UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
PROPOSAL FOR PDF B FUNDING
UNDP Project Number:
Project Title:
CHI/02/GXX (PIMS 1859)
Conservation of Valdivian Temperate Forest
Ecoregion Biodiversity
Duration:
PDF B 12 months; Full Project 6 years
Country:
Chile
Focal Area:
Biodiversity
Operational Programme: Forest Ecosystems OP # 3, BD Strategic Priority 1: Catalyzing
Sustainability of Protected Areas
Implementing Agency:
UNDP
Executing Agency:
Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA)
Country Eligibility:
Chile Ratified the CBD in 1994
Funding Request:
PDF B: US $ 424,000 Total
US$ 334.000 GEF
US$ 90,000 Government of Chile
Full Project (Estimates): US $ 8-12 million Total
US $ 4 million GEF
US$ 5-7 million in co-funding from the Government of Chile, IDB,
Private Sector, and other donors (to be confirmed)
Block A Grant Awarded:
Not requested
Estimated Work Programme Submission:
January 2005
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROJECT SUMMARY
1. The proposed full scale project will develop the capacity for long-term sustainability of
conservation in the globally outstanding Valdivian Temperate Rain Forest Ecoregion of the Los Lagos
Region of Chile. It will centre on the definition and adoption of a Biodiversity Conservation Plan that
will create a regional conversation system, or matrix, addressing deficiencies in existing protected
areas and creating new ones. These will include the range of land-use categories, from strict
conservation to sustainable-use corridors, that will provide connectivity between habitat stands and
protection across the broader landscape. Existing protected areas will have managerial and financial
capacities strengthened and new ones will be established and co-managed through innovative
partnerships including public-private and community-indigenous. Sustainable-use corridors and
conservation at the broader landscape level will be enhanced by mainstreaming biodiversity
conservation principles into the region’s main productive activities with particular emphasis on the
forestry sector. This will entail institutional capacity building and the revision of control and regulatory
measures as well as outreach activities to raise biodiversity awareness across a broad range of regional
actors. It will also include a specific focus on increasing capacity to address one of the regions growing
threats, that of invasive species, and to develop a financial mechanism for increasing local participation
in conservation. The project will centre on an area of approx. 1.5 million hectares, representing over
25% of this ecoregion’s area in Chile, and in a region where the Valdivian forest reaches its peak
biodiversity and where intervention will achieve greatest global benefits. While cross-cutting actions to
mainstream biodiversity and increase multi-stakeholder awareness will deliver improved conservation
to all this region, site-specific interventions would focus on 450,000 hectares along the Coastal
1
mountains of Osorno and Valdivia that includes the Huilliches-Lafquenches Indigenous Development
Area, and will contemplate a corridor across the Central Valley to the Andes.
LINKS TO NATIONAL PRIORITIES, ACTION PLANS AND PROGRAMMES
2. Since the mid-nineties, the Chilean government (GoC) has progressively adhered to
international initiatives addressing environmental deterioration by fostering environmental
protection, and natural resource and biodiversity conservation through legal, institutional and
political means. In 1994, Chile ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity and in 1995
became actively involved in bringing about the Santiago Declaration on Criteria and Indicators of
Sustainable Forest Management (1995) in the framework of the Montreal Process. This
Declaration calls for the sustainable management of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems.
3. The GoC’s ability to address environmental issues progressed significantly in 1994, as a result
of the enactment of the Environmental Protection Law (Nº 19,300). This law established a legal
framework for the development of efficient environmental management tools, including an
environmental impact assessment system, quality standards, resource management and pollution
abatement plans. The National Environment Commission (CONAMA) was created under this
framework and is responsible for co-ordinating environmental programmes at local and national
levels. In 1998, an Environmental Policy for Sustainable Development was drawn up, establishing
the guidelines for national efforts to achieve sustainability in the context of development.
4. The GoC has also developed a policy for the conservation of the country’s Renewable Natural
Patrimony, for which a main objective is the conservation of relevant environmental components
such as the nation’s biodiversity. This is to be achieved through the implementation of a system of
wildlife protected areas, of public-private character, linked through biological corridors. For this,
the GoC proposes a series of financial mechanisms for the establishment of environmental funds,
to act as an incentive for the creation of private protected areas. In addition, a comprehensive
analysis of the elements affecting the conservation and sustainable use of the country’s native
forests was established as a government priority, particularly in recognition of the variety of
ecosystem services provided by forests, as well as the existence of innovative mechanisms and
partnerships to support their sustainable management.
5. A recent GEF Country Dialogue Workshop (September 2002) defined priorities for requesting
GEF support in Chile. The current request closely follows the conclusions for the workshop that
placed as a top priority, those projects that conserve biodiversity of internationally recognised
importance, that conform with the environmental agenda of the country and that incorporate
measures to benefit indigenous groups, count with participation of the private sector and seek to
reduce the threat of invasive species in natural vegetation.
PROJECT CONTEXT
Global Significance of Biodiversity
6. Chile has the largest surface area covered by temperate rain forest in South America and more
than half of the temperate rain forests of the Southern Hemisphere. These forests once formed a
continuous cover that stretched from the Coastal Mountain Range in Western Chile, across the
2
inter-cordillera Central Valley to the Andean Mountain Range in the east. The wide range of
topographical, climatic and edaphic conditions across this extension result in considerable
differences in biodiversity between the extremes points and has formed a mosaic of forest types.
These forests collectively compose the Valdivian Temperate Rain Forest Ecoregion, extending in
Chile from the political boundaries of the Bio Bio to Aysen (35º-55º S), and in Argentina, along
the eastern slopes of the Andes mountain range (37-47º S), and covering a total of approximately
166,000 Km2. This ecoregion is considered vulnerable, globally outstanding in terms of biological
distinctiveness, and was placed as highest priority for conservation on a regional scale (Dinerstein
et al., 1995). It represents one of the world’s five major temperate rainforest ecosystems and is
known to contain many unusual species and higher taxa. The area is also distinguished as one of
the Global 200 Terrestrial Ecoregions of WWF, forms the southern extreme of the Central Chile
Hotspot in the Conservation International priority hotspots programme, and has centres of floral
diversity recognised for their world-wide uniqueness by the WWF/IUCN (Olson et al., 1998).
7. The Valdivian evergreen forests are completely isolated from other South American forests
due to the mountainous barriers of the Andes, and the country’s arid ecosystems to the north
(Armesto et al., 1998) and as such demonstrate extraordinarily high levels of endemism. The level
of endemism is as high as 90% for vascular plant species (50% in Chilean territory), and 34% for
generic plants, with the majority of forest genera represented by a single species in each case.
