WAC Inter-Congress:
Heritage Management in East and South East Asia
Themes：
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Development pressures on heritage sites and landscapes
World Heritage nomination and management planning
Managing the multiple use of, and pressures on, heritage sites
Local community participation, interpretation, and education
Training in, and academic position of, Cultural Heritage Management
Abstracts
1. Arlene K. Fleming
Cultural Heritage Management: An Integral Aspect of Development
Infrastructure development is often seen as a threat to cultural heritage. However, such
development provides a valuable opportunity to discover, identify, document, conserve and
manage heritage resources. The process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), now
established throughout the world, recognizes the necessity for, and provides the vehicle to identify
and manage cultural heritage resources in a timely and constructive manner as part of
infrastructure development. The EIA process calls for consultation with local communities
affected by development projects as well as with academic and other stakeholders. National
governments, international financial institutions, many commercial lenders, and even some private
corporations now require that cultural heritage be respected in the development process by
inclusion in EIA and in the environmental management plans that result from project-specific
EIAs. Moreover, the inclusion of cultural heritage in requirements for Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) provides opportunities for participation by heritage proponents in broader and
longer range planning. Since the inception of EIA, in the early 1970s, cultural heritage has been
recognized as one of its three basic components, along with biophysical and social factors,
although it is by far the weakest. The World Bank, among international finance institutions, has
taken the lead in providing a policy buttressed by guidance and training materials designed to
strengthen the cultural heritage component of EIA. These materials are now available in English,
Chinese, French, Spanish and Arabic. An essential next step in the process is the preparation of
cultural heritage authorities and experts, including archaeologists, to participate in the
development process with the objective of realizing the opportunities presented by infrastructure
development for cultural heritage identification and management.
2. George S. Smith （gsmith4790@comcast.net）
Assessing Site Significance, Evaluating Impact, and Developing a Mitigation Plan
Based on federal and state legal requirements, a multi-year cultural resource study (1979-1985)
was undertaken by the University of Alaska Museum as part of the feasibility studies for the
Susitna Hydroelectric Project. The hydroelectric project, located in interior Alaska 150 miles north
of Anchorage, was designed to provide electric power to south central Alaska. Although a
decision was made not to proceed with construction, the two proposed dams would have
impounded an area of some 55,000 surface acres (71 square miles; 183.9 square kilometers),
encompassing some 60 linear miles (96.6 kilometers) of the Middle Susitna River. Five field
seasons resulted in the survey and testing of 182 survey locales and documentation of 270
prehistoric and historic sites, ranging in age from early Holocene to historic times. Assessment of
site significance, impact of the hydroelectric project on cultural resources, and the application of
these data to the development of a mitigation plan are discussed.
3. Hilary du Cros （hilarydc@ied.edu.hk）
A Framework for Understanding the Development of Cultural Heritage Management in
China
Devising a framework for understanding how cultural heritage management (CHM) develops in
different locations was necessary not just for CH managers to put their actions in context, but also
for those professionals outside the area to improve their comprehension of CHM. Its goal was to
identify global and local factors that were important for how a place established its own approach
to CHM. A study looked at how each approach has been developed and operated in terms of
inventory work, initial legislation and policy development, growth of professionalism, stakeholder
consultation and review (of previous practice) as the key activities. Several locations in China will
be featured in this paper in relation to where their CHM sits in relation to these activities and the
framework developed. The study found that in these places many aspects of the above activities
are being developed concurrently rather than consecutively as in other countries. Also, that each
location’s CHM practice has been influenced strongly by certain conservation or user-group
conflicts, organizations, individuals and local conditions. More importantly, each place’s approach
has also has been shaped by local factors that lie outside of the legislative and policy frameworks
for heritage protection.
4. Joëlle Clark （Joelle.Clark@nau.edu）
Footprints of the Ancestors Program
It is summer solstice 2009 at Yupqöyvi, the Hopi name for Chaco Culture National Historic
Park, and I am with a group of Hopi youth and elders. Just before the sun rises at around 5:30 AM,
we are already up and running to greet the sun so it will not be burdened by carrying us
throughout the day. We are there to learn from the traditions of the ancestors who left their
footprints or archaeological sites to teach all Hopi generations the way to live. This trip is part of
the Footprints of the Ancestors program, an intergenerational cultural preservation project
designed to connect Hopi youth with their past. The program has developed in response to a
growing crisis of language and culture loss among Hopi youth. In response, Northern Arizona
University and the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office created a community-based cultural heritage
education program that allows youth to interact with elders, educators, archaeologists, and
multimedia professionals.
5. Liu Junmin （ljunmin@163.com）
Economic attributes of cultural heritage
Economic resources have two properties: scarcity and usefulness. After a long tradition of
cultural heritage, the number of tangible properties continues to decline. Cultural heritage not only
furthers our understanding of cultural processes, but also brings tourism and other benefits to
national and local revenue. Therefore, characteristics of the cultural heritage of economic
resources, are a special kind of economic resources.
6. Jigen Tang（yinxu80@gmail.com）
Copies in the Values Presentation of Archaeological Sites
Most Chinese archaeologists disagree with using copies to present historical values in the
management of archaeological sites. For them, copies may deduce the authenticity of
archaeological discoveries. Reconstruction and restoration of ancient cultural creations, e.g.
architecture or landscape, are two sorts of copies making for all the site-based museums or
landscapes. There are at least three reasons for us not to object to having copies. First of all,
restoration or reconstruction may bring back the intangible value of some architectural remains,
for instance, remains of ancient temples or shrines. We need to keep in mind that intangible value
is indispensable for the value integrity for archaeological sites. Secondly, a successful restoration
or reconstruction at any site-based museums might become an attraction as its value representative
or culture logo. Thirdly, cultural value, particularly the core value of an archaeological site, need
to be interpreted, restoration or reconstruction as visual interpretation, is always welcome by the
public.
On the other hand, restoration or reconstruction must be based on scientific studies and should not
be abused. The principles given by the Venice Charter of 1964 and the Burra Charter of 1988 of
UNESCO are still what we should trust.
7. M. (Monique) H. van den Dries （m.h.van.den.dries@arch.leidenuniv.nl）
Does Holland look like Malta yet? An evaluation of the state of affairs twenty years after the
signing of the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage
As one of twenty European countries, the Netherlands signed the European Convention on the
Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (revised version) of the Council of Europe in 1992. The
subsequent preparation of the revision of the legal system and the actual implementation of the
so-called 'Malta-principles' in the Dutch legislation (September 2007) have had serious
implications for the way we treat and protect our archaeological heritage, the way we conduct
research, educate students and for the way we interact with our audiences and interest groups.
