periods are effective in the treatment of
migraine headache, patients using the VFP goggles for a median of 30 minutes.
Other factors may have contributed to the difference in findings. The Dzidra Glass
operates in the frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz, whilst the VFP goggles operate in the
frequency range of 0.5 to 50 Hz. Patients report using the VFP goggles in the higher
frequency range, and that relief is more rapid when they do so.
Patients tended to use the VFP goggles at the brightest setting. At one stage a set of VFP
goggles producing a lower intensity of illumination was substituted in two of the cases.
Both reported an increase in the time taken to stop the migraine headaches. When the
higher intensity of illumination model was used again, relief took a shorter time.
The patient controls the frequency and intensity of illumination and this is a factor which
should be investigated further.
The mechanism of action of the VFP goggles on the migraine headaches remains
unknown. Red stroboscopic light tends to produce rapid and powerful alpha brain
rhythms in the occipital cortex (Lewis 1986). The VFP goggles have a similar effect.
(Anderson unpublished observations). Alpha enhancement autogenic training has been
used in the treatment of migraine with a reduction in the number of migraine headaches
per week but with no change in the intensity, duration or disability of the headache
(Cohen et al. 1980). A causal relationship between the induction of the occipital alpha
rhythm and the stopping of a migraine headache, once started, has not been established.
This pilot study showed good efficacy for the VFP goggles in the treatment of migraine
headache in a limited number of patients. Clearly further studies are required to confirm
this preliminary study in a placebo controlled manner.
Acknowledgments: Thanks are due to Dr. W.J. Love and Dr. A.D. Mone for permission
to include results from their patients in this paper and to Dr. P. Canfield for his valuable
advice.
REFERENCES
Blau JN: Towards a definition of migraine headache. Lancet 1:444-445, 1984.
Cohen MJ, McArthur DL, Rickles WH: Comparison of four biofeedback treatments for
migraine headache: physiological and headache variables. Psychosomatic Med 42:463480, 1980.
Lewis D: The alpha plan. London, Methuen, 1986. p 26.
Solomon GD: Slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache - a preliminary
study. Headache 25: 444-446, 1985.