Among endemic plant species, the conifer Fitzroya cupressoides is the second longest-living
species on the planet, with specimens as old as 3,000 years, and has confirmed potential for
palaeo-environmental reconstruction in the Southern Hemisphere (Lara & Villalba, 1993). Among
vertebrates, endemism varies from 30% in birds to 80% in amphibians (Armesto et al., 1996),
while knowledge regarding the biodiversity of invertebrates is still incipient.
8. The forests also exhibit a remarkable structural complexity, in terms of the diversity of woody
species, the range of growth forms (trees, shrubs, lianas, epiphytes, hemiparasites), its vertical
stratification, spatial heterogeneity, and the age variations of tree populations. This structural
complexity, which reaches its maximum expression in old-growth primary forests, supports the
rich biological diversity of these ecosystems and includes areas with the largest diversity of lichens
and bryophytes in the world (Galloway, 1996, in Armesto, 1998)1.
9. Studies of forest ecosystems in undisturbed environments have suggested that the nutrient
cycles of temperate rainforests, particularly the nitrogen cycle, differ radically from those of
forests located in regions subject to severe air pollution, as occurs in the Northern Hemisphere
(Hedin et al., 1995). The study of old forests along the coast of Chile provided a valuable baseline
for the comparison and understanding of the consequences of anthropogenic alterations in the
nutrient cycles of forests subject to high nitrogen deposits (Hedin et al., 1995). Importantly, study
results indicated that the balance of the capture, retention and loss of essential nutrients in Chilean
forest ecosystems, depended on maintaining the key biological processes mediated by microorganisms, fungi, and other groups of poorly studied organisms. These processes would be
seriously affected by potential losses in the biological diversity of Valdivian temperate forests, and
particularly by their conversion to other land uses.
1
Reduced extreme temperature fluctuations, due to the oceanic influence on the Chilean climate, together with high rainfall rates
(2,000 to 4,000 mm/year) and tree longevity, create favourable conditions for the development of a rich epiphytic flora.
3
10. Finally, other studies have indicated the importance of the evergreen forest in relation to the
oligotrophic features of the lakes of southern Chile. These have been acknowledged as the purest
water reserves in the world, (Soto & Campos, 1997). Forest cover of the respective watersheds
plays a vital role in both the quality and quantity of these reserves and forest conversion to other
land uses could cause severe changes in these environmental services. Such interventions could
also result in significant losses of biodiversity in aquatic environments, which already possess
reduced and unique fauna, given their geographic isolation (Soto & Stockner, 1996).
Threats to Globally Significant Biodiversity
11. From the early 19th Century onwards agricultural and livestock activities increasingly
expanded throughout the fertile inter-cordillera Central Valley causing extensive habitat loss and
fragmentation to the Valdivian forest in this area. Forest cover was gradually reduced to the intercordillera and Andean mountain ranges and to isolated points of connection across the valley.
Further land-use changes, including commercial logging of native forest and plantations of exotic
species reduced natural habitat still more. Today, natural habitat remnants of Valdivian Forest are
estimated to cover 5.16 million hectares. The most extensive, pristine and biodiversity-rich stands
of these are found along the Coastal Mountain Range which has an estimated forest cover of 1
million hectares. Large stands are also found along the Andean range but these tend to have less
structural complexity and hence lower biodiversity. There is also one area between the mountain
ranges where forest cover is largely continuous, permitting original gene flow and providing the
one last connecting point between the western and eastern extremes of this ecoregion’s extension.
This natural forest corridor is located close to the city of Valdivian and is mountainous area that
cuts across the central valley and links the Coastal and Andean mountain ranges (Map in Annex).
12. Collectively, the remaining Valdivian habitat stands hold extensive and highly representative
representations of the ecoregion and support a large percentage of its original biodiversity.
However, these are being increasingly pressurised by a range of threats that are intensifying still
further ecosystem fragmentation and degradation. The most recent reports of native forest cover in
the project area show losses of approximately 5,400 hectares per year (CONAF-CONAMA, 1999),
representing a rate of loss of 0.27%. This has been attributed to a series of proximate threats the
most important of which are described below in para. 13 to 18 together with their root causes.
13. Fast-growing Forest Plantations using exotic species, particularly Pinus radiata and
Eucalyptus spp, are causing substitution of native forest, increasing species loss and producing
genetic impoverishment of forest ecosystems. Legally the clearance of native forest for exotic
plantations is not permitted although Law 701 establishes certain exceptions. However, once
cleared or highly degraded, previously native forested land can be sold to forestry companies for
planting. In the absence of alternative livelihoods, this can inadvertently stimulate small forest
owners to degrade or convert forested land to shrubs and pasture for subsistence agriculture and
subsequently sell this land for plantations. Over the last two decades incentives for the
establishment of fast-growing species have been developed further increasing the spread of
plantations in the region and placing more pressure on native forest. In the north of the Los Lagos
Region, approx. 2,200 hectares of land are converted annually to fast growth forest plantations,
many of which are concentrated in the foothills of the Coastal Range (CONAF-CONAMA, 1999).
4
14. Unsustainable logging at both the industrial scale and by small native forest owners, is
degrading native forest and increasing habitat fragmentation. Industrial logging is more
concentrated in the Andean Mountain range. Permission for selective logging in native forest is
dependent on the approval of a forest management plan. While most of the industrial concessions
fulfil this requirement, there is a poor understanding within both the private and government
sectors on how to manage forest for biodiversity and commercial values. The result is that these
management plans rarely include biodiversity management principles or adopt forestry practices
based on sustainability and using ecological criteria. Logging by small native forest owners is
more widespread throughout the region. These forest owners can adopt two legally viable options.
One is logging for use as chips and the other is forest clearing for conversion for subsistence
farming With the current levels of poverty and the absence of incentives for sustainable alterative
land-uses, the land clearance option can lead to the plantation of exotic species as explained in
above in paragraph 13, (Lara & Veblen, 1993).
15. Firewood Collection. Firewood constitutes a high percentage of domestic energy in the region
with an estimated 1.6 million m3 of firewood/year being collected mostly from natural forests.
This is used not only for heating and cooking, but also holds an important cultural and social
function as important meetings are held around the fireplace. Whilst firewood is cut and collected
by small forest owners, intermediaries gain much of the associated profit as they command its
transportation to rural communities and towns where they sell it at rates up to 3 times higher than
cost price. Despite these low returns, in the absence of alternative livelihoods and poor knowledge
of non-timber use of native forest, firewood collection by small forest owners continues to provide
an attractive source of income.