These implications are mainly positive, but some are less positive as well. We are awaiting an
evaluation of the implementation of the law, which is commissioned by the Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture and which will be carried out in the first half of 2011. In this paper I will
anticipate on the results of this evaluation by presenting some figures and a personal view on the
effects that the new policies have had so far on the Dutch archaeological heritage management.
Now that it is nearly twenty years after the initial signing, I will discuss to what extent the
principles of the convention are being met.
8. Pei-Lin Yu （anyikui@hotmail.com）
Evolving Relationships Between U. S. National Parks and Universities and New Growth in
Cultural Heritage Education
There are 388 national parks in the United States, all of them containing cultural relics and
heritage values that the National Park Service is mandated to protect and enhance for future
generations. Heritage managers have three main options to get this important work done:
government specialists, private for-profit companies, and educational institutions. From the
founding of the National Park Service in 1916, universities and colleges have provided expert
assistance in archaeology, anthropology, history, cultural landscapes, museum collections, and
archives as well as preservation of old buildings and other structures. In the past ten years the
number of projects conducted by universities has increased substantially. This paper will describe
the reasons for growth in the number of research, technical assistance, and education projects
conducted by universities and colleges in US national parks, and the important benefits for higher
education curricula and student experience and training that have resulted. The new field of
climate change impacts on cultural heritage, and the changing roles of ethnic minority students in
cultural heritage, will be featured.
9. Wei Qiaowei （weiqiaowei@gmail.com）
From Government-Oriented to Public-Involved: A Game Theory Analysis of the Interest of
Cultural Heritage Protection
Issues surrounding the protection of cultural heritage in China, both tangible and intangible
heritage, have been discussed and analyzed by many researchers over ten years. Criticism has
been focused on inefficiency of legislation, the destruction of heritage resources regarding
economic development, and lack of management system for heritage protection. Yet these
problems result from more critical issues which are the vague needs for cultural heritage
protection. The legal framework for managing Chinese cultural heritage is inadequate because it
cannot identify specific interest of the public for heritage protection, nor cover the living cultural
traditions. A new legal framework, therefore, with a corresponding the public interest is required
for implementing. This research seeks to restructure the pattern of interest distribution in heritage
protection, that is, to game among interest groups, including governments, archaeologists and the
public, to reach the balanced condition. The games involve relations between various ideas of
heritage protection, and among governments, archaeologists and the public. The following
strategies may offer effective guidance to new legal framework for heritage protection: good
channels for communication and negotiation; the cooperative idea to possible dilemmas；the
evolution system to the interest of general public.
10. Fan Jialing （jialingfanchiwan@126.com）
Public Archaeology in China: Old Belief and New Discipline
Since the 1970s, Public Archaeology has become a new area to study. With the implementation of
the Open-door policy, some Chinese scholars introduced this new term and related activities in
different countries to Chinese academic community and suggested that China should set up public
archaeology. This paper exam the different understandings of the concept and connotation of this
term and review the history of Chinese archaeology from the point of view of public archaeology.
Finally, a vision of how to develop the study and practice of public archaeology as a new
discipline in China will be presented in this article.
11. Wang Renyu（ renyuw@yahoo.com.cn）
Archaeological Site Management: a Slow-release Capsule
This paper describes the challenges facing the Chinese archaeological site managers when they
manage the sites or make plans for developers. As a way of cultural resource management, ASM
itself has become a sort of hot issue. People may like to develop such areas as quickly as possible
for many reasons. The author presents several case studies in China and Japan in diverse social
contexts. The questions to be answered include: (1) Who should stand for the rights of the
archaeological sites? (2) How can we decide what to show to the people? (3) Can we make
archaeological resource a slow-release capsule, and how can we achieve that goal?
12. Peter Stone （peter.stone@newcastle.ac.uk）
Managing World Heritage sites and their generic value
UNESCO’s expectation is that all World Heritage sites should be managed effectively and
efficiently. Drawing on the experience of the management of Hadrian’s Wall this paper will chart
the development of management expectations over the past twenty years. In this time the Site has
had three iterations of its Management Plan that has moved the management of the Wall from an
essentially conservation-based approach to a far broader, more inclusive, vision of heritage
management. This maintains conservation, including farming and land management, as the
primary responsibility of the management process but has introduced, for example, visitor
facilities, presentation and tourism; access and transport; and education and learning as major
aspects of the management process. The impact has been to move management away from the
conservation of historic remains to the management of the current function and use of historic
remains.
This has led to a discussion of the generic value of any World Heritage site: why does UNESCO
have a Convention and List and why do countries aspire to have their sites inscribed on the list?
13. Yumiko OGAWA （yn218@gaia.eonet.ne.jp）
Proving the Outstanding “Universal” Value of Japanese Archaeological Sites: in search of
integrity for the serial nominations.
Is there really such thing existing as outstanding “universal” value?
This has been a long argument criticising UNESCO’s concept of OUV, for what is meant by
“universal” seems to be based on the “western” definition. Japan is one of the East Asian countries
with distinct notion of authenticity and value from the western world.
Working on the promotion of a newly tentative-listed site Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, Ancient
Tumulus Clusters in Osaka, we had to finalize the component sites for the serial nomination. On
the process of the selection, what to include and what not to, multiple possible answers emerged to
meet the same criteria proving its OUV. Each of different answer has the reason to be authentic
and integral.
Apparently, outstanding value of heritage does not seem to be a static single entity, but dynamic
concept dialectically represented. In that case, how can we define if the value is truly universal?
The paper aims to argue what is the true value of archaeological site as great as to be nominated
for the World Heritage inscription, and how far can the “value” be universal, integral and
authentic when scrutinized to the multiple perspectives.
14. Thanik Lertcharnrit（ lertritsawang@hotmail.com）
Current Trends and Practices in Archaeological Heritage Management in Thailand
The management of archaeological resource has been an important state practice since 18th
century, if not earlier, and since then has raised several issues in Thailand, including ownership of
the resource, public participation in heritage protection, looting and illegal trafficking of
antiquities. However, as recently as the past two decades, there have been changes in the some
aspects of archaeological heritage management in the country. Decentralized administration of
cultural heritage by provincial and local administrative organizations, for example, appears to be a
commonly debated issue that led to the restructuring of public or state agencies responsible for the
safeguarding of cultural and archaeological heritage. In this paper, I will present and discuss
current issues regarding the practices of archaeological management, including decentralization of
heritage management, looting control strategies, public education on heritage value, and public
interpretation of cultural heritage.
