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Category
Title
NFR:
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
SNAP:
040610
Asphalt roofing materials
ISIC:
Version
Guidebook 2013
6
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Coordinator
Jeroen Kuenen
Contributing authors (including to earlier versions of this chapter)
Marc Deslauriers and Mike Woodfield
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24
Contents
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26
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28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overview ................................................................................................................................... 3
Description of sources ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1
Process description ........................................................................................................... 3
2.2
Techniques ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.3
Emissions ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.4
Controls ............................................................................................................................ 4
Methods..................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1
Choice of method ............................................................................................................. 5
3.2
Tier 1 default approach..................................................................................................... 6
3.3
Tier 2 technology-specific approach ................................................................................ 7
3.4
Tier 3 emission modelling and use of facility data ......................................................... 10
Data quality ............................................................................................................................. 10
Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 11
References ............................................................................................................................... 11
Point of enquiry....................................................................................................................... 11
41
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1
Overview
43
44
45
46
47
48
The present chapter covers emissions from the asphalt roofing industry. The industry
manufactures saturated felt, roofing and siding shingles, and roll roofing and sidings. Most of
these products are used in roofing and other building applications. This source category covers
emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and
particulate material from all related facilities, with the exception of asphalt blowing, which is
inventoried separately under NFR source category 2.D.3.g ‘Chemical products’.
49
50
Combustion emissions of e.g. sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) occurring during
the asphalt roofing processes are inventoried under source category 1.A.2.g.i.
51
2
Description of sources
52
2.1
Process description
53
54
55
56
57
Asphalt felt, roofing and shingle manufacture involves the saturation or coating of felt. Heated
saturant and/or coating asphalt is applied through dipping and/or spraying. Key steps in the
process include asphalt storage, asphalt blowing (included in NFR source category 2.D.3.g), felt
saturation, coating and mineral surfacing. When glass fibre is used in place of paper felt, the
saturation step is eliminated.
Chapter 3.C
Chapter
2.D.3.i
Felt saturation, coating,
Mineral surfacing
Storage
Asphalt
Asphalt
Blowing
Asphalt
Treatment
Asphalt
58
59
Figure 2.1
60
2.2
61
62
63
For asphalt-saturated felt, a typical manufacturing line consists of a paper feed roll, a dry looper
section, a saturator spray section (may not be used), a saturator dipping section, steam-heated
drying-in drums, a wet looper, water cooled rollers, a finish floating looper and a roll winder.
64
65
66
For asphalt shingles, smooth rolls and mineral-surfaced rolls, the manufacturing line is similar to
the felt line, with the addition of a filled asphalt coater, a granule applicator, a press section, water
cooled rollers, a finish floating looper and either a roll winder or a shingle cutter and stacker.
Process scheme for source category 2.D.3.c Asphalt roofing
Techniques
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67
68
Filled asphalt coating is prepared by mixing heated coating asphalt with a mineral stabilizer
(filler), which may or may not be pre-dried.
69
Detailed descriptions of these processes may be found in US EPA (1980).
70
2.3
71
The processes that contribute to emissions from asphalt roofing manufacturing are:
72

the roofing manufacturing line;
73
74

the delivery, transfer, and storage of asphalt and mineral products used in the manufacture of
roofing products;
75

the blowing of asphalt (inventoried under source category 3.C).
76
Emission sources included in the present chapter are summarised in Table 2.1.
77
Table 2.1
Emissions
Asphalt roofing manufacture — sources of emissions.
Emission source
Pollutant
Saturator
Particulate and gaseous hydrocarbons
Wet looper
Gaseous hydrocarbons
Coater-mixer tank
Particulate hydrocarbons, gaseous hydrocarbons, and inorganic particulates
Coater
Particulate hydrocarbons, gaseous hydrocarbons, and inorganic particulates
Surface application
Inorganic particulates
Sealant strip application
Gaseous hydrocarbons
Asphalt storage tank
Gaseous hydrocarbons and particulate
Materials handling
Inorganic particulates
Filler dryer
Inorganic particulate, combustion gases
78
2.4
Controls
79
The following process controls can be used to minimise emissions:
80