16. Forest fires. The loss of native Valdivian forest cover caused by fire is estimated at an average
of 18,000 ha/year (CONAF, 1999). These fires are rarely due to inherent ecosystem dynamics but
rather the result of poorly managed fires used for land clearing for agricultural and livestock
activities or prior to the sale of land. The low awareness of the value of forest biodiversity and the
ecological services that native forest cover provides, impedes a more widespread interest in, and
adoption of, controlled fire practices, raising the incidence of fires spreading to pristine forest. The
high number of fires also arises from the misuse of a legal disposition that allows the collection of
dead or burnt wood of species normally under protection (eg. Fitzroya cupressoides). By starting
forest fires to burn native forest, wood from these species can be legally collected and sold. Again
the poor use of managed fire practices results in the frequent spreading of these fires to large areas.
17. Invasive species. An increasing number of aggressive invasive species are exerting pressure
on native fauna and flora in the region. Whilst the exact impact of these has not been fully
evaluated, it is clear that, at least in some cases, the long-term effects on native forest and its fauna
are considerable. These include the detrimental effect of aggressive invasive fauna such as the lady
deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) on native trees, and the mink (Mustela vison), on
native fauna. It also includes aggressive plant species such as Ulex europaeus, Cetissus
montpessulanae y Rubus ulmifolius that invade clearings formed by openings in the canopy and
prevent the natural regeneration of forest, thus provoking changes in forest structure in the longterm2. In the absence of sound data on economic effects of these aggressive species and without
2
Native invasive species are adapted to gap phase regeneration and do not effect forest structure
5
sufficient means of control and prevention, the spread of aggressive invasive species in the region
remains unchecked.
18. Agricultural and livestock practices are causing degradation of native forest to pasture and
shrub habitat. While the direct effect of agriculture is relatively low 3, livestock practices bear a
greater impact on the loss of forest cover. More than 60% of native forests are believed to be used
as feeding terrain for livestock strongly impacting the regeneration of forest trees such as
Aextoxicon punctatum, Eucryphia cordifolia and other important species of the Valdivian
Temperate Forest. Furthermore, livestock rearing is often practised in forests previously degraded
by firewood extraction, leading to additional degradation of the forest and eventual deforestation.
Although the impact of these livestock practices have not been fully evaluated in terms of forest
structure and biodiversity, it is reflected in the high levels of degradation of native forest to
shrublands or land without vegetation. Between 1994-1998 approx. 3,350 hectares annually of
native forest were reported as degraded correspond to 57% of the annual forest loss rate.
Stakeholders
19. A wide range of stakeholders play important roles in the conservation challenge of the
Valdivian Forest. These include a series of national institutions such as the Ministries of
Agriculture, of Planning and Co-operation; and of National Properties; the National Forestry Cooperation (CONAF), the Institute of Agriculture and Livestock Development (INDAP), the
National Tourism Service and the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI).
They also include local players such as municipal governments (a total of 14 Communes)4, Chile’s
Austral University and the forestry sector leaders, including both plantation owners and industrial
logging companies. Finally, they also include the inhabitants of the region that will also play a
pivotal role by adopting new practices and approaches to conserving the biodiversity and
ecological services that this forest provides. These include the inhabitants in the several small
towns in the region, private land owners, rural communities and the approximately 10,000
Huilliche Indians that live in the region.
20. This last group of stakeholders will be of particular importance as a large area of the Coastal
Mountain range has been provisionally identified as an Area for Indigenous Development (AID).
This land-zoning category was established by the Indigenous Law Nº 19.253, approved in 1993,
and has already been implemented in 3 areas (II, VIII and IX Regions of Chile). This would
require careful definition of exact boundaries, the resolution of land tenure issues, developing a
management plan and full negotiation of its formal declaration. However, given its position in the
most biologically diverse of the Cordilleras and the traditional of respect that indigenous peoples
have with nature, it offers an excellent opportunity for developing a new and innovative
conservation partnership in the Valdivian Forest Ecoregion.
3
Between 1994-1998 only 150 hectares in the north of Region X were converted to agricultural uses CONAF/CONAMA, 1999.
4
The most important of these are: Valdivia, Los Lagos, Corral, La Unión, San Juan de la Costa, Río Negro, Purranque, Fresia, Los
Muermos and Maullín.
6
BASELINE
21. In accordance with national conservation priorities (para.2-5)), and in recognition of the
growing threats to Valdivian forest remnants, the Government of Chile is taking action to check
the rate of forest conversion in the region. It is seeking to conclude the prolonged legislative and
institutional process surrounding the development of a new legal framework and the institutional
structure required for an effective regulation of the conservation and sustainable use of native
forests. It will correct certain deficiencies in the current legal system regarding sustainable
management possibilities for native forests, by establishing economic incentives for sustainable
management, reinforcing monitoring and enforcement capacities, and forbidding the conversion of
native forest to fast-growing plantations. However, the complexity of the discussion centres on the
fact that privately owned property is not subject to a comprehensive range of judicial or
institutional parameters. Furthermore, there will continue to be little local experience in the
management of native forest under private ownership, and of the implementation of public-private
initiatives for conservation purposes.
22. Site-specific efforts to promote sustainable forest management involve numerous initiatives,
mainly supported by international co-operation. These include the following: (i) "Conservation
and Sustainable Management of Native Forests," a project developed by CONAF in 1997 with the
assistance of the German government, working with forest peasants and small landowners in
central and southern Chile. (ii) The co-operation agreement established in 1995 between the
CONAF and the French government, which enabled the implementation of a pilot management
project for the Malleco National Reserve. (iii) The development of the “Chiloé Model Forest" with
the support of the Canadian government and the GEF.
23. The government is also taking action in relation to forest fires. CONAF has an extensive fire
control and combat programme in the region. However, this does not consider biodiversity as an
element in setting priorities for action. The result is control that tends to be concentrated in
intervened forest in the Andean Range where selective industrial logging is more prevalent. Forest
plantations have well equipped and efficient private fire control programmes but these are
designed to protect areas under commercial exploitation and do not extend to surrounding areas of
native forest. In the continued absence of conservation management in both private and public
programmes, prevention and control of fire outbreaks in native forest in protected or isolated areas
will be ineffective and slow, increasing risk to pristine habitat.
24. In the baseline scenario, the threat that aggressive invasive species present to biodiversity will
receive sparse attention, despite recent studies indicating that invasive species are causing
ecological impacts in different regions of the country including the Xth region (Jaskic, 1998).
Some isolated action will be taken, however, for example, the Agricultural Control Service (SAG),
will undertake occasional campaigns to control mink. Nevertheless, the design and implementation
of more comprehensive action to address this threat is severely hampered by a series of factors,
including: (i) incomplete knowledge of the population sizes and distribution patterns of aggressive
invasives, or the dimensions of their present and potential impact to biodiversity rich areas; (ii)
weakness in systematic institutional and regulatory approaches for establishing priorities and
implementing control action; (iii) incipient understanding of viable control and prevention
methods and low capacity for their implementation; and (iv) extremely low awareness throughout
7
the general public on the potential effects of invasive species on native forest and its ecological
services or on their role in control and prevention programmes.
