General Ecology – Chapter 50
Ecology
Biogeography
Distribution
Dispersion
Abundance
Biotic components
Abiotic components
Organismal ecology
Population ecology
Community ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Landscape ecology
Biosphere
Rachel Carson
Silent Spring
biogeographic realms
Nearctic
Palearctic
Neotropical
Ethiopian
Oriental
Australian
Natural range expansions
Species transplants
Habitat selection
Predation
Competition
Symbioses
Climate
Temperature
Water
Sunlight
Wind
Mechanical pressure
Rocks and soil
Periodic disturbances
Catastrophic disturbances
Climatograph
Biomes
Global climate patterns
Solar energy input
Latitudinal variation
Photoperiod
Global circulation of air
Local and seasonal effects
Proximity of large bodies of water
Ocean currents
Topographical variation
Altitudinal variation
Microclimate
Aquatic biomes
Freshwater biomes
Marine biomes
Runoff
Accumulated runoff
Vertical stratification
The photic zone
The aphotic zone
The thermocline
The benthic zone
Benthos
Ponds and lakes
The littoral zone
The limnetic zone
The profundal zone
Streams and rivers
headwaters
mouth
The channel
Wetlands
hydrophytes
Basin wetlands
Riverine wetlands
Fringe wetlands
Estuaries
salt marshes
intertidal mudflats
Zonation in marine communities
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic zone - refers to the seafloor.
Rocky intertidal zones
Soft sediment intertidal zones
Coral reefs
symbiotic algae.
The oceanic pelagic biome
Plankton is prevalent in this zone.
Photosynthetic phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Nekton
Benthos
Benthic zone substrate
Deep benthic communities
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities
ephemeral deep benthic communities
Terrestrial biomes
Tropical forests
rainforest
Savannas: grasslands with scattered trees
Deserts: defined by dryness
Chaparral: dominated by shrubs
Temperate grasslands
North American prairie
Temperate forests
deciduous trees
Coniferous forests
Taiga
Northern coniferous forest
Boreal forest
Tundra
Alpine tundras
The arctic tundra
Permafrost
Chapter 52
Population ecology
Population density
Population dispersion
mark-recapture method
Patterns of dispersion
Geographical range
Local densities
clumped pattern
uniform pattern
random pattern
Biogeography
Demography
Birth rate
Immigration
Death rate
Emigration
Age structure
Sex ratio
Life tables
Cohort
Survivorship curves
Type I curves
Type II curves
Type III curves
Complex curves
Parental care
Molting
Reproductive rate
Reproductive table
Life Histories
age of first reproduction
clutch size
offspring survival rate
Generation time
Population Growth Models
Exponential model of population growth
N/t = B - D
N = population size
t = time
B = absolute number of births/time interval
D = absolute number of deaths/time interval
N = change in population size
t = time interval
b = annual per capita birth rate
d = per capita death rate
m (mortality = d)
N/t= bN - mN
r=b–m
N/t = rN
r = per capita population growth rate
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Instantaneous growth rates
N/t = rN
Maximum population growth rate
Intrinsic rate of increase
rmax
N/t = rmaxN
unlimited resources
J-shaped growth curve
Logistic model of population growth
Carrying capacity (K)
N/t = rmax N [(K - N)/K]
K = carrying capacity
K – N = number of new individuals environment can accommodate
(K - N)/K = percentage of K available for population growth
Multiplying rmax by (K - N)/K reduces value of r as N increases
rmax N [(K - N)/K]
Sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve
The logistic model is density-dependent
K-selected (equilibrium populations)
r-selected (opportunistic populations)
Population Limiting Factors
Density-dependent factors
Resource limitation
Density-independent factors