dip saturators, rather than spray or spray-dip saturators;
81

asphalts that inherently produce low emissions;
82

reduced temperatures in the asphalt saturant pan;
83

reduced asphalt storage temperatures.
84
Add-on emission controls are summarised in Table 2.2.
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85
Table 2.2
Emission controls for asphalt roofing manufacture
Emission sources
Control devices
Comments
Saturator, wet looper
and coater
Afterburner, high energy air filter,
electrostatic precipitator, mist
eliminators, fabric filters, or wet
scrubbers
These sources usually share a
common enclosure and are ducted to
a common control device.
Coater-mixer
High velocity air filter
Fumes may be routed to common
control device (see above).
Asphalt storage tanks
Mist eliminator
May be routed to common control
device during production periods.
Mineral surfacing and
granule application
Bag-house, wet scrubber, cyclone
Granule and mineral
delivery, storage and
transfer
Bag-house(s), wet scrubber,
cyclone
Storage and conveyors are usually
enclosed to prevent moisture pick-up.
86
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88
3
Methods
89
3.1
Choice of method
90
91
Figure 3.1 presents the procedure to select the methods for estimating process emissions from the
asphalt roofing industry. The basic approach is as follows:
92

If detailed information is available: use it;
93
94
95
96

If the source category is a key category, a Tier 2 or better method must be applied and
detailed input data must be collected. The decision tree directs the user in such cases to the
Tier 2 method, since it is expected that it is more easy to obtain the necessary input data for
this approach than to collect facility-level data needed for a Tier 3 estimate;
97
98
99

The alternative of applying a Tier 3 method, using detailed process modelling is not explicitly
included in this decision tree. However, detailed modelling will always be done at facility
level and results of such modelling could be seen as ‘Facility data’ in the decision tree.
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Start
Facility data
Available?
Yes
Whole industry
covered
No
Yes
Use Tier 3
Facility data
only
No
Use Tier 3
Facility data &
extrapolation
Technology
Stratification
available?
Yes
Use Tier 2
technology specific
activity data
and EFs
No
Key source?
Yes
Get
technology stratified
activity data
and EFs
No
Apply Tier 1
default EFs
100
101
Figure 3.1
Decision tree for source category 2.D.3.c Asphalt roofing
102
103
3.2
104
3.2.1 Algorithm
105
The Tier 1 approach for emissions from asphalt roofing uses the general equation:
106
107
Tier 1 default approach
E pollutant  AR production  EFpollutant
(1)
Where:
108
E pollutant
=
the emission of the specified pollutant
109
AR production
=
the activity rate for the asphalt roofing
110
EF pollutant
=
the emission factor for this pollutant
111
112
113
114
This equation is applied at the national level, using annual national total production of the asphalt
roofing industry. Information on the production, suitable for estimating emissions using the
simpler estimation methodology (Tier 1 and 2), is widely available from national statistics or
United Nations statistical yearbooks.
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115
116
In cases where specific abatement options are to be taken into account a Tier 1 method is not
applicable and a Tier 2 or Tier 3 approach must be used.
117
3.2.2 Default emission factors
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
The Tier 1 approach and emission factors assume an averaged or typical technology and
abatement implementation in the country and integrate all sub-processes within the industry from
inputting raw materials to the final shipment of the products off site. The default emission factors
given in Table 3.1 are from US EPA (1995). The share of PM10 and PM2.5 is assumed to be 25%
and 5% based on the emission distributions from hot mix asphalt plants (US EPA, 2004). The
emission of BC1 is related to PM2.5 and is based on information from US EPA, SPECIATE
database version 4.3 (US EPA, 2011).
125
126
Emissions of NOx and SOx originate from combustion. Guidance on estimating these emission
factors can be found in chapter 1.A.2.f.i.
127
Table 3.1
Tier 1 emission factors for source category 2.D.3.c Asphalt roofing
NFR source category
Fuel
Not applicable
Not estimated
Pollutant
CO
NMVOC
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
BC
Tier 1 default emission factors
Code
Name
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
NA
SOx, NH3, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, HCH, DDT, PCBs,
NOx, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(a)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene,
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, HCB,
Value
Unit
95 % confidence interval
Reference
Lower
Upper
9.5
g/Mg shingle
3
30
US EPA (1995)
130
g/Mg shingle
40
400
US EPA (1995)
1 600
g/Mg shingle
500
5 000
US EPA (1995)
400
g/Mg shingle
130
1 200
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
80
g/Mg shingle
30
240
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
0.013
% of PM2.5
0.006
0.026
US EPA (2011 file no.: 91148)
128
3.2.3 Activity data
129
130
In order to estimate emissions, production data are required by plant or for the sector. The relevant
activity statistics used in Tier 1 is the production of shingles.
131
3.3
Tier 2 technology-specific approach
132
3.3.1
Algorithm
133
134
135
The Tier 2 approach is similar to the Tier 1 approach. To apply the Tier 2 approach, both the
activity data and the emission factors need to be stratified according to the different techniques
that may occur in the country.
136
The Tier 2 approach is as follows:
137
138
Stratify the asphalt roofing in the country to model the different product and process types
occurring in the national industry into the inventory by:
1
For the purposes of this guidance, BC emission factors are assumed to equal those for elemental carbon (EC). For
further information please refer to Chapter 1.A.1 Energy Industries.
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139
140