25. In parallel with the above action to abate proximate threats, and in keeping with national
environment priorities, in the default scenario emphasis will also be place on increasing
biodiversity conservation in situ through the promotion of a National System of Wildlife Protected
Areas (SNASP) 5. This new system will enhance the currently existing SNASPE by encouraging
the establishment of private protected areas across larger areas and under different regimes and
ownership. At present, the SNASPE, managed by the National Forest Commission (CONAF),
includes 32 National Parks, 48 National Reserves and 13 Nature Monuments, with a total area of
approximately 14 million hectares, covering 19% of the national territory. This constitutes a
representative sample of around 60 of the 85 terrestrial ecosystem types existing in Chile. While
this is a significant area at the national level representation of the Valdivian forest in the SNASPE
in Los Lagos Region is much smaller, covering only 2-3 % of the total area of the Region. In
addition to small surface area under protection, there are a number of other deficiencies in the
existing SNASPE of the region that exacerbate the impact of proximate threats on native forest.
These deficiencies are various and include amongst others the following:
26. Incomplete representation of the biodiversity mosaic in existing protected areas. The
protected areas that exist in the Valdivian region do not include sufficient critical areas and habitat
ranges to provide protection to the full range of biodiversity in the ecoregion. The biodiversity-rich
coastal ranges, for example, still do not have any protected areas. This is in part due to the fact that
existing areas were created at a time when information and knowledge on the biodiversity found
throughout the ecoregion was largely incomplete. Today it is exacerbated by the absence of public
land highest diversity areas in the Coastal Range. that could readily be placed under State
protection. It is further aggravated by the absence of a systematic public-private approach to
identifying and conserving priority biodiversity areas. Patchy representation is also effected by the
sub-optimal management of existing areas due to deficiencies in human and equipment
complements. A dearth of management expertise and tools further aggravates this and impedes
more effective channelling of limited resources to the most critical threats and sites in each area.
27. Insufficient connectivity between remaining forest habitat. Existing protected areas in the
Andean region provide protection to forest within their boundaries, however, remaining forest
habitat between these areas is not under protection. Habitat connectivity, critical for long-term
conservation, is being undermined as productive activities in the broader landscape encroach on
these unprotected habitat stands, reducing gene flow and putting at risk the long-term survival of
some species. Critical connectivity between Valdivian forest on the Coastal Range and in the
Andes is also in danger as productive activities increasingly pressurise the only remaining forest in
the inter-cordillera valley.
28. Incipient systemic approach to protected areas. Existing protected areas do not cover the
range of land-use restrictions and management categories required to provide conservation from a
ecoregional view. Publicly owned National Parks prevail and there is little integration between
these and conservation efforts across the broader landscape. There has been minimal experience in
5
This system is defined under the Environment Protection Law (Nº 19,300) of 1994, and incorporates the National State System of Wildlife
Protected Areas (SNASPE), Private Protected Areas and Marine Protected Areas.
8
developing and implementing innovative conservation partnerships in the region impeding the
participation of individual land-owners in formal and informal conservation approaches. There are,
however, public and private legal instruments which allow the private sector to participate in the
conservation of biodiversity by establishing privately owned protected areas 6. The WB MSP
entitled “Public Private Mechanisms for Biodiversity Conservation in the Chilean Valdivian
Forest Zone” is expected to contribute new mechanisms for private/public-sector co-operation in
the arena of protected areas management. However, it will take action at a restricted level and
address only one aspect of the complex issue of public-private initiatives for conservation (see
paragraph 37 for discussion of links with present proposal).
29. Low levels of participatory conservation at local levels As a bid to promote diverse and
innovative conservation partnerships and increase the participation of grass root and community
organisations in local environmental management, in 1994 the GoC established a small grants
Fund for Environmental Protection (FEP) under Law 19.300. This became operational in 1997 and
has subsequently funded a wide range of small projects (approx. US$ 6,000) focusing on local
conservation needs. The FEP is funded by CONAMA resources and represents on average 4% of
its total annual budget. CONAMA is responsible for the administration of the fund through a
National FEP Co-ordinator as a programme under the Division for Environmental Culture and
Citizen Participation. Annual calls for proposals are held with specific guidelines and eligibility
criteria defined by CONAMA based on national environmental policies and regional needs and
priorities. Selection of the projects is undertaken by the Council of the Americas, Chile to ensure
transparency using the criteria defined each year. The number of projects submitted has increased
considerably but with currently restricted funding, on average only 13% of these are approved.
30. A recent evaluation of the FEP underlines the success of this programme and the high level of
acceptance it has amongst local stakeholders. In view of this, and in recognition of the role the
FEP plays in making effective co-responsibility in local environmental management, CONAMA
wishes to expand the programme and has actively sought funds from other sources to increase
funding levels. Indeed last year 40% of the resources in FEP funded projects came from external
sources. Whilst this indicates the potential of the FEP to mobilise additional external resources and
hence expand its impact, several other aspects would require support and strengthening if it is to
fulfil its full potential as an effective means of promoting participatory conservation at local levels
throughout the entire country. These include the design of mechanisms, such as sub-accounts, that
guarantee sufficient resource allocation to priority conservation areas and links selection process
more closely to regional conservation matrixes and sustainable use of resources. As the fund
grows, support would also be required to ensure the most efficient administration of resources and
the adoption of procedures recognised internationally as the most effective for environmental trust
fund management.
31. Poor integration of regional economic planning with protected area system. Planning in the
Valdivian region has adopted a largely sector based approach in which short-term economic
interests often prevail over long-term and broader approaches to development for the entire ecoregion. This is in part due to the absence of simple planning frameworks for conservation in
6
Instruments for designating land for specific purposes include: Nature Sanctuaries, Places of Historic or Scientific Interest,
Ecology Preservation Areas, Ecology Protection Areas Subject to Controlled Development, Areas Subject to Hunting Bans,
Environmental Easements, and Zones Subject to Priority Uses (i.e. zones assigned to conservation purposes, within the framework
of communal planning regulations used to designate priority uses).
9
priority native habitat areas. It is also due to the general low awareness in local governments, and
across the public, of the value of Valdivian biodiversity and the environmental services that this
provide and the consequent long-term cost of forest conversion. The result is that land practices
near protected areas, and in pristine forest in connecting areas, is not conservation compatible and
is increasingly pressuring biodiversity.
