Psychology 1 - Introductory Psychology
Dr. Kent T. Yamauchi
Chapter 8: COGNITION AND INTELLIGENCE
(Psychology: Themes & Variations, Briefer Version 8th Edition by Dr. Wayne Weiten)
Problem Solving: In Search of Solutions
Types of Problems
Problems of Inducing Structure
Figure 8.1: Six Standard Problems Used in Studies of Problem Solving
Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
Irrelevant Information
Functional Fixedness
Mental Set
Figure 8.4: Additional Water Jar Problems
Unnecessary Constraints
Figure 8.5: The Nine-Dot Problem
Approaches to Problem Solving
Trial and Error and Heuristics
Figure 8.6: The Matchstick Problem
Forming Subgoals
Figure 8.7: The Tower of Hanoi
Hill Climbing
Figure 8.8: The Six-Coin Problem
Searching for Analogies
Changing the Representation of the Problem
Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving
Figure 8.14: Cultural Disparities in Cognitive Styles
Concept Check 8.1: Thinking About Problem Solving
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Decision Making: Choices and Chances
Making Choices: Selecting an Alternative
Table 8.1: Application of the Additive Model to Choosing an Apartment
Taking Chances: Factors Weighted in Risky Decisions
Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
Ignoring Base Rates and the Conjunction Fallacy
Figure 8.15: The Conjunction Fallacy
The Gambler’s Fallacy and Overestimates of the Improbable
Table 8.2: Actual Mortality Rates for Selected Causes of Death
The Spector of Regret and Loss Aversion
Evolutionary Analyses of Flaws in Human Decision Making
Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Concept Check 8.2: Recognizing Heuristics in Decision making
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Measuring Intelligence
A Brief History
Table 8.3: Calculating the Intelligence Quotient
What Kinds of Questions Are on Intelligence Tests?
Figure 8.16: Subtests on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean?
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Figure 8.17: The Normal Distribution
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability?
Figure 8.18: Correlation and Reliability
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity?
Figure 8.19: Laypersons’ Conceptions of Intelligence
Do Intelligence Tests Predict Vocational Success?
Figure 8.20: Intelligence as a Predictor of Job Performance
Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures?
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Heredity and Environment As Determinants of Intelligence
Evidence for Hereditary Influence
Twin Studies
Figure 8.21: Studies of IQ Similarity
Adoption Studies
Figure 8.21: Studies of IQ Similarity
Heritability Estimates
Figure 8.22: The Concept of Heritability
Evidence for Environmental Influence
Adoption Studies
Environmental Deprivation and Enrichment
Generational Changes: The Flynn Effect
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Figure 8.23: Reaction Range
Concept Check 8.3: Understanding Correlational Evidence on the Heredity-Environment Question
Cultural Difference in IQ Scores
Heritability as an Explanation
Figure 8.24: Genetics and Between-Group Differences on a Trait
Socioeconomic Disadvantage as an Explanation
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
New Directions in the Assessment and Study of Intelligence
Exploring Biological Indexes of Intelligence
Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behaviors
Figure 8.25: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Reducing Reliance on IQ Tests
Expanding the Concept of Intelligence
Table 8.4: Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
Concept Check 8.4: Recognizing Theories of Intelligence
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Putting it in Perspective
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Personal Application: Measuring and Understanding Creativity
The Nature of Creativity
Does Creativity Occur in a Burst of Insight?
Does Creativity Depend on Divergent Thinking?
Measuring Creativity
How Do Psychological Tests Assess Creativity?
How Well Do Tests Predict Creative Productivity?
Correlates of Creativity
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Is there a Creative Personality?
Are Creativity and Intelligence Related?
Is There a Connection Between Creativity and Mental Illness?
Figure 8.26: Estimated Prevalence of Psychological Disorders Among People Who
Achieved Creative Eminence
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Critical Thinking: The Intelligence Debate, Appeals to Ignorance, and Reification
Table 8.5: Critical Thinking Skills Discussed in this Application
REVIEW of Key Learning Goals
Chapter 8 Recap
Chapter 8 Practice Test
Psych 1 Ch 9 Outline –Weiten 8th Edition
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