References
The following is a collection of papers illustrating some of the concepts discussed in the lecture. The
list is not complete, and I am sure that I’ve missed some of the key references but by reading the
following papers it will give you a route into the vast literature on LGM and Holocene climate
modelling.
Appenzeller, C., J. Schwander, et al. (1998). “The North Atlantic Oscillation and its imprint on
precipitation and ice accumulation in Greenland.” Geophysical Research Letters 25(11): 1939-1942.
Berger, A., M. F. Loutre, et al. (1998). “Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and
CO2 forcings over the last 200 ky.” Climate Dynamics 14(9): 615-629.
Bigg, G. R., M. R. Wadley, et al. (1998). “Simulations of two last glacial maximum ocean states.”
Paleoceanography 13(4): 340-351.
Braconnot, P., S. Joussaume, et al. (1999). “Synergistic feedbacks from ocean and vegetation on the
African monsoon response to mid-Holocene insolation.” Geophysical Research Letters 26(16): 24812484.
Briffa, K. R. (2000). “Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient
trees.” Quaternary Science Reviews 19(1-5): 87-105.
Brostrom, A., M. Coe, et al. (1998). “Land surface feedbacks and palaeomonsoons in northern Africa.”
Geophysical Research Letters 25(19): 3615-3618.
Brown, J., M. Collins and A. Tudhope, (2006). Coupled model simulations of mid-Holocene ENSO
and comparisons with coral oxygen isotope records. Advances in Geosciences, 6, 29-33.
CAPE Project Members (2001). Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: testing models of global
climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 1275-1287.
Claussen, M. (1994). “On coupling global biome models with climate models.” Climate Research 4:
203-221.
Claussen, M. and V. Gayler (1997). “The greening of the Sahara during the mid-Holocene: results of
an interactive atmosphere-biome model.” Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6(5): 369-377.
Claussen, M., C. Kubatzki, et al. (1999). “Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the
mid-Holocene.” Geophysical Research Letters 26(14): 2037-2040.
Clement, A. C., R. Seager, et al. (1999). “Orbital controls on the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the
tropical climate.” Paleoceanography 14(4): 441-456.
COHMAP, M. (1988). “Climatic changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and model
simulations.” Science 241: 1043-1052.
deNoblet, N. I., I. C. Prentice, et al. (1996). “Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in
triggering the last glaciation.” Geophysical Research Letters 23(22): 3191-3194.
Dong, B. W. and P. J. Valdes (1995). “Sensitivity Studies of Northern-Hemisphere Glaciation Using an
Atmospheric General-Circulation Model.” Journal of Climate 8(10): 2471-2496.
Gallimore, R. G. and J. E. Kutzbach (1996). “Role of orbitally induced changes in tundra area in the
onset of glaciation.” Nature 381(6582): 503-505.
Glover, R. W. (1999). “Influence of spatial resolution and treatment of orography on GCM estimates of
the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet.” Journal of Climate 12(2): 551-563.
Harrison, S. P., D. Jolly, et al. (1998). “Intercomparison of simulated global vegetation distributions in
response to 6 kyr BP orbital forcing.” Journal of Climate 11(11): 2721-2742.
Hewitt, C. D. and J. F. B. Mitchell (1997). “Radiative forcing and response of a GCM to ice age
boundary conditions: cloud feedback and climate sensitivity.” Climate Dynamics 13(11): 821-834.
Hewitt, C. D. and J. F. B. Mitchell (1998). “A fully coupled GCM simulation of the climate of the midHolocene.” Geophysical Research Letters 25(3): 361-364.
Joussaume, S., K. E. Taylor, et al. (1999). “Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18
simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP).” Geophysical Research
Letters 26(7): 859-862.
Kageyama, M., P. J. Valdes, et al. (1999). “Northern hemisphere storm tracks in present day and last
glacial maximum climate simulations: A comparison of the European PMIP models.” Journal of
Climate 12(3): 742-760.
Kutzbach, J. E., P. J. Bartlein, et al. (1996). “Potential role of vegetation feedback in the climate
sensitivity of high-latitude regions: A case study at 6000 years BP.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles
10(4): 727-736.
Kutzbach, J. E. and Z. Liu (1997). “Response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing and ocean
feedbacks in the middle Holocene.” Science 278(5337): 440-443.
Liu, Z. Y., J. Kutzbach, et al. (2000). “Modeling climate shift of El Nino variability in the Holocene.”
Geophysical Research Letters 27(15): 2265-2268.
Mahowald, N., K. Kohfeld, et al. (1999). “Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum
and current climate: A comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine
sediments.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 104(D13): 15895-15916.
Masson, V., R. Cheddadi, et al. (1999). “Mid-Holocene climate in Europe: What can we infer from
PMIP model data comparisons?” Climate Dynamics 15(3): 163-182.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L. (1999). “El Nino La Nina and Sahel precipitation during the middle Holocene.”
Geophysical Research Letters 26(1): 87-90.
Peltier, W. R. (1994). “Ice-age paleotopography.” Science 265(5169): 195-201.
Price, G. D., P. J. Valdes, et al. (1997). “Quantitative palaeoclimate GCM validation: Late Jurassic and
mid-Cretaceous case studies.” Journal of the Geological Society 154: 769-772.
Rahmstorf, S. (1995). “Multiple convection patterns and thermohaline flow in an idealized OGCM.”
Journal of Climate 8(12): 3028-3039.
Renssen, H., Brovkin, V., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H. (2006). Simulation of the Holocene climate
evolution in Northern Africa: The termination of the African Humid Period. Quaternary International
150, 95-102.
Robinson, S, Black, S, Sellwood, B.W., Valdes, P.J. (2006). A review of palaeoclimates and
palaeoenvironments in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5000 years BP: setting
the environmental background for the evolution of human civilisation. Quaternary Science Reviews
25, 1517-1541.
Schmidt, G.A., Shindell, D.T., Miller, R.L., Mann, M.E. & Rind, D. (2004). General circulation
modelling of Holocene climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2167-2181.
Shackleton, N. J. (2000). “The 100,000-year ice-age cycle identified and found to lag temperature,
carbon dioxide, and orbital eccentricity.” Science 289(5486): 1897-1902.
Stocker, T. F. (1999). “Abrupt climate changes: from the past to the future - a review.” International
Journal of Earth Sciences 88(2): 365-374.
Valdes, P. J. and R. W. Glover (1999). “Modelling the climate response to orbital forcing.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series a-Mathematical Physical and
Engineering Sciences 357(1757): 1873-1890.
Weaver, A. J., M. Eby, et al. (1998). “Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice
sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum.” Nature 394(6696): 847-853.