Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
LEADING IN CREATIVE CONTEXTS
STREAM LEADER: HELEN LANCASTER
TUESDAY 22 JULY
10.00am - 11.00am: Leadership & Gender In The Creative Sector
1. Complementary Leadership in Creative Settings
Kate McNeil & Anne Tonks
2.
Women on the Podium in Italian Major Symphony Orchestras
Daniela Acquadro Maran
11.30am - 12.30pm: Gender Equity In The Creative Sector
1. Institutional Framework and Cultural Policies: A Rhetorical Tool or real facilitation of gendered
leadership in Scotland's Creative Sectors?
Kathryn A. Burnett &Katarzyna Kosmala
2.
Crisis, Grand Narrative and Small Stories: Telling Tales of Cultural Leadership:
Sue Kay &Janet Summerton
2.30am - 3.30pm: Creative Leadership Development: Art and Business
1. Outside Plato’s cave
Louise Mahler
2.
What’s mime got to do with it?
Christiaan Willems
4.00pm – 5.00pm: Creative Leaders
1. Not the bread and butter, but definitely the jams and creams: Leadership in the arts and other
creative pursuits in rural Western Australia
Julia Anwar McHenry
2.
Creative Leaders
Helen Lancaster
EVENING: 5-7pm
DEMONSTRATION (Mahler) followed by PANEL SESSION: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE ARTS
WEDNESDAY 23 JULY
2.00pm – 3.30pm: Gender Amongst Musicians
1. Has Women's Classical Music Missed the Boat?
Sally McArthur
2.
Ear-leaders: Australian women sound artists as cultural activists
Jen Brown
4.00pm – 5.00pm:
Case Studies and Collaborations
1. Leading Cultural Collaborations: SAMPAD (UK):
Piali Ray
2. Blind Collaboration:
Christiaan Willems
1
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
10.00am - 11.00am
Complementary Leadership in Creative Settings
Kate McNeil & Ann Tonks, University of Melbourne; cmmacn@unimelb.edu.au
This paper presents part of a larger research project which is examining leadership models within the major
performing arts companies in Australia. These companies include orchestras, dance companies, ballet and opera
companies and circus. While these companies were the subject of a major government inquiry in the late 1990s,
including questions of board governance, there was little attention given to the internal management structures
and dynamics of leadership (Nugent Report 1999)
The literature on leadership in the arts emphasizes the role of creativity and the demands of leading in a creative
environment (eg Bilton 2007, Hartley 2005). In Australia, the necessity for creativity and entrepreneurship on the
part of the arts leader has been thoroughly documented (Rentschler 2002). While management literature
acknowledges the need for both creative and managerial leadership, the way in which these components are
incorporated into leadership models and position descriptions varies considerably across company forms and size.
Indeed there has been little attempt to reconcile the literature on creative leadership with actual management
structures and, in particular, to examine the effectiveness of complementary leadership.
There is an increasing awareness of complementary leadership models in corporate settings: a common division is
along the lines of responsibility for the external and internal environments (Miles and Watkins 2007). Bifurcated
leadership is an extremely common practice in arts organizations where separate structures frequently exist to
serve the creative aspects of a company’s activities and its administrative responsibilities and external
accountabilities (Chong 2002). This division is most commonly evidenced by the dual roles of artistic director and
general manager.
Through a series of interviews with general managers and artistic directors we interrogate leadership structures
and techniques in a creative context. We make specific reference to the question of whether artistic leadership
and managerial leadership require different styles and how these are employed in the day-to-day practice of coleadership within an arts context. In this particular paper we present that part of the research which examines the
dynamics of co-leadership giving particular attention to situations where the leadership positions of artistic
director and general manager are held by a male and a female respectively.
Key words: complementary leadership, performing arts organisations, managing creativity
References:
Bilton, C. Management and Creativity. From creative industries to creative management, Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing, 2007.
Chong, D. “Artistic Leadership” in Arts Management, Abingdon: Routledge, 2002.
Hartley, J. (ed). Creative industries, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
Major Performing Arts Inquiry, Securing the future: Major Performing Arts Inquiry final report, Canberra: Dept. of
Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, 1999.
Miles, S. A. and Watkins, M. D. “The Leadership Team” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 85, Issue 4, April 2007.
Rentschler, R. The Entrepreneurial Arts Leader. Cultural Policy, Change and Reinvention, Brisbane: University of
Queensland Press, 2002.
2
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
10.00am - 11.00am
Leadership in Artistic Context: Women on the podium in Italian Major Symphony Orchestra
Daniela Acquadro Maran, University of the Study of Torino; acquadro@pych.unito.it
Introduction. With the project ‘The Image of Excellence’, the goal of the University of Turin (Italy) research team
was to describe and analyze how a work group can achieve excellence, the dimensions that can come into play in
stimulating a group’s leader and members to produce excellence. The team’s investigation focuses on the
interaction between a guest conductor and the hundred or so professional musicians who make up a Major
Symphony Orchestra (MSO) (Soro, 2005). The rationale for this focus is to be found in the particular mission
surrounding these organizational players: in the world of symphonic music, MSOs represent a pinnacle of
excellence that is internationally recognized and enables them to attract audiences, garner coveted recording
contracts and receive invitations to tour abroad. In the review of the literature several points attracted our
attention, prompting questions as to why the women we met accounted for only 3% of all the guest conductors
who mounted the podium in front of the Italian MSOs we investigated.
Objective. To understand this phenomenon, we embarked on a project designed to analyze and describe why on
the podium of Italian MSOs women are absent, and on the international scene they are present only in rare cases
(see Guillemonat, Padovani, 1998). Hypothesis: As the literature indicates, the difficulties that have always
surrounded women who choose the conducting professions and can even now be an obstacle to their careers are
largely due to the lack of a network of mentors and the violation of gender norms. A number of laboratory studies
would appear to show that both women and men have the basic capabilities that promote acceptance and
involvement and that women more than men help make individuals feel that they are part of a group. This does
not mean that studies show that women have a monopoly on these characteristics, but that thanks to the level of
competence acquired through their social role (which tends to center on containment and caring) also on the
podium could facilitate the construction of a dynamic context characterized by holding, involvement and groupship
which could help in achieving excellent results (Eagly, Wood, Diekman, 2000). When they lay down such
competence and knowledge, women attain excellent results in all fields (art, music, management...) (School, 1998).
