ARCH 2350 The Archaeology of the Caucasus
Professor John Cherry
Friday 3 – 5:20 pm, Winter Semester 2009
Seminar Room, Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World
The goal of this seminar is to provide students with an overview of the long-term
archaeological record from the Caucasus and its near neighbors, as well as an
understanding of the history of research in this area during Imperial Russian, Soviet,
and contemporary times. Readings will cover a range of periods, prehistoric and historic,
following the interests of the class.
Course Requirements
As in all graduate seminars, the basic expectation is that students will come to class not
only having read and thought about all of the required readings, but also prepared to
lead or contribute to extended discusssion and critique of them. For certain classes,
students will be responsible for brief presentations of specific assigned articles. A 20-25
page research paper is required, on a topic to be agreed well in advance with the
instructor. A brief written outline of the proposed research topic is due by March 13; oral
presentation of the papers will take place in the final two meetings of the seminar on
April 10 and April 17; final written versions are due by May 6.
Readings
There are no assigned textbooks for the seminar. An extensive bibliography, mainly in
English, is to be found below. Readings for each class will be made available, wherever
possible, in electronic form as pdf files posted to the wiki for the seminar, at:
http://proteus.brown.edu/archaeologyofthecaucasus/Home
Readings available only in hard copy will be placed on the reserve shelf in the third-floor
library of the Joukowsky Institute, along with certain other books that constitute basic
resources for the class.
Schedule
Jan. 23
Outline of content and goals of the seminar. Introduction to the geography,
environment, politics, state of archaeological research, etc. in the southern Caucasus.
Readings:
Hewsen, R.H. (1997) “The Geography of Armenia”. In R.G.Hovannisian (ed.), The
Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 1-17. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Hewsen, R.H. (2001) Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[Browse].
Jan. 30
Archaeological research traditions in the Caucasus — Russian, Soviet, postSoviet.
Readings:
Bulkin, V.A., L.S. Klejn, G.S. Lebedev (1982) “Attainments and problems of Soviet
archaeology.” World Archaeology 13: 272-95.
Khatchadourian, L. (2008) “Making Nations from the Ground Up: Traditions of Classical
Archaeology in the South Caucasus.” AJA 112: 247-78.
Kohl, P.L. (1993). “Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology in Soviet
Transcaucasia.” Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 181-88.
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Kohl, P.L., and G. Tsetskhladze (1995). “Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of
Archaeology in the Caucasus.” In P.L. Kohl and C.P. Fawcett (eds.), Nationalism,
Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, 149-74. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Lindsay, I., and A.T. Smith (2006) “A History of Archaeology in the Republic of Armenia.”
JFA 31(2): 165-84.
Smith, A.T. (2005) “Prometheus Unbound: Southern Caucasus in Prehistory.” Journal of
World Prehistory 19(4): 229-79. [Read if time; otherwise read for Feb. 6]
Feb. 6
The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age of the southern Caucausus. The puzzle of
the Kura-Araxes Culture.
Readings (everyone to read first two, individual student reports on the remainder):
Sagona, A.G. (2006). The Heritage of Eastern Turkey from Earliest Settlements to
Islam. South Yarra, Victoria: Macmillan. Ch. 3: “From Villages to Cities (5500-1150
BC)”, pp. 45-75.
Batiuk, S, and M. Rothman (2007). “Early Transcaucasian Cultures and their Neighbors:
Unraveling Migration, Trade, and Assimilation.” Expedition 49(1): 7-17.
Edens, C. (1995). “Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age.” BASOR 299/300:
53-64.
Rothman, M.S., and G.Kozbe (1997). “Muş in the Early Bronze Age”. Anatolian
Studies 47: 105-126.
Kushnareva, K.Kh. (1997). The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and
Socioeconomic Development from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC. University
Museum Monograph 99. Trans. H.N. Michael. Philadelphia: University Museum,
University of Pennsylvania. Ch. 3: “The Early Bronze Age (Middle of the Fourth to the
Third Quarter of the Third Millennium B.C.)”, pp. 43-79.
Badalyan, R.S., P. Lombard, C. Chataigner, and P.S. Avetisyan (2004). “The Neolithic and
Chalcolithic phases in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): the view from Aratashen.” In A.
Sagona (ed.), A View from the Highlands: Studies in Honor of Charles Burney, 437-65.
Herent, Belgium: Peeters.
Burney, C., and D.M. Lang (1971). The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and
Caucasus. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Ch. 3: “From Caucasus to Euphrates
— The Early Transcaucasian Culture”, pp. 43-85, and plates.