defining the production using each of the separate product and/or process types (together
called ‘technologies’ in the formulae below) separately; and
141

applying technology-specific emission factors for each process type:
142
E pollutant 
 AR
production,technology
 EFtechnology,pollutant
(2)
technologies
143
where:
144
145
ARproduction,technology
=
the production rate within the source category, using this
specific technology
146
EFtechnology,pollutant
=
the emission factor for this technology and this pollutant
147
148
149
150
A country where only one technology is implemented will result in a penetration factor of 100 %
and the algorithm in equation (3) reduces to:
E pollutant  AR production  EFtechnology,pollutant (4)
where:
151
Epollutant
=
the emission of the specified pollutant
152
ARproduction
=
the activity rate for the use of asphalt roofing materials
153
EFpollutant
=
the emission factor for this pollutant
154
The emission factors in this approach still include all sub-processes within the industry.
155
3.3.2 Technology-specific emission factors
156
157
158
159
This section identifies two types of saturators that may be used in the asphalt roofing process. The
emission factors given in the tables below are taken from US EPA (1995) and are applicable to
uncontrolled saturators with drying, in drum section (wet looper for CO) and coater. Information
on other variants of the technology may be found in US EPA (1995).
160
3.3.2.1 Dip saturator
161
Table 3.2
Tier 2 emission factors for source category 2.D.3.c, Asphalt roofing, dip saturator.
NFR source category
Fuel
SNAP (if applicable)
Technologies/Practices
Region or regional conditions
Abatement technologies
Not applicable
Not estimated
Pollutant
CO
NMVOC
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
BC
Tier 2 default emission factors
Code
Name
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
NA
040610 Roof covering with asphalt materials
Dip saturator, drying-in drums section, wet looper and coater
Uncontrolled
SOx, NH3, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, HCH, PCBs,
NOx, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(a)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene,
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, HCB,
Value
Unit
95 % confidence interval
Reference
Lower
Upper
9.5
g/Mg shingle
3
30
US EPA (1995)
46
g/Mg shingle
15
150
US EPA (1995)
600
g/Mg shingle
200
1 800
US EPA (1995)
150
g/Mg shingle
50
450
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
30
g/Mg shingle
10
90
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
0.013
% of PM2.5
0.006
0.026
US EPA (2011 file no.: 91148)
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162
3.3.2.2 Spray / dip saturator
163
164
Table 3.3
Tier 2 emission factors for source category 2.D.3.c, Asphalt roofing, spray / dip
saturator.
NFR source category
Fuel
SNAP (if applicable)
Technologies/Practices
Region or regional conditions
Abatement technologies
Not applicable
Not estimated
Pollutant
CO
NMVOC
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
BC
Tier 2 default emission factors
Code
Name
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
NA
040610 Roof covering with asphalt materials
Dip saturator, drying-in drums section, wet looper and coater
Uncontrolled
SOx, NH3, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, HCH, PCBs
NOx, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/F, Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(a)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene,
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, HCB,
Value
Unit
95 % confidence interval
Reference
Lower
Upper
9.5
g/Mg shingle
3
30
US EPA (1995)
130
g/Mg shingle
40
400
US EPA (1995)
1 600
g/Mg shingle
500
5 000
US EPA (1995)
400
g/Mg shingle
130
1 200
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
80