Methodology. We scrutinized the careers of women who have mounted the podium of MSOs on the international
scene from the early twentieth century to the present day. To this end, the biographies of 81 women conductors
divided according to the period in which they worked were analyzed with Alceste 4.6 to identify the shared
elements which characterize their training and careers.
Results. The hypothesis was confirmed, and new items emerged from results: the absence of women from the
podium seem to be a lost opportunity, the development of those skills that women have acquired culturally and
socially could encourage a phenomenic presence that will lay the foundations for a context that is increasing likely
to produce excellence, a goal shared by the artistic organization and the men and women who are involved in it.
Conclusion. This investigation’s findings will provide a basis for developing more effective behavior on the podium
and on leadership role (for men and women) in artistic and creative context whose mission is excellence.
Management implications will be also discussed.
Keywords: leadership, gender, career, major symphony orchestras
References:
Eagly, A.H., Wood, W. and Diekman, A.B. (2000) ‘Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A current
appraisal’, in T.Eckes and H.M. Trautner (eds), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, pp. 123-174.
NJ: Erlbaum.
Guillemonat, F. and Padovani, C. (1998) ‘Playing it Softly - Women in Music in France’, in D.Cliche, R.Mitchell and
A.J.Wiesand (eds) Women in Cultural Policies, pp. 257-264. Bonn: ERICarts.
Scholl, M.D. (1998) ‘A Quantitative Analysis of Women in Leadership Roles in Symphony Orchestra Organizations’,
Harmony 6: 91-99.
Soro, G. (2005) Accendere gli Animi. Dialogo sulle passioni nelle organizzazioni. Milano: Guerini.
3
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
11.30am - 12.30pm
Institutional Framework And Cultural Policies: A Rhetorical Tool Or Real Facilitation Of Gendered Leadership In
Scotland’s Creative Sectors?
Kathryn A. Burnett & Katarzyna Kosmala, University of the West of Scotland; katarzyna.kosmala@uws.ac.uk
Advancements in cultural policies for the creative industries have been on the global political agenda as a key
strategy for growth for sometime. The creative industries sector in Scotland is no exception (Burnett & Danson
2004). In delivering this expansion the sector is required to deliver on gender and diversity agenda, informed as it
is by both domestic, European and international policy and debate. Research on a global scale clearly identifies
problems within the creative sectors in terms of participation, pay gaps, access to basic employment rights and
evidence of cultures of fear, bullying and discrimination and the relationship between the creativity and the
economic remains problematic and challenging (Caves 2000). Sectoral conditions such as perceptions of creative
freedom, cultures of sporadic success, and blurring of worker/employee and other identities (Burnett 1994;
Kosmala 2007), present particular ‘mindset’ challenges as to how new mechanisms for equality in employment,
fairness in working practice relations and enhanced leadership might emerge. Creative industries are recognised as
gendered biased nonetheless female participation varies across the sectors and across countries/cultural contexts.
The functions performed by employees (including the self-employed) in creative sectors and their contribution to
competitive advantage and survival in what can be envisaged as potentially gender and diverse biased professions,
such as architecture has been subject to exploration (e.g. Caven, 2004, 2006; Mornement, 2003), design and arts
(e.g. Kosmala, 2007, 2006; Bain, 2005) and a recent study on women in creative sectors across Scotland specifically,
by Marcella et al (2006) indicated the persistence of gender-based barriers to career success, leadership and full
participation.
In our research we have been interested in how existing policies and institutional frameworks with regard to
diversity and equality schemes support gendered leadership and participation in creative work and creative
practice in Scotland. A core question for the research is what the implications for leadership in creative sectors are,
where the sector is increasingly required to take account of equality and diversity agenda, with particular
reference to female leadership opportunity and experience. Through a critical examination of the existing
literature, cultural policies in creative sectors and developments in gender diversity agendas the study will seek to
ascertain how the language in these policies and formulations facilitate and/or obstruct increased female
participation and leadership, in particular. In this paper, we acknowledge multiple forms of discrimination in
relation to gendered-biased practices in creative work and, following Bruni et al. (2002), we recognise the
significant role of language/discourse in ‘en-gendering a difference’ effectively creating a significant barrier for
leadership and socio-economic success more generally.
This paper will build on such research and present evidence from a discourse analysis of cultural policies and
comment in Scotland (and where appropriate the UK more generally). Critical reflections on the transformative
potential of language coded other-than-masculine for leadership roles, experiences and policy will be provided.
The paper’s contribution is therefore envisaged to be one that delivers further insight into the importance of
language to the construction of leadership roles and in the facilitation/obstruction of what is understood as
gendered leadership in creative sectors. We will do this with particular reference to the discourse of a ‘New
Scotland’, and Scotland’s socio-political aspirations, economic intent, and its highly nuanced relationship with
issues of gender and equality’ both historically and today (Breitenbach, 2006; Burnett 1998).