15. Thomas F. King （TFKing106@aol.com）
Cultural Heritage, Environmental Impact Assessment, and People
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the procedure by which the impacts of proposed
construction and land-use projects are assessed and – in theory – made to influence development
decisions. Cultural heritage tends to be poorly considered in EIA. Much of the blame lies with
cultural heritage professionals. We tend to focus our energy on inscribing places in formal lists,
and on debates about the formal interpretation of such places. We are too wrapped up in promoting
the selective presentation and management of places that governments recognize as significant,
and we too easily facilitate development schemes by excavating and thus removing sites that lie in
their way. Most importantly we fail to engage the people of our countries, who alone have the
power to redirect destructive development. We fail to engage them by failing to respect them and
the places that they think are significant. Instead we insist that they respect our evaluations of
places and our plans for management. We come to be seen as elitist, and as junior partners in the
very development projects that destroy heritage. As junior partners we are easily ignored when
conflicts arise between development and heritage, and the people who should be our allies in
pushing back against destruction find us irrelevant to their concerns. We need to reconsider our
priorities, and our methods of pursuing them.
16. WAKABAYASHI, Kunihiko （kwakabay@mail.doshisha.ac.jp）
The restoration of archaeological site in Japan; from the examples of Heijokyu
The restoration of Heijokyu, which is the imperial palace in 8th century, has been typical example
in Japanese heritage management. Almost all part of Heijokyu has been preserved from modern
two big developments which were planed in 1960’s, as a Special Historical Site registered and
held by national government.In Heijokyu, partly surveys, which have been done continually for
over 30 years, bring us a lot of archaeological data about those wooden buildings in it. In 1970’s,
the most of display of the results from survey was the parts of the wooden building ruins as pillar
holes or foundation stones. And they built a small site museum besides site to display discovered
ancient artifacts and visible small model of imperial palace and ancient governmental buildings
for visitors. Such modern governmental operations were based on an idea that the real restoration
should be at restrained level and the displaying must be only about the archaeological ruin of
wooden buildings as pit holes or foundation stones. But late 1980’s, such method of heritage site
management has changed. Many restorations of wooden buildings and houses based on positively
estimated model have been built on the various prehistoric sites in Japan. Because modern
governments thought that archaeological site should have more visitors instead of simple
preserving of ancient ruins. Heritage site management turned to have the idea that social market is
very important to get public opinion about using budget on cultural heritage. This change
influenced on the restoration of Heijokyu, and many visible restored wooden buildings were built
on ancient site. And this change is related with social governmental event. But such tendency has
three problems, which is on the correctness of restoration, the limitation of ancient landscape
image and the mismatch with historical landscape around site.
17. Denis Byrne（Denis.Byrne@environment.nsw.gov.au）
Over the last three decades, popular religion has been experiencing a dramatic resurgence in
a number of Asian countries, including China, Taiwan, Cambodia and Vietnam. This phenomenon
has attracted a great deal of attention and study by anthropologists and historians but has attracted
little notice by in the heritage field despite its important implications for Asia’s built and
intangible heritage. Popular religion in Asia is characterised by a belief in the miraculous efficacy
of spirits and deities, efficacy which is often transferred to the fabric of temples, religious objects,
and sacred springs, trees, and rock formations etc. This flies in the face of the rationalist
modernity promulgated by early 20th century reformers, such as China’s May 4th intellectuals,
which accounts for the widespread destruction and conversion of temples during the early-mid
20th century anti-superstition campaigns in Asia. The resurgence of popular religion has been
accompanied by a movement to rebuild and renovate temples, shrines, and ancestral halls, a
movement which, particularly in China, has assumed an extraordinary scale. I pose the question of
whether the heritage field’s relative disinterest in popular religion betrays its own roots in
modernity. I argue that it is time for our field to face up to the face that much of Asia’s heritage is
popularly believed to be supernaturally empowered and that heritage conservation interventions
must be appreciative of and responsive to this.
18. Celine Y. Y. LAI （celinelai@yahoo.com）
Hong Kongand Lingnan: The Key to Improve Cultural Interpretation in Heritage
Management
In this paper, the author discusses the intricate cultural connections between Hong Kong and the
greater Lingnan region, that is, the Guangdong province. Lingnan is a historical term that refers to
the culture centredaround the Canton area near Hong Kong. The two places are separate in modern
political administration. But the peopleof both areas have always been closely connected: there are
similar kiln sites of the Qing dynasty (1644−1911), the unique design of the jilou buildings of the
early twentieth century, the special food culture, as well as the shared Cantonese dialect. In Hong
Kong, heritage managementhas become increasingly important inlocal politics, university
education, and community interests. But the recognition for the culturallinks established before the
colonial era is rather weak. The author argues that for sustainable development, it is
criticallyimportant to study and interpret the Hong Kong heritage within the wide geographical
and historical context of Lingnan.
19. Daud Aris Tanudirjo （tanudirjo_da@yahoo.com）
Global and Local Interface in the Management of Cultural Heritage in Indonesia
Indonesia is a large country which is rich in cultural heritage. Heritage management has been
introduced by Europeans since late 18th century under the Dutch colonial administration. The
central role of the Dutch colonial government in heritage management was made stronger by the
implementation of Monumenten Ordonnantie in 1931. This ordinance gave the government
authorization to claim for ownership and access to heritage considered to be significant. In such
situation, surely that heritage management was conducted “in the service of the state” (Kohl and
Fawcett, 1995). Apparently this spirit persisted even after Indonesia proclaimed their
independence in 1945. Monumenten Ordonnantie was still in effect up to 1992. The new
regulation failed to recognise the traditional ownership of heritage and gave only limited room for
community participation. As a result, conflict in the heritage management escalated significantly
to compel the central government rethinking their heritage policy.
The last decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in the management of cultural heritage in this
country. This is evident in the central government effort to review and restructure the management
of World Cultural Heritage Sites in Indonesia to enhance local community and local government
involvement. The newest heritage legislation, just issued last year, seems to have the same spirit of
decentralisation. Such a paradigm shift is indeed a result of interface between global and local
situations. My paper will discuss further how this global and local interface have influenced the
heritage management policy in Indonesia. Some cases will be presented to illustrate how the
process occurred.
20. Tomokatsu UOZU （tomouozu@gmail.com）
An attempt to grasp of overall history-cultural heritages in Hyogo, Japan.