PROJECT RATIONALE, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES:
32. Despite the considerable contribution of the baseline activities described above, under the
default scenario, native forest conversion and habitat fragmentation will continue in the Valdivian
Temperate Rain Forest Ecoregion with the concomitant loss of attendant biodiversity and the
forfeit of substantial global benefits. It is clear that present deforestation and substitution patterns
need urgent and immediate attention. Small-scale conservation efforts, while commendable, will
be clearly insufficient to appropriately address ever-increasing threats and limited capacities. A
more comprehensive and integrated effort will be required if current trends are to be reversed and
replaced by viable alternatives in a timely manner. A key element of this effort is the compelling
need to catalyze the sustainability of protected areas in the region, adopting a systems approach of
core zones and corridors of sustainable uses that would abate current deficiencies and provide long
term survival across the entire ecoregion. Protection and sustainable use activities will also need to
be integrated across the larger landscape and within major productive sector activity if this
globally outstanding eco-region is to be effectively conserved.
33. The alternative scenario would seek to provide this more comprehensive and integrated
approach by developing and implementing a strategic plan to conserve the Valdivian biological
diversity on an ecoregional level. This Biodiversity Conservation Plan for the Valdivian
Temperate Rain Forest Ecoregion of Chile would be defined through multi-stakeholder cooperation and consensus building, and would provide a framework for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity within the context of regional development. To be developed with
PDF resources requested herein the Plan would centre on conservation in situ practices involving
the creation of a regional system or matrix of public, private and indigenous protected areas (core
zones) in the coastal zone and the establishment of corridors of sustainable uses between these and
the protected areas in the Andes. Particular attention would be placed on the sustainability of the
system by strengthening financial mechanisms for conservation management and the consolidation
of innovative partnerships for this across the ecoregion including building public-private and
community-indigenous agreements. The Plan would also seek to define and adopt actions required
to mainstream biodiversity concerns into major productive sector in the region and to raise
awareness on biodiversity across a broad range of regional actors.
34. Whilst preparatory phase stakeholder consultations and more in-depth assessments will
provide the detail of the full-scale project, initial studies and evaluations indicate that the project
would focus on the area between 39 and 41 degrees latitude South. This is where the majority of
the Chilean Oligotrophic Lakes are located and where the Valdivian forest reaches its peak
biodiversity. The area corresponds to the 3 Provinces (Osorno, Valdivia and Llanquihue) of the
northern part of the Los Lagos Region (Xth administrative Region of Chile), and represents a
Valdivian Forest surface area of approximately 1.46 million hectares, including the Andean and
Coastal Mountain ranges. The most significant site-specific activities of the project would centre
10
on approximately 450,000 hectares along the Coastal mountains of Osorno and Valdivia, and will
contemplate a corridor across the Central Valley close to the city of Valdivia (see Map in Annex).
35. To be corroborated and detailed with PDF funding, the full-scale project is expected to take
action at different but complementary levels as outlined below:i. The establishment of core zones for strict conservation to provide immediate protection to the
largest remaining pristine areas of Valdivian forest and conserve the full range of alpha and
beta biodiversity that characterises this ecoregion. This will be achieved by: (i) creating new
core conservation zones in the coastal mountain range under a mix of public and private
regimes including support to a new Area of Indigenous Development and the creation within
this of core conservation and sacred areas; (ii) increase the operational effectiveness of existing
core zones in the Andean range that house representative samples of the most eastern extreme
of the Valdivian ecoregion in Chile and that differs somewhat from that of the coastal range.
ii
The establishment of sustainable-use corridors to provide connectivity between core
conservation zones along each of the mountain ranges as well as between these, thus protecting
the gene flow throughout the ecoregion and increasing its long-term integrity and conservation.
This will be achieved through a balance of conservation activities in remaining primary forest
of selected corridor locations and conservation-compatible land use demonstrations in
adjoining intervened forest. These demonstrations will include pilot projects for sustainable use
of non-timber products such as dyes, medicinal plants, edible mushrooms, wild fruit, and
honey. Considering the limited knowledge and the scarce value assigned by the public to goods
and services provided by forest ecosystems, the demonstrations will also include modules for
the evaluation of ecosystem services provided by Valdivian forests and their economic
valorisation and the subsequent design of potential subsidies and other incentives for forest
owners in these corridors to adopt conservation practices.
iii The implementation of an invasive species programme in core areas and sustainable use
corridors. This will involve the development and testing of a mix of control, eradication and
prevention techniques for key aggressive species. Whilst the PDF activities will better define
these key species, they will include the aggressive invasive plants Ulex europeus and Cetissus
montpessulanae, and the testing of alternative uses for these (such as for live fences or mulch
respectively) as a way of stimulating local inhabitants to take part in their control. This level of
activity will also develop guidelines to illustrate the most appropriate mix of prevention,
control and eradication approaches depending on the invasive species, its population size or
distribution, and on the proximity of closeness to core areas. Finally an invasive species public
awareness campaign will be implemented to illicit support from communities both in early
detection of aggressive species near core zones and in community control campaigns.
iv. The mainstreaming of biodiversity concerns into productive activity of the region paying
particular attention to the forestry sector. The approach to be adopted under this component
would involve two complementary set of actions. The first would develop and adopt an array
of adaptive management tools to facilitate the application of different land-use categories
within the conservation in situ matrix, including the sustainable use corridors. This will include
the definition of indicators and the design of a biodiversity monitoring system that will provide
scientifically sound and accurate information to guide priority making and facilitate
11
management decisions for core zones and sustainable use corridors. The second set of actions
would focus on the incorporation of biodiversity conservation principles into current control
systems of the forestry sector. These would include (i) strengthening the design of the current
forest fire prevention and response plans in the region by strengthening co-operation with
CONAF and forest companies and incorporating the protection of public, private and
indigenous core conservation areas as a priority; (ii) developing guidelines and special
requirements for forestry management norms near conservation core zones to ensure that
biodiversity conservation is included along with the existing sustainable-use elements; (iii) the
training of CONAF staff in biodiversity management and the dovetailing of their operational
and administrative procedures with the regional biodiversity conservation system or matrix.
v The design and implementation of a capacity building, education and public outreach
programme targeted at core zones, buffer zones and biological corridors. The education and
public outreach program will focus on providing knowledge and greater public awareness
regarding the sustainable uses of Valdivian temperate rain forest biodiversity, so as to raise
awareness on the importance of its rational use and conservation. Capacity building activities
will target resource planners, decision-makers, private sector entrepreneurs - at local and
national levels - and address the development and consolidation of skills required for
conservation management and the sustainable use of forest biodiversity.
vi The design and implementation of a Valdivian Forest Biodiversity Conservation Account as
a sub-account of CONAMA’s current Fund for Environmental Protection (FEP). The objective
of this sub-account would be to promote and provide continuity to biodiversity recovery,
restoration, conservation and sustainable use in the Valdivian ecoregion and enhance the
financial sustainability of conservation at the eco-regional level and within the system
approach. This component will create and establish the administrative and organisational
structure needed for a Valdivian Forest Biodiversity Conservation Account in the FEP. A
contribution by the GEF will be sought to provide initial capitalisation of this sub-account,
established for the exclusive financing of activities and initiatives geared towards the
conservation and sustainable use of the Valdivian Temperate Rainforest. This initial GEF
contribution into the sub-account would be a sinking fund ending with the project. CONAMA
will ensure the periodical replenishment of the Valdivian Forest sub-account from its normal
operating budget.