Keywords: gender, leadership, creative practice, creative industries, cultural policy
4
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
11.30am - 12.30pm
Crisis, Grand Narrative and Small Stories: Telling Tales Of Cultural Leadership
Sue Kay; Janet Summerton, University of Exeter; University of Sussex;
janet.summerton@btinternet.com
suekay.home@virgin.net;
Around the turn of the century in the UK, a spate of financial, governance and managerial problems in national
flagship institutions (the Royal Opera House, the Royal Shakespeare Company, English National Opera and the
British Museum) and a number of critical reports (Holland et al.,1997; Boyden Associates, 2000; Metier, 2000;
Resource, 2001; Hewison and Holden, 2002) led to the conclusion that there was a ‘crisis of cultural leadership’ in
the UK, that needed to be addressed if the sector was to continue to maintain its position as a driver for growth
and prosperity. This resulted in the setting up of the Clore Leadership Programme in 2003, followed by the first
postgraduate course in Cultural Leadership at City University in 2006 (which was women-only in its first year). In
June 2006, the national Cultural Leadership Programme was launched by the (then) Chancellor of the Exchequer
and funded to the tune of £12 million: its purpose, to devise a series of initiatives to
‘hone the leadership skills of talented high flyers in cultural organisations…[and to] promote the
emergence of a more diverse group of cultural leaders, drawing on the wealth of talent and potential in
the wide range of communities that make up contemporary British cultural life.’ (Arts Council England,
2006: 5)
This paper examines the current 'crisis’ through selected theoretical work on gender, work and
organisation. While leadership in the UK cultural sector is certainly gendered - for example, while around 80 per
cent of the cultural sector workforce is female, it is estimated that only 20 percent assume leadership positions
(The Independent, 13 February 2007) - it is not our intention to focus specifically or solely on issues of gender
inequity in cultural leadership. Rather we attempt to show how feminist theory - when applied analogously - can
open up and illuminate a different way of 'seeing' cultural leadership and the ways in which it is being developed.
Taking as a starting point the four category framework for promoting gender equity in organisations put forward
by Kolb et al and Ely in Ely, Folder and Scully (2007), the paper calls into question the prevailing conceptual
framework for cultural leadership which shuttles between 'deficit' on the one hand and 'new heroics' on the
other. It argues for a radical re-think based on a detailed, in-depth analysis of 'basic work practices and processes
and the norms that underlie them' (Kolb et al, 2007: 12) to include an examination of the culture of cultural
milieux, leadership beyond and around formal organisational settings and the value of praxis in arriving at a
more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the field (Summerton, Kay and Hutchins, 2006).
Keywords: cultural leadership, arts and cultural management, cultural value, leadership and gender, professional
development, learning
References:
Alimo- Metcalfe, Beverly and Alban-Metcalfe, John ‘Gender and Leadership: A Masculine Past, But a Feminine
Future?’ in Gender and Excellence in the Making (Brussels: European Commission, 2004)
Arts Council England et al. Introducing the Cultural Leadership Programme (London: Arts Council England, 2006)
Austin, Rob and Devin, Lee Artful Making: what managers need to know about how artists work (New Jersey:
Pearson, 2003)
Beirne, Martin and Knight, Stephanie ‘Principles and Consistent Management in the Arts: Lessons from British
Theatre’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2002 Vol. 8 (1) pp 75-89
Bilton, Chris, Cultures of Management: cultural policy, cultural management and creative organisations (Warwick:
University of Warwick, 2006 – unpublished)
Bilton, Chris Management and Creativity: from creative industries to creative management (Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing, 2007)
Boyden, Peter Roles and Functions of the English Regional Producing Theatres (London: Arts Council of England,
2000)
Cliche, Danielle, Mitchell, Ritva, Weisand, Andreas (Eds) Pyramids or pillars: unveiling the status of women in arts
and media professions in Europe: an ERICarts report to the European Commission (Bonn: ARCult Media, 2000)
5
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
Darsø, Lotte, Artful Creation: Learning–Tales of Arts-in-Business (Frederiksberg: Samfundslitteratur, 2004)
Ely, Robin, Foldy, Erica Gabrielle, Scully, Maureen A. et al. (Eds) Reader in Gender, Work and Organization (Malden,
MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007)
Fonow, Mary Margaret and Cook, Judith (Eds) Beyond Methodology: feminist scholarship as lived research
(Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1991)
Grint, Keith The Arts of Leadership (Oxford: Oxford University press, 2001)
Hagoort, Giep Art Management Entrepreneurial Style (Utrecht: Eburon, 2000)
Hewison, Robert and Holden, John Cultural Leadership: The Clore Leadership Programme, Task Force Final Report
(London: Clore Duffield Foundation, 2002)
Hewison, Robert ‘The crisis of cultural leadership in Britain’ in International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2004, 10 (2),
July: 157-166
Holden, John, Cultural Value and the Crisis of Legitimacy (London: Demos, 2006)
Holden, John and McCarthy, Helen Women at the Top: a provocation piece (London: Demos, 2007)
Holland, Geoffrey et al Review of Management Training and Development in the Museums, Galleries and Heritage
Sector (London: Museum Training Institute, 1997)
Hutchins, Madeline, Kay, Sue and Perinpanayagam, Anouk Passion and Performance: managers and producers in
theatre and dance (Brighton: All Ways Learning, 2007)
Kolb, Deborah et al. ‘Making Change: a framework for promoting gender equity in organisations’ in Ely, Robin,
Foldy, Erica Gabrielle, Scully, Maureen A. et al. (Eds) Reader in Gender, Work and Organization (Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing, 2007)
Leadbeater, Charles Arts Organisations in the 21st Century (London: Arts Council England, 2005 – draft report)
Leicester, Graham Rising to the Occasion: cultural leadership in powerful times (London: Mission, Models and
Money, 2007)
Marshall, Judi ‘Researching Women and Leadership: some comments on challenges and opportunities’ in
International Review of Women and Leadership, 1995, 1: 1-10
McCarthy, Helen Girlfriends in High Places: how women’s networks are changing the workplace (London: Demos,
2004)
Metier, The Leadership Challenge: a review of management and leadership in subsidised arts organisations in
England (Metier: Liverpool, 2000)
Mintzberg, Henry ‘Covert Leadership: notes on managing professionals’ in Harvard Business Review, NovemberDecember 1998
Rowntree, Julia Changing the Performance: a companion guide to arts, business and civic engagement (London:
Routledge, 2006)
Sinclair, Amanda Doing Leadership Differently (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2005)
Summerton, Janet and Kay, Sue ‘Hidden from View: the shape of arts work and arts organisations in the UK’ in
Proceedings, AIMAC ’99 5th International Conference on Arts and Cultural Management (Helsinki: Helsinki
School of Economics and Business Administration, 1999)
Summerton, Janet, Kay, Sue and Hutchins, Madeline ‘Navigating Rough Waters: what kind of professional
development do we need for managing and leading arts and cultural activity in England?’ in Proceedings of the
Fourth International Conference on Cultural Policy Research, Vienna, Austria (12-16 July 2006)
6
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
2.30pm - 3.30pm
Outside Plato’s cave
Louise Mahler, The Art of Business; artofbusiness@bigpond.com
In the history of modern business there has been a cavernous divide between the practice of performance arts and
the practice of management, surprisingly so in creative-arts management itself. Facing the task of practising as
corporate management teams, creative artists have found themselves leading their organisations through adopted
routine hierarchical structures of imposed standard management practices, often ignoring the very essence of
their creative source. Resolving this lack of congruence holds the potential to provide more enjoyable solutions for
creative-arts organisations, but also for broader management and leadership practice globally.