Authors have advanced the research project on this landscape using new technology and placing
the historical landscape in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. This area contains the distinctive landscape
closely connected with history. Especially authors have investigated on the historical landscape in
Takasago City and Inagawa town. The significant features of this investigation and research are
two points: 1) an investigation using the newly-available technologies of GIS and airborne laser
scanning, and 2) an investigation which took the landscape as a keyword. In both areas, distinctive
problems such as understanding intention of local residents have occurred. The authors focus on
the ability of sustainable usage to solve these problems. Through questionnaires to local residents,
the authors have recognized the importance based on the grasp of overall history-cultural heritages
in these area and local residents乫 view of their 'living world' including even contemporary
structures or 'fantastic' legends.
21. Akira Matsuda （akiramtsd@gmail.com）
Reconstructed archaeological sites in Japan: are they ‘authentic’?
To what extent does ‘authenticity’ matter in the management of archaeological sites in Japan?
This paper aims to explore this question through the examination of several iconic archaeological
sites in Japan, with reference to the 1994 Nara Document on Authenticity, which rejects the idea
that the authenticity of cultural heritage can be determined with universal, fixed criteria, and
instead stresses the importance of considering and judging each heritage property within the
cultural context to which it belongs. Archaeological sites in Japan are generally badly preserved
due to the predominant use of wood in Japanese architecture over centuries, and as such they often
need to be heavily reconstructed in order to be visibly recognisable and understandable to the
general public. Can this practice of heavy reconstruction be accepted in light of the principle
expressed in the Nara Document? Or more simply, are heavily reconstructed sites still authentic?
22. Katsuyuki Okamura （arc-alc@zeus.eonet.ne.jp）
Kansai Archaeology Days: creating a new dialogue with the public
‘Kansai Archaeology Days’ was initiated in September 2008 by 11 archaeological units in the
Kasai region (Kyoto, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, Wakayama and Hyogo) of Japan. The aim of this
project is to let more people know and ‘touch’ their rich archaeological heritage by visiting
archaeological events including excavation, exhibition, lectures and so on. Fortunately, the event
held in autumn has attracted far more visitors than in the past thanks to the labour and innovative
ideas of a number of committed archaeologists, and has also stimulated archaeological education
in other areas. This paper will explore the potentiality of inter-regional networking amongst
archaeologists to bridge the gap between archaeology and the public, despite the severe problems
faced by AHM during the current recession.
23. Masakage Murano（ cunye@hotmail.com）
Development, Freedom, Participation: Aims and Practices of Public Archaeology in the
Republic of El Salvador
In this paper the author will discuss how foreign archaeologists can engage with local
archaeologists and local people in a country where foreign archaeologists do archaeological
investigations. As a case study, the author will mention about experience of practices of public
archaeology in the Republic of El Salvador, Central America. El Salvador is one of the developing
countries socially and archaeologically. However, with numerous efforts by national and
international organizations and relevant people, recently a considerable progress of stability can be
found in the context of politics and economy and also an improvement of environment for doing
archaeology in this country. The situation has changed or is changing drastically after the
Salvadoran Civil War (1980-1992). The birth of Salvadoran archaeologists who graduate in a
university of El Salvador, open and remodel of a number of archaeological site museums,
proclamation of law for protection of cultural heritages would be noteworthy as an evidence of
such change. In parallel with this, it seems that utilization of cultural heritages for heritage tourism
is becoming a movement in many local communities. In this context, foreign archaeologists have
to find out their standing point to explain why they can do archaeology in this country and also
how to contribute to the Salvadoran people.
The author and his colleagues, as ex-members of the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers of
the Japan International Cooperation Agency, have set up some aims to give a response to this
question and have conducted some practices based on one of concepts of international cooperation
for development: Human development and human security. Because the author and his colleagues
consider that the public archaeology can be seen as a process of expanding the real “freedoms” so
that people can obtain knowledge, self-confidence, pride, enjoyment, revelation, etc. from
archaeology and cultural heritages by removing causes of inconvenience between archaeology and
the public. In this paper the author will explain this concept more in detail and show some
practices which have been and are being carried out in this country.
24. Mizuho Ikeda （tp2001mizuho@hotmail.com）
“THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN HERITAGE MANAGEMENT- A CASE STUDY
FROM EL SALVADOR, CENTRAL AMERICA”
This paper discusses the role of education as a fundamental foundation of heritage
management. In considering this issue, it is important to first clarify the difference in aims
between heritage management in so-called ‘developed’ countries and those classified as
‘developing’ countries. Originally the concept of heritage management arose in Europe and today
is widely accepted in the United States under the term cultural resource management. In this
context, heritage management can be defined as the process for the public to participate own
history and to facilitate a sense of ownership. The heritage specialist quite often needs to challenge
the standard idea of what is “history” and try to create new ideas which can be inclusive for a wide
variety of the public from different backgrounds. However, heritage management in developing
countries shows quite different dimensions; first the public needs to be guaranteed accessibility to
the information which raises issues in terms of economic, geographic and educational conditions.
Therefore it is important to have a holistic view to analyze the problem. “Education” will be
examined in this paper as one of the key approaches to improve the condition mentioned above. It
contributes to the diffusion of the concept of heritage and to form the human resource base that
can help the coexistence between heritage and the community in the long term. In other words,
education establishes one of the fundamental foundations of heritage management. The case study
in El Salvador provides a good example of heritage management which focuses on educational
aspect, therefore the project is specifically designed for the local community to cultivate the
ability regarding to the local resources. Through the presentation of various practical practices,
such as workshops in local schools, museum projects and activation of Pre-Colombian
pottery-making Technique, the community members can be empowered to carry out the balanced
heritage management; the conservation and generation of economic benefit, such as tourism. The
issue discussed in this paper is quite common, and therefore it is possible to share the interest with
many academics and to move towards developing theoretical frameworks which can be applied in
not only Latin America, but also other countries, such as east and Southeast Asia.
25. Dr. John A. Peterson (jpeterson@uguam.uog.edu)
Twin Horns of a Dilemma: Heritage Preservation and the U.S. military transition from
Okinawa to Guam
Heritage preservation of significant cultural sites is threatened by the imminent transfer of U.S.
force from Okinawa, Japan to the U.S. Territory of Guam. The U.S. military is moving 8,000 U.S.
marines and dependents from Okinawa to Guam in order to reduce pressure on urban population
centers in Okinawa. In Okinawa, Marine Corps Air Station at Futenma would be closed, but new
training runways are proposed for Camp Schwab in the more rural community of Heneko. In
addition, the buildup of infrastructure for housing and training areas for the Marines is proposed
for Guam. While both Guam and Okinawa are dependent on the U.S. military for their local
economies, there is considerable dissent regarding the placement of these facilities. In Okinawa,
the move of air training runways to Camp Schwab may violate the World Heritage Convention,
the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible
Cultural Heritage. In Guam, the National Trust for Historical Preservation and the Guam
Preservation Trust have filed a lawsuit against the construction of a rifle range near the Pagat Site,
listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, and also designated as a Traditional
Cultural Property. The respective strategies for preservation and the effectiveness of community
organization in both contexts is discussed relative to impacts on sites and landscapes and available
mitigative measures. Development of cultural landscape inventories and preservation standards for
these projects are urgently needed in both countries, as well as respectful listening by all
stakeholders in order to achieve preservation and security goals in the region.