g/Mg shingle
30
240
US EPA (1995)/US EPA (2004)
0.013
% of PM2.5
0.006
0.026
US EPA (2011 file no.: 91148)
165
3.3.3 Abatement
166
167
168
A number of add-on technologies exist that are aimed at reducing the emissions of specific
pollutants. The resulting emission can be calculated by replacing the technology-specific emission
factor with an abated emission factor as given in the formula:
169
170
EFtechnology,abated  (1   abatement )  EFtechnology,unabated
(5)
Where:
171
EF technology, abated
=
the emission factor after implementation of the abatement
172
η abatement
=
the abatement efficiency
173
EF technology, unabated
=
the emission factor before implementation of the abatement
174
175
This section presents default abatement efficiencies for a number of abatement options, applicable
in this sector.
176
177
Efficiencies equal to 0 % indicate that the abatement technique does not change the emission level
of a certain pollutant.
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178
3.3.3.1 Dip saturator
179
Table 3.4
Abatement efficiencies (ηabatement) for source category 2.D.3.c Asphalt roofing.
Tier 2 Abatement efficiencies
NFR Source Category
Fuel
SNAP (if applicable)
Technologies/Practices
Abatement technology
ESP
180
High Energy Air Filter
(HEAF)
Code
Name
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
NA
not applicable
040611
Asphalt roofing materials
Dip saturator, drying-in drum section, wet looper and coater
Pollutant
Efficiency
95% confidence
Reference
interval
Default Value Lower Upper
TSP
97%
92%
100% US EPA (1995)
NMVOC
0%
0%
0% US EPA (1995)
TSP
94%
83%
100% US EPA (1995)
NMVOC
0%
0%
0% US EPA (1995)
T
i
e
r
2
A
b
a
C
o
d
e
2
.
A
.
5
N
A
0
4
0
6
1
1
D
i
p
s
a
t
u
ra
Po
l
l
u
ta
n
t
N
F
R
So
u
r
c
e
C
a
te
g
o
r
y
F
u
e
l
SN
A
P
(i
f
a
p
p
l
i
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a
b
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e
)
T
e
c
h
n
o
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o
g
i
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/
Pr
a
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s
A
b
a
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m
e
n
t
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
e
m
e
181
3.3.3.2 Spray / dip saturator
182
Table 3.5
e
rg
y
A
i
r
F
i
l
t
e
n
t
e
f
f
i
c
N
a
m
e
A
s
p
h
a
l
t
ro
o
f
i
n
g
n
o
t
a
p
p
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i
ca
b
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e
A
s
p
h
a
l
t
ro
o
f
i
n
g
t
o
r
E
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
D
e
E
S
P
H
i
g
h
En
(H
EA
F
)
fa
u
l
t
Va
i
e
m
9
l
u
e
n
a
5
c
t
e
ri
i
e
a
l
s
s
%
c
o
n
fi
d
e
n
c
i
n
te
r
v
a
l
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
e
R
e
fe
r
e
n
c
e
L
o
w
T
SP
N
M
V
O
C
T
SP
N
M
V
O
C
r
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
EP
A
EP
A
EP
A
EP
A
(1
(1
(1
(1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
Abatement efficiencies (ηabatement) for source category 2.D.3.c Asphalt roofing.
Tier 2 Abatement efficiencies
183
NFR Source Category
Fuel
SNAP (if applicable)
Technologies/Practices
Code
Name
2.D.3.c
Asphalt roofing
NA
not applicable
040611
Asphalt roofing materials
Spray / Dip saturator, drying-in drum section, wet looper, coater
and storage tanks
Abatement technology
Pollutant
High Energy Air Filter
(HEAF)
TSP
NMVOC
Efficiency
95% confidence
Reference
interval
Default Value Lower Upper
98%
95%
100% US EPA (1995)
0%
0%
0% US EPA (1995)
T
N
F
R
So
u
r
c
e
C
a
te
g
o
r
y
F
u
e
l
SN
A
P
(i
f
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
)
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
/
Pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
A
b
a
te
m
e
n
t
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
e
r
2
A
b
a
C
o
d
e
2
.
A
.
5
N
A
0
4
0
6
1
1
D
i
p
s
a
t
u
ra
Po
l
l
u
ta
n
t
t
e
m
e
e
rg
y
A
i
r
F
i