While Barbara Stevini and John Latham were already attempting collaboration between arts and business through
the Artists’ Placement Group in 1965, today there are a plethora of groups and individuals attempting to drive
trans-disciplinary collaboration. In addition, more than ever, there is a readiness and indeed a thirst for assistance
in organisations driven by a need for more meaningful change including developments in ‘empathy’, ‘listening’;
bringing who you are to what you do’, ‘rapport’ and ‘inspirational speaking’ at an authentic level.
Most of this activity, however, appears to be pre-fledgling, a failure often attributed to conservative organisational
resistance. It is the opinion of the author, that a greater concern is the struggle of artists to understand
organisational dynamics and to make sense of their tacit practice, let alone naming and framing their practice for
acknowledgement and translation.
Through the diversity of a dual background in opera and Australian organizations, the author was able to stand
outside the dual Plato’s caves of arts and business and work practically with her art to unearth cultural discoveries
about organizations and research her own field so that she could translate the findings from the performance
realm into organisational language.
In this session, the author will presents case studies from a key Australian Leadership forum and private coaching
with leaders in Melbourne, Australia and propose methods for translation between arts and business. She
suggests ways for creative artists to reframe their thinking for translation within the management sphere so as to
provide valuable lessons for other areas of management and indeed, lead the corporate shift.
Key words: opera, leadership, management, arts and business
7
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
2.30pm - 3.30pm
What’s Mime Got To Do With It?
Christiaan Willems, University of Southern Queensland/Queensland University of Technology; willems@usq.edu.au
What has Mime got to do with Corporate Communication?
Well when one considers that Mime, at its most fundamental, consists of the analysis, manipulation and stylisation
of body-language, and that body-language is so much a part of human interaction, then applying Mime skills to
corporate communication begins to make sense.
As a professional Mime artist on both stage and screen for more than 25 years, the author has been adapting and
applying the techniques of Mime to the corporate communication context over a number of years, coaching
corporate CEO’s, Executives and Managers, representing both public and private sector corporations and
organisations. This unusual inter-contextual skill transfer is the subject of both a book and series of VODCasts by
the author (currently in the final stages of completion), which form part of the author’s Doctoral Research and
from which this paper is heavily drawn.
The author’s professional background is multi-disciplinary – encompassing theatre, television, media, music,
tertiary education and corporate training contexts. It is also inter-disciplinary – concerned with the commonality
of different artistic mediums and forms and how, where and why these professional disciplines:

intersect

interact

inform each other
- and therefore how they support each other - rather than losing creative/professional opportunities because of
areas where they might conflict.
And although the application of performance skills to other, apparently unrelated, contexts is not new, it does
however, bear some re-examination - in particular with a more fine-grained focus on the specialisation of Mime &
Movement. This paper examines in particular the physicality of presentation and communication – beyond
‘generic’ body-language analysis – it involves the analysis, manipulation and stylisation of human physicality to
support and enhance individual inter-professional communication – and how Mime performance skills
specifically, inform that process.
Certainly the author’s own experience as a specialist in mime and movement performance, a musician, a lecturer
and business professional, has demonstrated that there is a fundamental theatricality to all manner of human
professional communication – whether on a stage or screen, in an auditorium, at a lectern, or in a meeting room –
indeed one would argue that there is no professional context which is completely devoid of some measure of
‘performance’.
And if it is going to be a ‘performance’, however minutely, subtly and in whatever context, one should at least
make it the best performance possible - by making it clear, concise and confident.
This paper will discuss: to which other contexts Mime skills are applicable
 what changes/adaptations need to be applied in those contexts
 how Mime skills can clarify and enhance inter-professional communication.
 getting a ‘performance’ from ‘non-performers’
Key words: body language, mime, corporate communication, physicality, stylisation, multi-disciplinary, interdisciplinary
References:
Argenti, P. A. (2003) Corporate Communication, Boston, McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Besly, H. (2004) Conscious Communication From CEO Is Key To Business Success. Strategies (Newsletter).
Braysich, J. (1979) Body Language: A Handbook, Perth, J. Braysich.
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Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
Collins, J. (1998) Perfect Presentations - The Essential Guide To Thinking And Working Smarter, London, Marshal
Publishing Ltd.
Cornelissen, J. (2004) Corporate Communications: Theory And Practice, London; Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Davidson, J. W. (2005) Bodily Communication In Musical Performance. In Miell, D., Hargreaves, D. J. & Macdonald,
R. (Eds.) Musical Communication. Oxford University Press.
Davidson, J. W. (2001) The Role Of The Body In The Production And Perception Of Solo Vocal Performance: A Case
Study Of Annie Lennox. Musicae Scientiae, 5, 235-256.
Fernandez, J. (2004) Corporate Communications : A 21st Century Primer, Thousand Oaks, Calif., Response Books.
Goodman, M. B. (1998) Corporate Communications For Executives, Albany, State University Of New York Press.
Impact Factory (2006) Communication Skills Training. www.impactfactory.com . Accessed 12 March 2006
Jones, D. (1980) The Desmond Jones School Of Mime And Physical Theatre. London.