26. Kiyohide Saito (kiyohide@syd.odn.ne.jp)
Utilization of a new visualization method for the three dimensional data to heritage sites
The management of heritage sites starts from topographical survey in order to understand the
site as a whole thing. Especially during the mapping the sites it is very important to understand
features and structures as the heritage remained on the earth. In this presentation we introduce a
new visualization method for the three dimensional data with laser scanning from aircrafts for
expressing of the detailed landscape elements which are engraved in the site. We call this method
“Red relief image map”. This method effectively represents a 3D topographic information without
any additional devices and stereopsis ability for the audience in a two dimensional medium and
shows an appropriate form of every feature in the site. One of the strong advantages of this survey
is in ignoring of vegetation on the site in order to get detailed topographical information.
Therefore, in Japan this method is useful for huge mounded tombs (middle of 3rd century to 7th
century) which are thickly covered with trees, especially “Ryou-bo (imperial tomb)” which are
administrated by the Imperial Household Agency and common people can’t set foot in it. Also this
method is suitable for understanding of the structure of the sites such as mounded tomb group
situated in a spacious area, a cluster of small mounded tombs, temples and shrines, castles etc.
Moreover, detailed topographical information by “Red relief image map” will open a new gate to
managing of cultural heritage sites in the future.
27. Wei Zhao (wzhao07@gmail.com)
The Rise of a Man-Made God and the Fall of a Pilgrimage Temple: A Case Study of the
Promotion and Management of a Heritage Site in Zhejiang Province, China
During the Cultural Revolution in China, between 1966 and 1976, all the religious and cultural
activities were seized by the national government across the country. One example of the
destruction that occurred is the pilgrimage temple of Hu located in the southeast China, in which
this Daoism deity had been enshrined for the past 900 years. Unfortunately, the entire temple was
destroyed except one building protected by the local villagers; the Temple Fair of Hu was halted;
the last few hotels that survived through the first twenty years of chaos after the founding of the
modern China were eventually converted to factories; pilgrims stopped coming. China’s economic
reform, started in 1978, not only enables the return of monks, pilgrims, hotels and shops, but also
the middle-class tourists who arrived in tractors and cars; they also brought the rituals and
activities back. The local government soon realized the potential economic benefit from this
tourism and started to take control of the management of the cultural heritage through building a
new Temple of Hu, a new road, new hotels, and a dedicated performance area for the Temple Fair
of Hu. Although bringing some tourists, all these development have failed to attract pilgrims and
the locals. In the meantime, the excessive exploitation not only challenges the authenticity of the
heritage, but also destroys the existing cultural landscape. More importantly, the mile-long
historical pilgrim route and the newly reopened historical hotels along the path have been left
unattended and deteriorated, while the new road with modern hotels on the sides is lifeless and
placeless. This paper compares the changes occurred before and after the interference of the local
government in the aspects of both the cultural heritage and the built environment. It inquires the
social and cultural values of this newly constructed heritage, not only for tourists, but more
importantly for the local people who are the creators and have been nurturing both the tangible
and intangible heritage for hundreds of years. It then argues that without local people’s support,
the newly constructed heritage will not only fail itself, but may also deteriorate the existing
cultural heritage and its built environment, since the sudden appearance of the new construction
often destroy the well established sense of place over time. Therefore, as a policy recommendation,
this paper argues that even though heritage often has its regional or even national value, the local
or state government should only assist the local people in managing and developing heritage sites,
as well as promoting heritage tourism, but not direct their activities.
28. Shu-Li Wang (shu-li.wang@ucl.ac.uk)
Heritage on Display - The Poetics and Politics of China’s Yinxu Archaeological Site Park in
the Making
Is the past a foreign country (Lowenthal 1986), cultural capital (Boudieu 1990), a sense of
well-being (Butley 2006) or a sense of nationhood (Trigger 1995, 2006, Fairclough et al. 2008)?
Heritage materials embody memory (Nora 1996), add the “known past to a remembered past”
(Bennett 2004:1), and exist as “permanent markers of history and memory” (Rowlands and Tilley
2006: 505). With the boom in the global tourism and heritage industries at the end of the twentieth
century, it has become a tendency for the state to try tirelessly to use old materials to decorate the
nation, making the country itself into a giant open-air museum (Urry 1990). In China, the heritage
industries have been growing together with the rise of cultural tourism. After social liberation,
China has used the establishment of World Heritage Sites in representing the nation both to the
World and to its citizens, to build national capital and to recall collective memory. The images of
ancient China increasingly cater to modern China’s national pride, global economy and cultural
identity, and this has demonstrated a “cultural revitalization” in the post-Mao era. National and
cultural identity is rhetorically negotiated, compromised and constructed for the public gaze
through staging the nation’s various heritages on display, and archaeology seems to be the prime
means towards the construction of a rather solid vision of the nation. Taking the Anyang Yinxu
archaeological site, a UNESCO World Heritage site in China, as a case study, the paper aims to
explore the significance of ‘heritage’ in contemporary China. How does the UNESCO’s idea of
heritage conservation affect practice in China both in theory and in practice? I seek to understand
how this area is managed to be displayed for the public gaze, and how this, together with
museums and other heritage attractions, contributes to the process of visualizing modern China.
Firstly, the paper will trace the history of Chinese approaches to heritage conservation, and will
discuss the current phenomenon of the heritage boom in modern China. Secondly, drawing on an
intensive ethnographic approach to the research, the paper will investigate the process of staging
Yinxu as the nation’s Great Archaeological Site Museum in the post World Heritage designation
era, paying special attention to the methods taken and dilemmas encountered for conserving and
presenting it. Could cultural memory and nationalism be continued, intensified or transformed
through museological practices / heritage making? The dilemmas of heritage conservation (e.g.,
whether to preserve or to utilize), presentation (e.g., how to visualize archaeological knowledge)
and management will be discussed. Lastly, the paper will examine the multiple relations formed
surrounding Yinxu archaeological site, looking especially into how different stakeholders, such as
the state, provincial and local administrations, academics, the media and the public, and local
inhabitants, hold various interests toward the site and influence the conservation practices of
Yinxu. How do they situate the ideas of cultural heritage per se in their own perspectives? These
socio-political, economic, academic usages or consumption of Yinxu World Heritage site will be
addressed.