Linkages to other GEF Financed Projects and UNDP Programme
36. The proposed project is fully consistent with the UNDP's and GEF’s Country Co-operation
Framework with Chile. The UNDP-Chile office has focused its collaboration on environmental
focal areas that are relevant both nationally and globally, and which are eligible for funding.
Climate change, ozone depletion, biodiversity conservation and the struggle against desertification
are among priority areas. The UNDP-Chile office hopes to consolidate existing partnerships and
establish new ones by addressing community-level needs identified jointly with local, provincial
and regional authorities, through resource mobilization and the integration of the private sector,
and by facilitating ongoing discussions and reflection on environmental issues in order to highlight
their priority in the public agenda and debate.
12
37. Complementary GEF financed projects include two ongoing Medium Size Projects: The first
of these is entitled "Valdivian Forest Zone: Public/Private Mechanisms for Biodiversity
Conservation” (GEF/WB) which will provide mechanisms and approaches for public and private
co-operation. While in the same general area, the differences between the GEF/WB MSP and the
proposed UNDP project are substantial. The GEF/WB MSP will validate mechanisms for private
sector involvement in PA management in 3 to 4 Pilot Demonstration Areas, each covering
approximately 1,000 hectares in private lands. The proposed UNDP/GEF project would establish
public and private PAs within a regional system of sustainable use areas to be determined, forming
corridors stretching along and between the Andes and Coast ranges. The WB-GEF MSG thus has a
much narrower and local focus and would not be able to achieve the broad geographical and
thematic goals of the present proposal.
38. Thematically the UNDP project would also include elements that go well beyond
public/private sector partnerships. These include the establishment of a regional system of
conservation areas and sustainable-use corridors, demonstrations modules on non-timber uses of
native forests, valorization of ecosystem services and development of economic instruments to
compensate forest owners, creation of an indigenous development area, environmental education
at local and sub-regional levels, and the control and/or eradication of non-indigenous invasive
species. Despite these substantial differences between the two initiatives, cross-fertilisation
between initiatives will be highly beneficial particularly in the topic of mechanisms and incentive
measures for private sector involvement. CONAMA will ensure that a close and active
collaboration and co-ordination is realised amongst all in-country GEF financed initiatives, and
that lessons learnt will be shared across projects and institutions.
39. The second MSP is entitled "Strengthening Biodiversity Protection in the Chiloé Model
Forest" (GEF/UNDP) and is aimed specifically at the forest of Chiloé Island, situated in the
archipelagic zone south of the current project’s area and possessing different geographic and
climatic conditions. This project seeks to establish mechanisms to extend the use and transfer of
‘biodiversity-friendly’ technologies to local communities.
40. Finally, another GEF project, to be developed through UNDP, will also be complementary
with the project proposed herein. Still at the concept level, this project will support the integrated
ecosystem conservation and management of the Chilean winter-rainfall and drylands ecoregion,
designated as the highest priority at regional level (Dinerstein, 1995) and included as one of
WWF Global 200 Priority Ecoregions Programme. These two proposals aim at very different
biodiversity in the strongly marked North-South rainfall gradient in Chile.
Sustainability and Potential for Replication
41. Project results would be replicable in other ecoregions in Chile given that the project seeks to
develop a model to reinforce in situ conservation in forest ecosystems at the ecoregional level
including: the incorporation of novel instruments in conservation policies (for instance, indigenous
development initiatives) and the practical application of ecological corridors to optimise
conservation measures. Involvement of the private sector (both large and small property owners)
in the protection of biodiversity resources should not only lead to the development of effective and
efficient biodiversity conservation tools, but should also ultimately lead to a concrete improvement
of local livelihoods and community development. Support for establishing an indigenous
13
development area for the Huilliches indigenous people and the creation of core conservation area
within this will provide important lessons on developing state and indigenous conservation
partnerships that will have high replication value throughout the country and other nations of the
region. Additionally, this project provides a valuable opportunity to strengthen - at the ecoregional
level - policies and regulations encompassed by the SNASP (and SNASPE), and to promote the
involvement of the private sector in long-term biodiversity conservation measures as well as
sustainable forestry management practices.
DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PDF-B ACTIVITIES
42. The PDF B project will finance activities required to detail and cost the components of the fullscale project and prepare the project brief and document. It will also fund consultations with a
wide range of local stakeholders on the proposal to obtain input to critical aspects of design and
determine their role and contribution in project implementation and monitoring. Furthermore, it
will lay the groundwork for full implementation of the in-situ based conservation system, or
matrix, with the promotion of sustainable use practices, public-private conservation agreements,
and community participation within this system. These PDF funded activities broadly fall under
two main categories - process-related aspects of project development and those related to the
detailing of individual components.
43. Activities related to the process of project formulation are outlined below. Those related to the
more detailed definition of project components are described in paragraph 44.
Activity 1: Perform a more in-detail stakeholder assessment in the area to determine how
different groups would be affected by the proposed project and to define their role in its design,
implementation and monitoring and evaluation. In addition to valuable input to the definition of
project design and strategy this process would also provide the basis for a public participation plan
to be an annex to the Project Brief.
Activity 2:
Undertake a more in-depth analysis of the root causes of biodiversity loss with a
representative group of stakeholders and define possible actions and opportunities to redress these
focusing especially on (a) institutional co-ordination issues; (b) incompatibilities and/or
inconsistencies in regulatory, administrative and operational frameworks of major productive
sectors in the region particularly that of the forestry sector; (c) weakness in the operational
capacity of existing public protected areas particularly those in the Andean mountain range.
Activity 3:
Identify, describe and quantify more fully the baseline activities upon which the
GEF project will build, following the more detailed evaluation of root causes of biodiversity loss,
the identification and initial design of the respective corrective actions.
Activity 4:
Undertake a consultation process with stakeholder groups to raise general
awareness on biodiversity conservation issues in the region, discuss proposed interventions, select
representatives to take part in the final design stages and identify effective channels for
information flow related to the project development and approval process.
Activity 5: Hold workshops and working session with representative of key stakeholder groups
to define the logical framework matrix for the project - (as the formulation process is iterative, it
14
is expected that more than one workshop will be required to fine tune the matrix as information
from other PDF activities and appraisals are available and co-funding confirmed). This will
include consultations and consensus reaching with biodiversity conservation specialists to
determine indicators for measuring project performance.