Kurosawa, K. & Davidson, J. W. (2005) Nonverbal Behaviours In Popular Music Performance: A Case Study Of The
'Corrs'. Musicae Scientiae, 9, 111-136.
Laurillard, D. (2002) Rethinking Teaching For The Knowledge Society. Educause Review, 1, 16-25.
Lawton, E. & Institute Of Leadership & Management (Great Britain) (2006) Body Language And The First Line
Manager, Oxford, U.K., Chandos Publishing.
Leisner, D. (1995) Six Golden Rules For Conquering Performance Anxiety. American String Teacher's Association.
Lin, P., Chang, J., Zemon, V. & Midlarsky, E. (2007) Silent Illumination: A Study On Chan (Zen) Meditation, Anxiety,
And Musical Performance Quality. Psychology Of Music.
Macquarie University (1992) The Macquarie Dictionary - New Budget Edition, Sydney, The Macquarie Press Pty Ltd.
Mehrabian, A. (1981) Silent Messages: Implicit Communication Of Emotions And Attitudes Belmont, California,
Wadsworth.
Meng, P. (2005) Podcasting & Vodcasting: A White Paper - Definitions, Discussions & Implications. Columbia,
University Of Missouri - Iat Services.
Miller, C. B. (2002) A Discussion On Performance Anxiety. Mostly Wind.
Miller, R. (1996) The Structure Of Singing, New York, Schirmer Books, An Imprint Of Simon & Schuster Macmillan.
Mohan, T., Mcgregor, H., Saunders, S. & Archee, R. (2004) Communicating As Professional, Melbourne, Thomson
Learning/Nelson Australia Pty Ltd.
Nagel, J. J., Himle, D. P. & Papsdorf, J. D. (1989) Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment Of Musical Performance Anxiety.
Psychology Of Music, 1989, 12-21.
Oliver, S. (1997) Corporate Communication : Principles, Techniques And Strategies, London, Kogan Page.
Parry, K. & Hansen, H. (2004) The Story Is The Leader. Scos Xxii. Standing Conference On Organizational Symbolism.
Pease, A. (1994) Body Language - How To Read Others' Thoughts Through Their Gestures, Avalon Beach Nsw,
Pease Training Corporation.
Tedi (2005) Principles Of Effective University Teaching. Brisbane, Teaching And Educational Development Institute,
University Of Queensland.
Thompson, W. F., Graham, P. & Russo, F. A. (2005) Seeing Music Performance: Visual Influences On Perception And
Experience. Semiotica, 156, 203-227.
University Of Toronto Student Services (2007) Overcoming Performance Anxiety. Toronto, University Of Toronto
Student Services.
Willems, C. (1990) Son Of Romeo - Television Special. Adelaide, Australia, SBS Distribution.
9
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
4.00pm – 5.00pm
Not the bread and butter, but definitely the jams and creams: Leadership in the arts and other creative pursuits
in rural Western Australia
Julia Anwar McHenry, Institute for Regional Development, University of Western Australia, julia.anwar@gmail.com
The perception of leadership in rural Australia has traditionally been dominated by men. This is reflected through
the prominence of male representation on shire councils and other prominent community and business groups
such as Rotary, Lions, Agricultural Societies and various sporting groups. However, women have always played an
essential yet often unrecognised role within communities through their dominance in administrative roles and as
secretaries on various committees and the importance of women’s auxiliary groups and fundraising committees of
traditionally male dominated organisations.
The presence of leaders does not necessarily entail that their vision will be realised. It is here that women often
have key roles in the ‘behind the scenes’ aspects of leadership and essential, but perhaps poorly named, ‘support
roles’ that ensure the success and recognition of their male counterparts. Despite the perception of a male
dominated landscape in rural governance and community groups, women have traditionally instigated, managed
and run the more creative aspects of rural community life, such as various arts, charity and fundraising
organisations.
While sport often dominates the rural social landscape the importance of the arts and other creative pursuits
cannot be ignored for its role in developing and strengthening sense of community including community identity,
strengthening social bonds and building resilience in rural Australia. Among these social aspects, the arts has
aesthetic value, provides entertainment and light relief, it can challenge perceptions, and provide a positive
alternative to harmful or anti-social behaviour. Thus the arts have an essential, yet largely unrecognised role in
community life.
This paper explores the parallels between leadership in the arts and the creative industries and the changing role
of women in rural Australia for the enrichment of community life.
Key Words: rural, arts, creative industries, development, leadership
Relevant Literature
Anwar McHenry, J. (in press). A place for the arts in rural revitalisation and the social wellbeing of Australian rural
communities. Rural Society.
Dempsey, K. (1992). A Man's Town: Inequality between women and men in rural Australia. Melbourne: Oxford
University Press.
Coalter, F. (2001). Realising the potential of cultural services: The case for the arts. London: LGA Publications.
Mulligan, M. (2007). A role for the arts in creating community. Academy of the Social Sciences, 26(1), 23-32.
10
Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
TUESDAY 22 JULY
4.00pm – 5.00pm
Creative Leaders: How might leadership among performing artists enlighten and enliven leadership
development beyond the creative industries?
Helen Lancaster, Queensland Conservatorium Research Centre, Griffith University; helenlancaster@iprimus.com.au
Creative artists respond well to collaborative environments which respect individual talents and expertise, yet they
also respond well to visionary direction. Dunham and Freeman refer to this phenomenon as the ‘Principle of Unity
and Multiplicity’, of drawing together a cohesive outcome by way of encouraging individual and idiosyncratic
activity. The two seemingly contradictory states combine effectively in such examples as the orchestral conductor,
the theatre director, and the choreographer. In a comment which extends beyond artistic boundaries, Zander
refers to the real power of a conductor deriving from making other people powerful.
These examples present implications for leadership beyond the creative industries. Research in the higher
education sector describe similar models of leadership (Lancaster 2006, Middlehurst, Ramsden), where authority
needs to be accorded by the community which respects “greater knowledge or competence, reasoned argument
and fairness” (Middlehurst, 75). More recently, similar models of leadership extend beyond the creative industries,
as the business sector recognises the value of creative practice in developing leadership skills.