Kohl, P.L. (2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. Excerpt from Ch. 3 (“The Kura-Araxes Cultural-Historical Community of
Transcaucasia”), pp. 72-86.
Feb. 13
Pastoral nomadism, kurgans, and bronzes: the South Caucasian Middle Bronze
Age, the Trialeti Culture, and Anatolian merchant colonies.
Readings:
Simonian, H.E. et al. (1996). “Pasteurs et chefs de guerre au Bronze Moyen.” In J. Santrot
(ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 54-69. Paris:
Somogy Editions d’Art. [Mainly for pictures.]
Puturidze, M. (2003). “Social and Economic Shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze
Age.” In A.T. Smith and K.S. Rubinson (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands:
Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, 111-27. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology, UCLA.
Kushnareva, K.Kh. (1997). The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and
Socioeconomic Development from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC. University
Museum Monograph 99. Trans. H.N. Michael. Philadelphia: University Museum,
University of Pennsylvania. Ch. 4: “The Middle Bronze Age (Last Centuries of the
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Third to the Middle of the Second Millennium B.C.)” pp. 81-149; read 81-114, skim
the remainder, looking at illustrations.
Rubinson, K.S. (2003). “Silver Vessels and Cylinder Sealings: Precious Reflections of
Economic Exchange in the Early Second Millennium BC.” In A.T. Smith and K.S.
Rubinson (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and
Beyond, 128-43. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA.
Rubinson, K.S. (2006). “Over the Mountains and Through the Grass: Visual Information
as ‘Text’ for the ‘Textless’ “. In D.L. Petersen, L. Popova, and A.T. Smith (eds.),
Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago
Conference on Eurasian Archaeology, 247-63. Leiden: Brill.
Aruz, J., et al. (eds.) (2008) Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second
Millennium B.C. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Section pp. 70-93.
Feb. 20
The roots of complex societies in the Caucasus: models for the rise of territorial
polities and socially stratified institutions in the Late Bronze Age.
Readings:
Petrossian, L.A. 1996). “Métallurgistes, agriculuteurs, princes et commerants au Bronze
Final and au Fer Ancien.” In J. Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne
des origins au IVe siècle, 72-115. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art. [Mainly for pictures.]
Smith, A.T. (2006) “Before Argishti: The Roots of Complex Societies in Caucasia. Notes
from the Tsakahovit Plain, Armenia.” In D.L. Petersen, L. Popova, and A.T. Smith
(eds.) (2006). Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University
of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology, 172-82. Leiden: Brill.
Badalyan, R. S., A. T. Smith, and P. S. Avetisyan. 2003. “The Emergence of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Caucasia.” In A.T. Smith and K.S. Rubinson (eds.),
Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, 144-66. Los
Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA.
Smith A.T., R. Badalyan, P. Avetisyan, and M. Zardaryan (2004). “Early Complex
Societies in Southern Caucasia: A Preliminary Report on the 2002 Investigations by
Project ArAGATS on the Tsakahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia.” AJA 108: 1-41.
Smith, A.T. (1998). “Late Bronze/Early Iron Age fortresses of the Ararat and Shirak
Plains, Armenia: typological considerations.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to
Siberia: An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and
Archaeology 5(2): 73-97.
[There will be some additional readings]
Feb. 27
The Urartian Kingdom (Kingdom of Van) I: formation, history, territory
Readings:
Zimansky (1995c). “The Kingdom of Urartu in Eastern Anatolia.” In J.M. Sasson et al.
(eds.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. II, 1135-46. New York: Scribner.
Burney, C., and D.M. Lang (1971). The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and
Caucasus. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Ch. 5: “From the Rise of Urartu to the
Birth of Armenia”, pp. 127-73 (only). (For an historical narrative.)
Zimansky, P. (1995a). “An Urartian Ozymandias.” The Biblical Archaeologist 58(2): 94100.
Zimansky, P. (1995b). “Urartian material culture as state assemblage: an anomaly in the
archaeology of empire.” BASOR 229/300: 103-115.
Smith, A. T. (2003). The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex
Polities. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 156-83, 232-70.
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Mar. 6
The Urartian Kingdom II: sites, artistic production
(For this class we will be joined by Prof. Ömür Harmanşah)
Readings:
(A) Everyone.
Joukowsky, M. (1996). Early Turkey: Anatolian Archaeology from Prehistory through the
Lydian Period (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt). Ch. 9: “The Urartian Period (ca. 825 –
600), pp. 337-67. (For an archaeological overview of some key sites, with refs.)
Hamaïakian, S. et al. (1996). “Ler rois d’Ouratou: guerriers, constructeurs et
administrateurs à l’âge du fer (IXe – début du VIe siècle avant J.-C.).” In J. Santrot
(ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origins au IVe siècle, 118-175.
Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art. [Mainly for pictures of artwork.]
Smith, A.T. (1999). “The making of an Urartian landscape in southern
Transcaucasia: a study of political architectonics.” AJA 103: 45-71.
(B)
Short student reports on individual Urartian sites (e.g., Erebuni, Karmir Blur, Horom,
Armavir, Bastam, Toprakkale, Tushpa).
Mar. 13
The Caucasus, the Achaemenid Empire, and the Yervandid Dynasty
Readings:
Burney, C., and D.M. Lang (1971). The People of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and
Caucasus. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. Ch. 6: “Armenia and Georgia —
History and Institutions”, pp. 183-205 (only). (For an historical narrative.), or
Garsoïan, N. (1997) “The Emergence of Armenia.” In R.G.Hovannisian (ed.), The
Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 37-62. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Knauss, F. (2005) “Caucasus.” In P. Briant and R. Boucharlat (eds.) (2005).
L’Archéologie de l”Empire Achéménide: Nouvelles Recherches, 197-220. Paris: De
Boccard. or
Knauss, F. (2006). “Ancient Persia and the Caucasus.” Iranica Antiqua 41: 79-118.
Zardaryan, M.H., and H.P. Akopian (1994). “Archaeological excavations of ancient
monuments in Armenia, 1985-1990.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An
International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology 1(1): 169-95.
Zardaryan, M. H., A. V. Tonikyan, S. E. Alcock, and J F. Cherry. (2007). “Les
investigations du project ‘Vorotan’ dans le région de Suynik.” Les dossiers
d’archéologie (Mai-Juin 2007: Arménie) 321: 60-63.
Khatchadourian, L. (2008). Social logics Under Empire: The Armenian “Highland Satrapy”
and Achaemenid Rule, ca. 600-300 BC. Ph.D. Dissertation, Classical Art and
Archaeology, University of Michigan. [Ch. 7: “Landscape and Social Logics: Settlement
Patterns in the Highland Satrapy”.]
Mar. 20
The Armenian Highlands in the Achaemenid Period: Issues of Politics, Authority,
and the Social Order
(For this class we will be joined by Dr. Lori Khatchadourian (Chicago), who will
lead a discussion on the Armenian Highlands in the Achaemenid period and her
own excavations at the site of Tsakahovit.)
Reading:
Khatchadourian, L. (2008). Social logics Under Empire: The Armenian “Highland Satrapy”
and Achaemenid Rule, ca. 600-300 BC. Ph.D. Dissertation, Classical Art and
4
Archaeology, University of Michigan. [Selections, to be determined, along with other
readings chosen by Dr. Khatchadourian.]
Mar. 27 Spring Recess, no class
Apr. 3
Archaeology of the Artaxiad and Arsacid Periods
Readings:
Khatchatrian, Zh. (1998). “Artaxata: capitale dell’Armenia antica (II sec. A.C.–IV D.C.).”
In Ai piedi dell’Ararat: Artaxata e l’Armenia ellenistica-romana, edited by A. Invernizzi,
95-151. Firenze: Le lettere.
Vardanyan, R. (ed.) (2003) From Urartu to Armenia: Florilegium Gevork A. Tirats’yan in
Memoriam. Wetteren: Cultura. [Selections, to be determined.]
Tonikyan, A.V. (1996). “The layout of Artashat and its historical development.”
Mesopotamia 27: 161-87.
Tonikyan, A.V. (1996). “Architecture of the dwelling houses of Artashat, capital of ancient
Armenia.” Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An International Journal of
Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology 3(1): 15-37.
Khatchadourian, L. (2008). “Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachment to the Past in
Hellenistic Armenia.” In Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and
Landscape in Archaeological Research, N. Yoffee (ed.), 43-75. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press.
Ter-Martirissov, F.I. (1997). “Un peuple convoité: l’état Arménien et les Achéménides, les
Ervandides, les princes Hellénistiques et les empereurs Romains (VIe siècle avant J.-C.
– IVe siècle après J.-C.).” In J. Santrot (ed.), Arménie: Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne
des origins au IVe siècle, 178-249 Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art. [Mainly for images.]
Apr. 10
Student presentations of term papers –I
Apr. 17
Student presentations of term papers –II
May 1 Final term papers due
5
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Useful regional journals/series
Anatolian Studies
Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia: An International Journal of Comparative
Studies in History and Archaeology
Ancient West & East
Aramazd: The Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies
Archälogische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan
Colloquia Pontica
Iran
Revue des études arméniennes
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