Activity 6:
Appraise the global and national benefits of proposed interventions and determine
those elements that would require the mobilisation of co-financing. Identify and negotiate
possible partnerships for project funding and implementation through both formal and informal
resource mobilisation activities. Prepare a summary of this information for the incremental cost
assessment annex of the project brief.
Activity 7: Detail implementing arrangements for the full-scale project including the
definition of a steering committee, co-ordination structures, executing modalities and lines of
reporting. This will include the definition of a monitoring and evaluation plan, and information
dissemination of these results.
Activity 8: Draft the project documentation according to GEF formats and articulating
information derived from both process oriented activities (1-9) and component design oriented
activities (10-15)
Activity 9: Prepare the additional components required for a UNDP project document
(Operational details including the terms of Reference for consultants and major sub-contracts,
work plans etc).
44. Activities related to the finer definition of specific project components will include:
Activity 10: Select the specific locations for new core-conservation public and private zones in
the coastal mountain range through ground proofing and consultation exercises within the preselected macro areas (illustrated in the Annex Map). These exercises will include a more in-depth
assessment of the representativeness of the SNASPE in the coastal mountain range using
preliminary GIS mapping, and feasibility studies for the possible expansion of existing state
protected areas particularly within the Cordillera Pelada area. It will also include consultations
with relevant government institutions in areas that can be potential sites for new state protected
areas but that required the negotiation of land exchange agreements7. Consultation will also be
held with private owners of land with high biodiversity value to determine feasibility of
establishing private protected areas and their inclusion of these in the SNASP.
Activity 11: Undertake the design of the Indigenous Development Area (IDA) and conservation
areas within this as a complement to core conservation areas in the coastal mountain range. This
will require a careful consultation process with indigenous communities and leaders, as well as
relevant national and local government institutions, to define the most appropriate approaches to
establishing this IDA. It will also require the identification of high biodiversity areas in the IDA,
the evaluation of land-tenure overlaps (state and indigenous) in these areas and the negotiation of
7
All state land in the Coastal is currently assigned to different national institutions and hence unavailable for public protected
areas. However, the Ministry of National Properties may exchange allocated land in the Coastal range for accessible state owned
lands in the Andean range, hence making available land for new protected areas along the Coastal Range.
15
exchange settlements that allow them to be included within the SNAPSE either as state land or as
scared lands under indigenous ownership and management. The design of this component will also
include the definition of activities, to be undertaken in the full scale project, to assist indigenous
communities to develop management plans for the IDA, incorporating biodiversity management
principles and sustainable use practices based on both traditional practices and new ones to be
developed through the sustainable use corridors component.
Activity 12: Finalise the selection and design of potential sustainable use corridors. This will
include the final location of corridors in areas most appropriate for providing connectivity between
existing and new core areas. Possible sites for this have already been have been pre-selected (see
Annex Map). It will also include a range of studies to define and locate conservation-compatible,
sustainable use practices and incentives for land-owners within the corridors to maintain intact
habitat blocks. Existing experiences of land-use practices that are compatible with biodiversity
conservation in the region, including traditional indigenous practices, will be revised together with
broader information and experiences of non-timber uses of native forests. In addition, marketing
studies and strategies for development work, to be undertaken in the full scale project, to facilitate
the replication and conservation of compatible land-use options following demonstration modules,
will be identified and costed. Finally the activities needed to assess the ecosystem services
provided by Valdivian forests will be determined in detail.
Activity 13: Establish the activities to be included in introduced species component of the full
size project. This will include the collection and review of available information on population
levels of plant and animal invasive species in those areas selected for core conservation zones. It
will also include a technical workshop with local, national and selected international experts to
evaluate the existing information base, initially quantify the current and potential threat of
introduced species to selected core conservation areas, to determine information gaps. The
workshop will also select key species on which the component will focus and identify potential
approaches to their control through a mix of control prevention and eradication approaches to be
executed under the full scale project.
Activity 14: Finalise the identification of the most cost effective means to mainstream
biodiversity concerns into productive action including adaptive management tools for
conservation areas and improving forest controls systems. This includes the outline and costing of
a monitoring system and the initial design of a strengthened forest fire prevention and response
plan to provide additional protection to core zones and sustainable use corridors. The fire response
plan will require a further analysis of current CONAF and local and forest companies and
community consultations to design the interventions needed for this biodiversity sensitive
programme. Based on root cause assessment (activity 2) the training needs and operational
procedures and guidelines to be produced in the full scale project a biodiversity overlay to major
productive sectors will be further assessed and costed.
Activity 15: Determine and cost the capacity building requirements, information dissemination
and public awareness elements that would be implemented in the full scale project This will entail
more in depth assessments of education needs in the private sector/local communities, of public
outreach needs in order to further ensure success of conservation/sustainable use measures. It will
also include the costing and scheduling of the proposed capacity building, education and public
16
outreach programs during the full-scale project Capacity building, Education and Public outreach
Component
Activity 16: International expertise would be sought to design a feasible approach for
developing a Valdivian Forest sub-account under the FEP and to provide detailed the Terms of
Reference for finalizing the design of this sub-account during the full scale project and setting up
its administrative and operative procedures. In determining this approach, the current structure of
the FEP would be reviewed to determine its concordance with GEF’s recommendations for Trust
Fund establishment and identify those areas that would require support to ensure these
recommendations are adopted for the Valdivian sub-account. In this context, a review of existing
laws and assessment of existing conservation financing structures in Chile would be made to
determine if provisions are made for trusts or trust-like devices. Consultations would be held with
relevant segments of civil society, private sector, government agencies and international donors in
order to obtain their comments and opinions regarding the establishment of the potential subaccount. Attention will be paid toward the level and nature of commitment by the various
stakeholders to participate actively and transparently in the development process and the final
structure. Based on this, detailed Terms of Reference and a corresponding budget for the design
and implementation of the proposed sub-account would be developed including: (i) all the
necessary activities required for the final design of the sub-account and its operationalisation ; (ii)
their chronology and appropriate sequencing; (iii) clear benchmarks and success indicators to
measure performance and progress; (iv) the profiles and qualifications of specialists needed
(including individual Terms of Reference); (v) the necessary time-frames to carry out proposed
activities; and (vi) an estimated budget.
ELIGIBILITY
45. Chile ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity on September 9, 1994 and is eligible for
UNDP assistance. The GoC has taken a number of significant steps towards realising its
commitments under the Convention, including the promotion of a National System of Wildlife
Protected Areas that will enhance of biodiversity conservation efforts. It has also implemented a
range of actions to bring the use of its national resources, particularly forests, to a more sustainable
level. The proposed project is fully consistent with national policies and strategies to protect
biodiversity (see Section II) and has been endorsed by the GEF Operational Focal Point (see
attached letter of support). It centres on conservation in situ practices through the protection of
primary old growth and ecologically mature secondary forest ecosystems, by establishing and
strengthening systems of area conservation, and combining productivity, socio-economic, and
biodiversity goals. Following the same focus on in situ conservation, it is also in line with a
number of the objectives of the Convention. The GEF would fund eligible activities under
Operational Programme # 3 (Forest Ecosystems), covering the incremental costs of measures
required to secure global conservation benefits.