Drawing on research in the performing arts, and on case studies which consider these models and the influence of
gender, this paper explores leadership in the arts sector, and what the arts might offer leadership development
generally.
The paper will feed directly into the Roundtable discussion on the creative arts and leadership development.
Key words: leadership, creative leadership, leadership development, cultural leadership, arts leadership, businessarts partnerships
References:
Catron, Louis E. The Director’s Vision. Play Direction from Analysis to Production. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield
Publishing Company, 1989.
Caust, Jo. “Arts Leadership and Creativity: How are they reconciled within a managerial paradigm?” 16th ANZAM
Conference: Enhancing Business and Government Capabilities: Research, Knowledge and Practice. La Trobe
University, Beechworth, 2002.
Creese, Elizabeth. “The Tension between Artistic Purpose and Management Functions in the Performing Arts.”
AESTHETEx. 7.1 (1997): 57-69.
Dunham, Laura, and R.Edward Freeman. “There is Business like Show Business: Leadership lessons from the
theater.” Organizational Dynamics 29.2 (2000): p.108
Lancaster, Helen. “Leading Conservatoria Through Change. New challenges for music institutions and their leaders
1985-2005.” Diss. University of Queensland, 2006.
Lancaster, Helen. “Preparing to Lead Musicians”, Preparing Musicians Making New Sound Worlds. ISME: 2004.
www.isme.corg/article/articleview/151/1/9/
Middlehurst, Robin. Leading Academics. Bristol: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University
Press, 1993.
Prioleau, Darwin. “Leadership of the Arts in Higher Education: A Case Study.” Diss. University of Massachusetts
Amherst, 1999.
Ramsden, Paul. Learning to Lead in Higher Education. London: Routledge, 1998.
Suchy, Sherene. Leading with Passion. Change Management in the 20th century Museum. Walnut Creek, CA:
Altamira Press, 2004.
Terracini, Lyndon. “A Regional State of Mind.” Making art outside metropolitan Australia. Platform Papers. No. 11,
(January 2007). Adelaide: Currency House,
Zajkowski, Mary, Stephen Dakin, and Suchi Mouly. “Leadership in the Knowledge Age: The Relevance of University
Research Directors.” Leadership in the Antipodes Ed. Ken W Parry. Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies,
Centre for the Study of Leadership, 2001. 78-104.
Zander, Rosamund Stone, and Benjamin Zander. The Art of Possibility. Camberwell: Penguin, 2002
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Engendering Leadership Conference
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WEDNESDAY 23 JULY
2.00pm – 3.30pm
Has Women’s Classical Music Missed the Boat?
Sally Macarthur, University of Western Sydney; s.macarthur@uws.edu.au
In the sea of contemporary classical music, the waves that carried women’s music onto the concert platform seem
to have abated. Data gathered in the last twenty years demonstrates a decrease in women’s music being
performed. A recent survey of six tertiary music institutions in Australia suggests that very little music by women is
taught in the theoretical subjects, which leads to their significant under-representation in the concert hall.
Nonetheless, the results of a recent pilot study (which included follow-up focus groups), showed that third year
tertiary music students in one university were unable to tell the difference between women’s and men’s classical
music in a blind listening task and, furthermore, rated the women’s music higher than the men’s for innovation.
This would indicate that reasons other than musical might be attributed to their under-representation in curricula
and on concert platforms. Yet, as some have also suggested, classical music is an outdated concept in an
increasingly dynamic musical world.
Has popular music usurped the place of classical music? Does this mean that women’s classical music has missed
the boat? Does this mean that we should no longer actively seek out this music as a topic for discussion in tertiary
music institutions? This paper will consider the ramifications for women’s concert hall music if classical music
studies disappeared from our institutions. It will propose new strategies aimed at transforming entrenched
attitudes and changing the dominance of men’s music in tertiary music curricula.
Key words: feminist theory, women composer, innovation and women’s music, popular music/classical music,
poststructuralist theory
References:
Citron,M. (1993) Gender and the Musical Canon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, R.(1991) ‘Recovering Jouissance: An Introduction to Feminist Musical Aesthetics’, in K.Pendle (Ed.) Women
and Music: A History (pp.331-340). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Cusick, S.(1999a) ‘Gender, Musicology, and Feminism’. In N.Cook and M. Everist (Eds.). Rethinking Music (pp.47198). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Edwards, M.J.(1997) Women in the Curricu,um: Music Discipline Analysis. Baltimore: National Center for
Curriculum Transformation Resources on Women.
Fineberg, Joshua (2006) Classical Music, Why Bother? New York & Oxon: Routledge.
Fowler, J.(2006) ‘Where are the Women?’ Music Forum 13(1), pp.24-25.
Gates, E.(1994) ‘Why have there been no great women composers? Psychological theories, past and present.
Journal of Aesthetic Education 28(2), 27.
Green, L.(1988) Music on deaf Ears: Musical Meaning, Ideology and Education. Manchester and New York:
Manchester University Press.
Green, L. (1997) Music, Gender, Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Green, L. (2001) How Popular Musicians Learn: A Way Ahead for Music Education. London and New York: Ashgate.
Johnson, J. (2002) Who Needs Classical Music? Cultural Choice and Musical Value. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kramer, L. (2007) Why Classical Music Still Matters. Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press.
Kusek, D. & Leonhard, Gerd (2005) The Future of Music: Manifesto for the Digital Music Revolution. Boston:
Berklee Press.
Macarthur, S. (1989/90 Summer) ‘Women in the tertiary music system: Is it really all games? Sounds Australian:
Tertiary Music Education: The Incredible Stream Music Machine. 24.
Macarthur, S. (2002) Feminine Aesthetics in Music. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood.
Macarthur, S. (February-April 2006) ‘Raising the platform for women’. Music Forum 12(2) pp.40-43.
McClary, S. (1999) ‘Different Drummers: Theorising music by different composers’. In S.Macarthur and C.Poynton
(Eds.) Music and Feminisms (pp.70-86). Sydney: Australian Music Centre.