l
t
e
r
n
t
e
f
f
i
c
N
a
m
e
A
s
p
h
a
l
t
ro
o
f
i
n
g
n
o
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a
p
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A
s
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a
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ro
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f
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t
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E
ffi
c
i
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n
c
y
D
e
E
S
P
H
i
g
h
En
(H
EA
F
)
fa
u
l
t
Va
l
u
e
i
e
m
9
n
a
5
c
t
e
ri
i
e
a
l
s
s
%
c
o
n
fi
d
e
n
c
i
n
te
r
v
a
l
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
e
R
e
fe
184
3.3.4 Activity data
185
186
Activity data on shingles production are the relevant activity statistics for using the Tier 2
emission factors. These may be obtained from specific plants or from the sector as a whole.
187
3.4
188
There is no available Tier 3 information for this source category.
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
EP
A
EP
A
EP
A
EP
A
Tier 3 emission modelling and use of facility data
189
190
4
191
No specific issues.
r
e
n
c
e
L
o
w
T
SP
N
M
V
O
C
T
SP
N
M
V
O
C
Data quality
192
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10
(1
(1
(1
(1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
4
4
4
4
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
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Quoted
193
5
Glossary
AR production, technology the production rate within the source category, using a specific technology
ARproduction
the activity rate for the use of asphalt roofing materials
E facility, pollutant
the emission of the pollutant as reported by a facility
E pollutant
the emission of the specified pollutant
E total, pollutant
the total emission of a pollutant for all facilities within the source category
EF country, pollutant
a country-specific emission factor
EF pollutant
the emission factor for the pollutant
EF technology, abated
the emission factor after implementation of the abatement
EF technology, pollutant
the emission factor for this technology and this pollutant
EF technology, unabated
the emission factor before implementation of the abatement
Penetration technology the fraction of production using a specific technology
Production facility
the production rate in a facility
Production total
the production rate in the source category
ηabatement
the abatement efficiency
194
195
6
References
US EPA, 1980. Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Industry Background Information For Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-021a. PB 80 212111. United States Environment Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
US EPA, 1995. ‘Asphalt roofing’. In: AP-42 Fourth Edition. United States Environment
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/.
US EPA, 2004. ‘11.1 Hot Mix Asphalt Plants’. Supplement to: Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors. Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42, 4th Edition. United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ (accessed 5 June
2013.
US EPA, 2011. SPECIATE database version 4.3, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA).
Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/speciate/. (accessed 5 June 2013).
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Point of enquiry
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Enquiries concerning this chapter should be directed to the relevant leader(s) of the Task Force on
Emission Inventories and Projection’s expert panel on combustion and industry. Please refer to the
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TFEIP website (www.tfeip-secretariat.org/) for the contact details of the current expert panel
leaders.
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