29. GU Jianhui (jianhuigu@sdu.edu.cn)
The Heritage Value and the Character of the Settlement and Cultural Landscape of Qufu
City in Shandong Province, China
China has long history on city planning and construction. Chinese ancient cities can reflect the
state of the social economic, the character of regionalist space and the settlement cultural
landscape directly. The thoughts of urban planning and construction are valuable cultural heritage
given by the past. But now it is urgent and crucial to find a way to balance the conflict between
the heritage protection and urban development in the modernization process of the historical cities.
The strategy and idea of planning and construction of ancient China cities are the valuable
heritage of all the human beings. Make a deep research to such kind of heritage will have
important value to the future. Meanwhile, an interpretation of the cities’ cultural connotation can
lead us to get deep understanding of the ancient China. Shandong Qufu is a world famous
historical and cultural city, it has been built for more than 3000 years. This paper will takes Qufu
as a case, intends to study the urban characters in several important aspects, comes up with some
discussions on how to reveal and protect the cultural heritage while making use of it, and how to
keep a historical city’s development sustainability.
30. Vince Copley, Gary Jackson and Claire Smith
The Ngadjuri Heritage Project
This presentation describes the Ngadjuri Heritage Project, in the mid-north region of South
Australia. The project is directed and controlled by Ngadjuri people, in a collaboration with
Flinders University. The major aims are: to identify and record Aboriginal sites on Ngadjuri lands
to develop a comprehensive database of site locations for the region; to identify sites needing
immediate conservation and write conservation plans for these sites; to augment archaeological
data with ethnographic and historic data on site use and significance; to use this information to
develop cultural maps for the region; and to share Ngadjuri heritage.
31. Claire Smith (claire.smith@flinders.edu.au)
Sustaining Cultural Heritage in a Developing World: The World Archaeological Congress’
Cultural Heritage Management Principles
This paper describes the current heritage management principles that inform the activities of
the World Archaeological Congress. It discusses how WAC’s formal Codes of Ethics influence
cultural heritage management principles, particularly in terms of the value of cultural heritage for
the survival of Indigenous peoples. Finally, this presentation considers some of the cultural
heritage management challenges that arise during periods of major development.
32. Zhao Xichen
The Laboratory Micro-excavation and the Relevant Issues
Limited by the conditions and time, it is very difficult for the onsite excavation to thoroughly
clear up, preserve and recover the remains and artifacts in archaeological fieldwork, especially
those with complex structures and statuses hard to preserve timely. The damaging of the remains
and artifacts and the losing of relevant information caused by these limitations just run counter to
the good intention of the archaeological excavation -- the important means of archaeological
researches. To obtain as thoroughly as possible the information of all aspects during the
excavation and properly process the brittle, decayed or rusted artifacts, “laboratory
micro-excavation” method is needed to do the “secondary excavation” to the important remains
and artifacts to effectively protect them and to comprehensively uncover the relevant information.
The core advantages of laboratory micro-excavation are that it is not limited by the time
requirement and environmental condition, the procession of excavation can be refined through the
apparatuses, the information can be retrieved more comprehensively by the recording methods,
and the brittle and decayed artifacts could be properly processed with the devices and reagents of
the laboratory.As the continuation and deepening of fieldwork, laboratory micro-excavation
reflected more ideas of the participation and cooperation of the archaeologists and cultural
heritage preservation workers, and it is also the platform for the application of modern scientific
methods and the multi-disciplinary cooperation on the archaeological researches.
33. Song Jian
The Practice of the Laboratory Archaeology on Fuquanshan Site
Fuquanshan Site is located in Qingpu District, Shanghai. The excavations in the 1980s were
concentrated on the mound named Fuquanshan and confirmed that this is an artificial cemetery of
the Neolithic Age. The discovery of the elite burials of late Liangzhu Culture in this site provided
important materials for propelling the researches on the prehistoric cultures in Lake Tai area.
In December 2010 through January 2011, Department of Archaeology of Shanghai Museum
carried out a new excavation to this site, which confirmed that the Wujiachang Locus is another
elite cemetery of the late Liangzhu Culture and excavated four tombs in this cemetery. The main
achievement is the discovery and recovery of M207, a large-sized elite tomb of the late Liangzhu
Culture. M207 was a vertical earthen pit tomb 4 m long, 2 m wide and 0.9 m deep, the coffin in
which was about 3.2 m long and 1.1 m wide. Six dog victims were found in the grave, which was
very rare in the burials of Liangzhu Culture even in the Neolithic Archaeology of China. The
grave goods of M207 included jades, stone implements, potteries, lacquer wares, ivory and tooth
objects. The quantity and quality of the grave goods in M207 are plentiful and they are made
exquisitely; but their preservation situations were all very bad, the bone and ivory objects were
rotten and the jades were also weathered and eroded. Because the excavation scene had various
influencing factors and the preservation steps and time were tightly restricted, we decided to apply
the laboratory excavation method to recover this tomb in order to effectively preserve and protect
these valuable artifacts. First, we split this tomb entirely from the earth with mechanic means and
packed it up with plaster, steel frames and so on, and then transport it from the original site to the
indoor laboratory. Second, because the laboratory excavation is the indoor continuation of the
onsite fieldwork, we precisely followed the rules of archaeological fieldwork and clearly noted all
of the situations and traces found during the excavation and the spatial positions of all of the
artifacts in the grave and their burying statuses with textual, photographic and video and scaled
diagrammatic records in the closest details. Finally, we strengthened and restored the recovered
artifacts according to their respective textures and statuses with corresponding materials based on
the principle of paying equal attention to the archaeological excavation and cultural heritage
preservation. To date, our laboratory excavation has recovered over 300 pieces of grave goods: the
jades are one cong-prismatic tube, one bi-disc, six yue-battle axes and over 200 pieces of jade
awl-shaped objects, tubes, beads and jade flakes in various shapes; the potteries are ding-tripods,
dou-stemmed bowls, vase with double tube-shaped lugs, jars, cups with wide handles, and
double-handled vases, and so on, the double-handled vase with fine incised designs is the most
elaborately made with several groups of bird designs. The most eye-catching artifacts are the ivory
and bone objects. The bone objects are one bowl made of human skull, two bone plaques, the
restored one of which is 43 cm long. The ivory objects are scepters with deity and animal mask
designs and bracelets. The two ivory scepters with deity and animal mask designs are found on the
two sides of the skeleton of the tomb occupant, the left one of which is 77 cm long and preserved
in poor condition; the right one, which is 90 cm long, is preserved relatively complete and most of
the designs are kept. These ivory scepters are rarely seen in the Neolithic Age burials of Shanghai
area even in the whole country, so they have significant cultural value and historic importance.