Rieger, E. (March 1992) ‘”Irecycle sounds: Do women compose differently?’ Journal of the International League of
Women Composers, pp22-23.
Rubin-Rabson, J. (Feb 1973) ‘Why haven’t women become great composers?’ High Fidelity/Musical America XXIII(2), pp.47-50.
Wood, E. (Summer 1993-94). ‘Who’s calling whose tune? Voice, subjectivity and authority in musicology today.’ Sounds
Australian 40,pp.10-13.
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Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
WEDNESDAY 23 JULY
2.00pm – 3.30pm
Ear-Leaders: Australian women sound artists as cultural activists
Jen Brown, University of Tasmania, jen.brown@utas.edu.au
Discourse on leadership generally focuses attention on ways in which individuals within organisational cultures can
achieve higher levels of authority, power, responsibility and influence. Against a plethora of descriptive,
prescriptive and inspirational accounts of strategies that might by employed by aspiring leaders, radical writing on
leadership offers a critique of the nature of organisational culture itself. This vein of research seeks to articulate
ways in which specific organisations bestow leadership dis/advantage on their participants based on
differentiators such as gender, race, class and age. It interrogates existing structures and dynamics by which
people become leaders and discusses ways in which organizations might change in order to accommodate and
gain from diverse participants and an array of leadership styles. In this paper I am interested in exploring terrain
that lies beyond these established frameworks of organizational leadership literature and to consider the notion of
‘ideational leadership’ in relation to creative arts practice. By this term, I mean the capacity to provoke and
persuade through the power of ideas. As exemplars, I examine the work of five independent Australian women
artists whose primary medium is sound. These artists have positioned themselves as cultural activists by virtue of
their innovative practice, command of technology, and acumen in accessing audiences through radio, spatial
installations and new media.
Arts practitioners in Australian culture tend to live ‘on the margins’ of the mainstream economy and a great
majority sustain themselves by teaching their area of practice rather than by its direct products. Women who
choose to work with sound as a creative medium take up a particularly precarious position in the context of a
western culture that has historically privileged male access to technological resources and arts funding as well as
visual experience over aural. Yet Ros Bandt, Sonia Leber, Amanda Stewart, Norie Neumark and Virginia Madsen
have all succeeded in producing powerful sonic works that provoke reflection on history and memory, political
controversies, and questions of identity and belonging in contemporary Australia. Exploring the potentials of the
voice as an instrument as well as the carrier of language is a common element in their diverse approaches and
aesthetics. Interestingly, they are all teachers and researchers as well as artists.
This paper emerges from doctoral research, completed towards the end of 2007, in which I produced a sound
installation supported by a cross-disciplinary exegesis.1
1
The installation was titled Blitz: Discursive bombardments in ‘the war on terror’ and constructed a space
in which to reflect on the masculinist discourse of Australian political leaders in 2004. I could set this work
up if a suitable venue were to be available (enclosed space of approx. 10 X 8 metres that can be made
dark).
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Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
WEDNESDAY 23 JULY
4.00pm – 5.00pm
Leading In Creative Contexts
Piali Ray, Sampad South Asian Arts; piali@sampad.org.uk
Leading in creative contexts is challenging but fabulous. Being an artist for many years and presently leading an
arts organisation provides me the benefit of having a personal insight into both sides of the story. From a dance
artist to Director of SAMPAD has been an interesting career transition. The first 8 years after moving to the UK
from India in 1982 were really my formative and ‘action research’ years. I realise that now. My experience as an
Indian artist trying to find a place and identity in my adopted homeland, significantly informed my understanding
of the community, the needs and gaps, the opportunities and the role of arts and artists within that. In 1990 I
formed SAMPAD as an organisation that could harness in a cohesive framework the exciting range of ad hoc south
Asian arts practice that was taking place in the Midlands region.
Sampad plays a significant role regionally and nationally in the UK, in promoting the appreciation and practice of
the arts originating from the Indian sub-continent. In 2007, we find ourselves at a time when it is becoming
increasingly complicated to categorize people. The fastest growing ethnic minority in the UK is mixed race, with an
infinite variety of heritage permutations. Similarly, South Asian arts’ place in the wider arts landscape has
transformed in the last five years. South Asian arts companies and artists are gaining in confidence and maturity,
creating a new and distinctly British Asian style that takes its references from an increasingly diverse range of
sources, whilst staying true to its cultural roots. South Asian artists are in demand, as there is increasing interest to
collaborate with them, whether it is the Birmingham Royal Ballet commissioning Nahid Siddiqui, Joanna McGregor
and the Britten Symphonia collaborating with Shrikanth Sriram, Craig David recording Bhangra mixes or Andrew
Lloyd Webber working with A R Rahman to write Bombay Dreams.
Leading a progressive organisation like sampad has ideally placed me to be at the forefront of exploring new ways
of conceiving arts initiatives that focus on intercultural approach. Our philosophy for many years has been to
maintain strong roots in the traditional and classical, to provide the grounding for experimentation and innovation.
Through projects and initiatives such as ‘Savitr’i, ‘Un-Kahi’, ‘Dounia’ and recently ‘Motherland’, we have created a
track record of cross art form and cross cultural work. We also maintain the belief that collaboration is something
that happens on a deep level of understanding, and have tried to avoid the trap of quick and easy “fusion” projects
that have proliferated in recent years. The creative energy is generated through looking ahead to responding to
the challenge of today’s interesting times.
While sampad has achieved a degree of stability in an increasingly uncertain arts funding environment, the issue
around future leadership for culturally diverse arts are critical. It is up to present leadership to enable, in pro-active
ways, the development of future leaders. The diversity of the creative sector demands a diversity of approach,
skills and aptitudes which is taking place through a number of Cultural Leadership modules in the UK. From
individual mentoring and through initiatives such as ‘Aarohan – Cultural Leadership course’ I believe this will be the
most important investment we can do to ensure a strong cultural prospect for the future.