JUSTIFICATION FOR PDF B GRANT
46. Although considerable work has been undertaken and information collected to develop the
proposed project, significant gaps remain and require additional action to fully define and cost
project components and attain consensus throughout the wide range of stakeholders that play a role
17
in conservation of the Valdivian rainforest. PDF B preparatory funding is urgently needed to
complete this action thus enabling the development and formulation of the full project document
building upon the support and input of all major stakeholders. Preparation funds will also facilitate
consultations and negotiations at the local, regional and national levels, on the importance and
benefits of forest biodiversity conservation, as well as the most effective measures, activities and
policies for the protection of forest ecosystems.
IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
47. The PDF B project will be executed through the UNDP direct execution modality. Activities
will be implemented by CONAMA, who will be responsible for overseeing the formulation and
identifying and selecting the required expertise and research studies for each of the project’s
component, as well as co-ordinating the actions required for the institutional arrangements for the
full GEF Project.
48. A Project inter-institutional steering committee will be established during the PDF-B project,
to ensure the full participation of all relevant actors in preparation work and in the design of the
final full-scale project and define the most viable and cost-effective implementation arrangements
for the full-scale’s project implementation. The Project’s inter-institutional steering committee
will be directed by CONAMA and will be composed of:






IX
One representative of CONAF (National Forestry Commission - Regional or National level)
One representative of CONADI (National Commission for Indigenous Development)
One representative of the Huilliches-Lafquenches indigenous people (Xth Region).
One representative of the academic sector (namely Universidad Austral)
One representative of an NGO (namely Coastal Mountain Coalition)
One representative of the private sector (land owners or forest companies)
BUDGET
Description
1. Consultants:
International Consultants:
Project Design Specialist
Biodiversity Fund Specialist
Invasive Species Specialist
National Coordinator
GEF $
Govts $
15,000
15,000
Total $
35,000
15,000
15,000
15,000
35,000
2. Travel:
International Consultant’s travel
National Coordinator’s travel
15,000
5,000
15,000
5,000
3. Contracts:
Fund-Raising Activities
Public Participation Activities
Indigenous Development Activities
Education and Outreaching Activities
16,000
18,020
17,000
12,000
16,000
18,020
22,000
18,000
15,000
18
5,000
6,000
Forest Biodiversity Conservation Activities
Sustainable Forestry Management Activities
Invasive Species Activities
Valorization of Ecosystem Services Activities
Activity 4: Audiences and Meetings
Activity 5: Workshops and Seminars
26,000
20,000
20,000
Subtotal
4. Miscellaneous
Grant total
19
50,000
50,000
314,020
19,980
334,000
16,000
10,000
10,000
16,000
78,000
12,000
90,000
42,000
30,000
30,000
16,000
50,000
50,000
392,020
31,980
424,000
x
12
x
11
10
x
x
x
8
x
x
9
x
7
x
x
x
6
x
x
5
Process-related activities
1. Stakeholder assessment, and public participation plan
x
2. Analysis of root-causes of biodiversity loss and potential actions
x
3. Identify, describe and quantify base-line activities
4. Consultation process with stakeholder groups on proposal
5. Workshops and sessions to define logical framework matrix
6. Appraise benefits of proposed actions and mobilize co-financing
7. Implementing arrangements for Full Project
8. Draft Full Project document in GEF format.
9. Prepare elements required for UNDP Prodoc
Component-related activities
10. Select locations for new core conservation zones:
11. Design of Indigenous Development Area:
12. Finalize selection and design of potential corridor zones; review nontimber uses; marketing studies and assess ecosystem services.
13. Establish Invasive Species activities including technical workshop.
14. Finalize adaptive management tools, and strengthening forest control
and Fire Prevention and Response Plan.
15. Determine & cost capacity building and dissemination requirements
16. Design approach for developing a Biodiversity Valdivian Forest subAccount under the FEP in the Full Project.
4
1
PDF-B Activities
3
WORK PLAN
2
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X
XI
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Armesto J. et al. (1996) "Los bosques templados del sur de Chile y Argentina: una isla biogeográfica" en:
Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile, J.J. Armesto, C. Villagrán and Mary T. Kalin-Arroyo
(Eds.) Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, 23-49.
Armesto J. et al. (1998) "Conservation targets in South American temperate forests" J. Armesto, R. Rozzi, C.
Smith-Ramírez and M.T. Kalin-Arroyo, Science, 282, 1271-1272
CONAF/CONAMA (1999) Catastro y evaluación de los recursos vegetacionales nativos de Chile, monitoreo
de cambios, Santiago.
Dinerstein E. et al (1995) A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the
Caribbean, The Word Bank, Washington D.C.
Fuentes E. (1994) “¿Qué futuro tienen nuestros bosques? Hacia la gestión sustentable del paisaje del Centro y
Sur de Chile, Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago.
Hedin L.O. et al (1995), “Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted old-growth temperate forest: evaluation of
biogeochemical theory” in Ecology, 76, pp 493-509
Jaksic F. (1998) “Vertebrate invaders and their ecological impacts in Chile”, Biodiversity and Conservation 7,
1427-1445.
Lara A. & Villalba R (1993) “A 3620-year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in
Southern South America” in Science, 260, pp 1104-1106.
Lara A. & Veblen T. (1993) “Forest Plantations in Chile: a Successful Model?” in: Afforestation Policies,
planning and Progress, A. Mather, ed., Belhaven Press, London.
Olson D.& E. Dinerstein (1998) The Global 200: “A representation approach to conserving the earth’s
distinctive ecoregions” Conservation Science Program, WWF-US, Draft Manuscript.
Soto,& Campos (1997) “Los lagos oligotróficos del bosque” en: Ecología de los Bosques Nativos de Chile,
J.J. Armesto, C. Villagrán and Mary T. Kalin-Arroyo (Eds.) Ed. Universitaria, Santiago, 23-49.
Soto & Stockner (1996), “The Temperate Rainforest Lakes of Chile and Canada” in: High Latitude Rain
Forest and Associated Ecosystems of the West Coast of the Americas, Climate, hydrology, Ecology
and Conservation, R Lawnford; P. Alaback y E. Fuentes (Eds.) Springer-Verlag, New York.
20
Annex 1: Endorsement Letter from the Government of Chile
21
ANNEX 2
Existing protected area
Initial selection of areas for new private, public and indigenous protected areas
22