34.Wang Hui
The Onsite Preservation and Laboratory Archaeology of Majiayuan Warring-States
Cemetery in Zhangjiachuan County
Majiayuan Cemetery located in Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province consists of 59 tombs and
sacrificial pits, which can be classified into three ranks by size. Most of the tombs are
accompanied with chariots and animal victims; the chariots were usually luxuriously decorated,
and the tomb occupants were also wearing complicated ornaments. The date of the tombs would
be the late Warring-States Period and their occupants would belong to the Western Rong tribes
living in this region at that time.
One. The Onsite Preservation
At the same time with the excavation, the environment of the Majiayuan Cemetery was
comprehensively examined. Seen from the excavated tombs so far, the grave goods found in
Majiayuan Cemetery are made of diversified materials, including wood, leather, gold, silver,
bronze and copper, iron, tin, lead, glass and various gemstones, according the natures of which we
applied different onsite preservation steps: to the fragile artifacts made of wood and tin were
reinforced onsite, the peeled up lacquer layers were stuck back, the gold-plated iron objects were
preliminarily softened and cleared and the fungi and mosses were removed and the pests were got
rid of; the artifacts which were easy to dismember or dislocate, complicatedly structured and
relatively isolated were timely split and packed and sent to the laboratory first. All of these
temporary onsite preservation steps laid firm foundation for the next steps -- the integral
packaging and transporting to the laboratory for the indoor excavation, recovery and preservation.
Two. The Laboratory Archaeology
The decorations of the chariots and the ornaments of the tomb occupants are made of diversified
materials such as gold, silver, tin, turquoise, carnelian, Han purple, Han blue, white lead, glass,
“eye bead” and so on, the beads among which were sometimes as small as 1 mm in diameter and
some of them were terribly weathered; the bead compositions were made in complex structures, so
in the past, limited by the onsite conditions, the fieldwork could nor reveal the arrangement and
structure of the bead ornaments and the intact information about the human body adornments. To
understand the overall look of the human body adornments and comprehensively restore the whole
set of human adornments, we made integral packaging to the better-preserved tombs M4, M16 and
M57 and transported them into the laboratory to clear up and protect.
The laboratory archaeology mainly included X-ray photographing, microscopic observation,
photographing and zoning; the trial clearing-up, the zonal clearing-up, the data drawing, and some
other steps. The clearing-up was conducted under the observation through microscope.
Simultaneously, the brittle artifacts and those easy to lose their original assemblages were
reinforced and fixed after sampling, and relevant testing jobs are done. The data drawing was also
conducted at the same time with the clearing-up step; as soon as each zone was finished, the
finished status was photographed, and the recovered artifacts were micro distance photographed.
Each finished zone was drawn into line-drawings and all of the recovered artifacts were numbered
into the computer. When the zonal clear-up was finished, the zonal maps were drawn and matched
together, and computer-aid mapping was also applied. During the clearing-up, the
microscopic-observed traces, such as the textile impressions on the iron objects and glass beads
and the original statuses of the glass beads. Before the clearing-up, the whole zone to be cleared
up was 3-D scanned; during the clearing-up, the details were 3-D scanned and after each zone was
completely cleared up, the finished status was 3-D scanned. At last, these 3-D images were
matched together to compose a 3-D full-view image. When the clearing-up was finished,
high-resolution orthographic photographing was done to the entire work and the full-view of the
orthographic photograph of the finished laboratory archaeology work was obtained.
Three. Some Conclusions
1. The in time onsite protection steps prevented the unearthed artifacts from being worsened and
damaged because of the environmental changes and made good preparation for the further
preservation. 2. The indoor clearing-up made clear the structures and arrangements of the body
ornaments especially the bead strings and their functions were preliminarily inferred.
3. During the clearing-up, the archaeological information was recorded to the highest possibility,
which is also the materials for the future researches on the minority costumes and adorning
customs, and the cultures of ancient ethnic groups.4. The brittle-textured artifacts and the
remaining traces and the historic information implied by them were preserved to the highest
possibility. 5. The refining of the archaeological excavations and cultural relics preservations and
the laboratory archaeology are preliminarily explored and relevant experiences are accumulated.
35. Yu Jie
The Protection of Sui-Tang Luoyang City and the Construction of the National Heritage
Park
The Sui-Tang Luoyang City built in the first year of Daye Era (605 CE) of the Sui Dynasty
and used for about 530 years in the Sui, Tang, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, was
composed of the Outer City, the Imperial City, the Palace City and the Eastern City, the Hanjia
Granary City, Yuanbi City and Yaoyi City, and so on. It is an extant well-preserved ancient
large-scale city site of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Since the beginning of the Eleventh Five-year
Plan, the large sites in the Sui-Tang Luoyang City area are listed into the key projects and key
engineering. To effectively carry out the protection of the Sui-Tang Luoyang City, the protection
plan is completed, the protection and management rules are issued and the municipal government
specially established the leading group for the resettlement and regulation work in the core zone of
the Palace City in the Sui-Tang Luoyang City. The protection and demonstration of Sui-Tang
Luoyang City are based on the principle of emphasizing the key points and implementing step by
step. The recent steps are the protection and demonstration of “one zone” and “one axis”, which
are the core zone of the Palace City and the central axis of the entire Sui-Tang Luoyang City. To
date, the protection and demonstration project of Dingding Gate have been finished and opened to
the public; the main body of the protection project of the Mingtang (Hall of Enlightenment) has
been finished and the protection project of Tiantang (Hall of Heaven) is under construction. In this
year and the coming year, affiliated with the application of the Grand Canal for the World Heritage,
our protection focus will be on the Luoyang Section of the Grand Canal and the sites being
included in the list of the application. In October 2010, the Archaeological Site Park of Sui-Tang
Luoyang City was listed in the first term of National Heritage Parks.