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Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
WEDNESDAY 23 JULY
4.00pm – 5.00pm
Blind Collaboration - in the Recording of Contemporary Music
Christiaan Willems, University of Southern Queensland/Queensland University of Technology; willems@usq.edu.au
As the first of three doctoral projects forming Chris Willems’ doctor of creative industries (qut), this practice-led
research project/paper examines the creation, development and implementation of an artistic process termed by
the author ‘blind collaboration’ - in the context of contemporary music recording.
The process involves musicians collaborating on the recording of an album where they, the musical collaborators,
do not meet, see or hear each other, nor record in the same studio at the same time as their fellow musicians.
Each musician is therefore completely unaware of any others’ contributions, and is therefore uninfluenced by what
the others might play. None of the musicians hears the overall result until the final mix.
There already exist examples of collaboration over geographic distances for particular musical projects. For
instance Weinberg (2002) in his paper on interconnected music networks, describes using the internet to facilitate
collaboration between musicians through ‘live performance systems that allow players to influence, share, and
shape each other’s music in real time…allow(ing) a group of performers to interdependently collaborate in creating
dynamic and evolving musical compositions’.
Weinberg’s work is based in the notion of ‘music performance (as) an interdependent artform (emphasis added).
Musicians’ real-time gestures are constantly influenced by the music they hear, which is reciprocally influenced by
their own actions’, and by utilising the internet it is possible for remote collaboration to take place in real-time.
The operative word here is interdependent.
My process in fact takes entirely the opposite approach – it is an independent process rather than an
interdependent one.
It is a process where the musicians cannot influence each other because they neither see nor hear the other
musicians – their collaborators – so they cannot be influenced by what their collaborators play, therefore, their
respective musical contributions, their ‘collaborations’, are indeed ‘blind’ – neither influenced by, nor influencing,
their fellow collaborators. Neither were they influenced by myself as producer and/or composer. My instructions
to them were simply to choose two of the 14 songs which appealed to them and ‘add whatever you like and send it
back to me’.
However, ‘blind’ as the process was and ‘mutually uninfluenced’ as it was, this independent, blind, remote process
has produced a remarkably cohesive, musically consistent, yet stylistically varied work. All of which suggests that
whilst one would assume that yes, ideally, collaborators would need to be in each other’s presence (even cyberpresence), it is not an essential requirement. In fact I have, through this project, arrived at the view that there may
be distinct advantages to actually avoiding physical (and/or cyber) proximity.
The purpose of this paper is not to examine the technical aspects of recording, other than in contextual terms. The
principal focus and intention of this study lies in the analysis of specific aspects and outcomes of the
creative/artistic process - how it evolved, how it was managed, how it was influenced by the particular artists
involved, the role of serendipity - and how the ‘blind collaboration’ process ultimately shaped the final musical
work.
Since its completion in April 2007 the album, titled ‘once in a while’, has been a featured album of the week on
ABC radio.
Key words: blind collaboration, music collaboration, collaborative creativity, contemporary music recording,
interdependent collaboration, independent collaboration
References:
Collins, M. (2005) On The Phone With Composer Bill Banfield - An Interview. Callaloo, 28, 635-642.
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Engendering Leadership Conference
Stream Program & Abstracts
Collins, P. (1999) Classic Albums - Face Value - Phil Collins. Classic Albums Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment.
Crook, M. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Toowoomba.
Cullen, P. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Gold Coast.
Daltrey, R. (1999) Classic Albums – ‘Who's Next’ - The Who. Classic Albums Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment.
Day, S. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Guest Musician Discussion With The Composer. Adelaide.
Eno, B. (1999) Classic Albums - Joshua Tree - U2. Classic Albums Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment:
Hansson, C. (2007) Album Listening Forum – Comments. Brisbane.
Hilton, M. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Melbourne.
Johns, G. (1999) Classic Albums – ‘Who's Next’ - The Who. Classic Albums Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment.
Jones, A. (2005) From A Distance: The Virtual Collaboration That Helped Score The Sims 2 Ds/Gba. Gamasutra.Com.
Jones, Ashley. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Ipswich.
Kidman, S. (2007) Album Listening Forum, Feedback Comments - A Conversation With The Composer. Brisbane.
Lanois, D. (1999) Classic Albums – ‘Joshua Tree’ - U2. Classic Albums Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment.
Lloyd-Williams, H. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Brisbane.
Mamykina, L., Candy, L. & Edmonds, E. (2002) Collaborative Creativity. Communications Of The Acm, 45, 96-99.
Miller, D. (2003) Inside The Songs Of Sacred Love. Usa, A & M Records.
Miller, J. (1995) Interviewed By Melvyn Bragg. Uk, Rm Associates.
Nicks, S. (1997) Classic Albums - 'Rumours' - By Fleetwood Mac. Classic Albums. Warner Vision Australia.
Padgham, H. (1999) Classic Albums - 'Face Value' - Phil Collins. Classic Albums - Series 2. Eagle Rock Entertainment.
Reinthal, S. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Brisbane.
Sidran, B. (2006) Email Communication - Subject: Adelaide 1988? Wisconsin.
Sting (2003) Inside The Songs Of Sacred Love. Usa, A & M Records.
Tilburey, D. (2007) Album Listening Forum - Comments. Toowoomba.
Weinberg, G. (2002) The Aesthetics, History, And Future Challenges Of Interconnected Music Networks.
International Computer Music Conference (Icmc 2002). Goteborg, Sweden, Mit.
Willems, C. (2005) ‘Trust No-One’ - Contemporary Music Album, Independently Published. Brisbane
Willems, C. (2007) ‘Once In A While’ – Album Booklet Notes - Contemporary Music Album, Independently
Published. Brisbane
Willems, C. H. (1997) Technological Challenges : Aesthetic Solutions. Faculty Of Arts. Brisbane, Queensland
University Of Technology.
Willems, C. H. & Hughes-Lucas, S. (2004) Thinking, Exploring & Recording. In Innovation, Creativity &
Entrepreneurship, University Of The Sunshine Coast
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