36.Chu Xiaolong
The Cultural Heritage Protection in the Middle Course of South-North Water Transfer
Project
As a large hydraulic project going through the heart area of Chinese Civilization, the middle
course of the South-North Water Transfer Project has unprecedented influences to the cultural
heritages along its course. The Henan section of the main canal of the SNWT Project and the
Danjiangkou Reservoir at its starting point cover 330 cultural and historic heritage localities of
various natures. South-North Water Transfer Office of Henan Provincial Cultural Heritage
Administration is specially in charge of the project assignment, quality control and acceptance test
of the cultural and historic heritage protection projects involved in the SNWT Project, and the
coordination of the hydraulic and cultural heritage projects. In the six years since the enforcement
of the cultural heritage protection plan of the Henan section of the middle course of SNWT Project,
230 archaeological excavations have been finished, by which over 80 hectares of areas have been
uncovered and more than 65000 pieces of artifacts have been unearthed. Many of them are elected
into the list of the Ten Most Significant Archaeological Discoveries in China in these years and the
Archaeological Fieldwork Award issued by State Administration of Cultural Heritages, and
received other honors. These fieldwork projects contributed greatly to the protection of the
important cultural heritages and influenced strongly to the society. However, during the
conducting of the cultural heritage protection plan, we also ran into or discovered some problems,
such as the guiding position problem in the large-scale engineering projects involving cultural
heritage protection issues, the insufficient archaeological budget, and the status of the cultural
protection work to be subsidiary of large-scale construction projects, and so on.
37. Jin Xudong
The Archaeological Researches on the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo
Kingdom and the Construction of Heritage Park
In the past decades, the excavations and researches have been the important topics of archaeology
in Jilin Province. In 2000 through 2003, aimed on the application for World Heritage and in the
view of large site protection, the archaeologists in Jilin Province conducted comprehensive
surveys and excavations to the Guonei City and Wandu Mountain City (Hwando Mountain
Fortress) and nearby areas; 12 Koguryo royal tombs and five aristocrat tombs were excavated,
areas of 20 hectares have been surveyed and about 3 hectares have been excavated. The surveys
and excavations obtained extremely important results: new archaeological knowledge on the dates
of constructions of Guonei City and Wandu Mountain City and their city plans is got; the
understandings to the chronology, occupant identification, the evolution tendencies and the layouts
of the tomb precincts of the Koguryo royal tombs are deepened. Based on the archaeological
research results, The Protection Plan of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo
Kingdom redrew the protection scope and buffering zones of Dongtou Ancient Tombs and Wandu
Mountain City, both of which are Major Historical and Cultural Sites under State Protection. In
2003 through 2010, for keeping the authenticity and completeness of the important Koguryo
remains, the local government where the sites are located managed large-scale remains
maintaining and environment renovating projects under the directions of archaeologists. In the
environment renovating project, 1200 factories, schools and households were resettled, 36.3 km of
stem and branch roads were built or reconstructed, 11800 linear meters of protecting fences were
erected and 109 hectares of nearby areas were greened. The Guonei City and Wandu Mountain
City, General Tomb and other 11 royal tombs and 28 aristocrat tombs including Changchuan Tomb
No. 1 were amended. These maintaining and renovating projects completely improved the
preservation conditions of the heritage themselves and the peripheral landscapes; the suitable
demonstration conditions not only perfectly displayed the cultural heritages to the people but also
became important premise of the construction of archaeological site parks. Through seven years of
efforts, the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom were listed in the first term
of National Heritage Parks.
38. Wang Shougong
Achievements and Reflection: Focused on the Cultural Heritage Protection along the
Shandong Section of South-North Water Transfer Project
To well protect the cultural heritages along the Shandong section of the SNWT Project, since
2003, the cultural relic institutions of Shandong Province have done surveys and explorations to
the course lines and reservoir zones of this project, and designed the cultural heritage protection
program. When this program was approved by the administrations, we conducted excavations to
the localities involved in the engineering and obtained important results. The main ones are
introduced as the following:
1. Within the zone of Shuangwangcheng Reservoir construction, 2 hectares of areas were
excavated by which the salt producing workshops from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Song
and Yuan Dynasties were recovered, which provided clear physical materials for understanding the
history of the salt industry and salt producing techniques along the Bohai shore. Triggered by
these discoveries, we conducted large-scale surveys along the south shore of Bohai Sea, by which
over 700 salt industry sites are found, which provided basic materials for the protection plan of the
salt industry remains in this region. 2. Areas of about one hectare of Chenzhuang Site in Gaoqing
County were excavated, by which a city site of the Western Zhou Dynasty and sacrificial altar,
large-sized aristocrat burials and other remains were recovered, yielding bronzes bearing Qi Gong
(Duke of Qi) inscriptions. These discoveries made breakthroughs for the researches on the early
history of the Qi State. Meanwhile, to well protect this city site, the cultural relic institutions and
the engineering project management bureaus made coordination and changed the course to detour
the cite. 3. Excavations are conducted to the water transport engineering remains of the Grand
Canal, such as boat locks and ports, which provided valuable for the researches on the Grand
Canal Culture and the application of the Grand Canal for the World Heritage. The several years of
cultural heritage protection work gave us the following experiences:
1. The publicity and enforcement of the laws and regulations for the cultural heritage protections
are the foundations of the fulfillment of the cultural heritage protection work in the engineering
construction; 2. The designation of cultural heritage protection plans is the guarantee of fulfillment
of the cultural heritage protection work in the engineering construction; 3. The management of the
cultural heritage protection work in the engineering construction should be more strengthened, and
new ideas and modes of cultural heritage protection should be explored; 4. The awareness of
research topic should be raised in order to refine the cultural heritage protection in large-scale
engineering projects from rescue work to academic researches.
39.Yang Xin
The Preservation and Restoration of the Religious Architectures in West China
The ancient religious architectures in China include the architectures of Taoism, Buddhism and
Islam, but most of them are that of Buddhism. For the ancient architectures, China has related
laws, professional rules and technical regulations, such as the Law of the Peoples Republic of
China on Protection of Cultural Relics, Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
and Technical Code for Maintenance and Strengthening of Ancient Timber Buildings, and so on.
However, if an architecture has the twofold nature of religious place and cultural heritage, it will
become a noticeable issue to discuss and practice that how to take care of the religious nature of
this architecture during the protection process. This paper discusses the problems run into when
the protections are applied to religious architectures from the angle of historic and religious
values.
40.Fang Hui
Strengthen the Cultural Heritage Protection Education and Propel the Development of
Cultural Heritage Cause
Cultural heritage protection education refers to the education forms of demonstrating and
publicizing the evaluation, management and application results of cultural heritages to the public
society based on archaeology and relevant disciplines. The cultural heritage protection education
includes society (community) education and school education. In China, society (community)
education of cultural heritage protection started very early, almost at the same time with the
scientific archaeology; however, school education of cultural heritage protection has history of
only about one to two decades. Cultural heritage education has close relationship with the
ideological construction of the ruling party, but as a component of public archaeology and studies
of cultural heritage, which are the branch discipline of archaeology, the cultural heritage education
at present is facing many new problems as well as development opportunities.