Kuemmerle, Kaplan, Prishchepov, Rylskyy, Chaskovskyy, Tikunov and Müller
Forest transitions in Eastern Europe
and their effects on carbon budgets
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Fig. S1: Administrative boundaries of the study region
Table S1: Data sources for reconstructing forest area time series 1700-1914
Table S2: Data sources for reconstructing forest area time series 1914-2012
Fig. S2: Interpolated forest trajectories per administrative unit
Fig. S3: Forest trajectories at the country-level
Fig. S4: Total C stored in natural vegetation and regrowing forests
Fig. S5: Carbon stock patterns at key time periods across land-use scenarios
Fig. S6: Comparison of forest statistics and satellite-based forest estimates
1
2
3
4
8
13
14
15
16
Fig. S1: Boundaries of governorates of the European part of the Russian Empire (a) and
extent of the study region including the administrative units used to reconstruct
homogenized forest area time series (b).
2
Table S1: Data sources used to reconstruct forest are time series before 1914 at the level of the administrative units shown in Fig. S1a.
Country
Description
Years
Reference
Russian Empire
(governorates
level)
Survey data and forest trajectory
reconstructions
1722, 1742, 1762,
1780, 1782, 1796,
1812, 1815, 1835,
1851, 1858,
1861,1868, 1881,
1887, 1914
Tsvetkov, M. A. (1957) Changes in Forest Cover
in European Russia between the late 17th
Century and 1914. Moscow, Russian Academy
of Sciences Publishing.
Western Ukraine
(state level)
Statistics from the Kingdom of Galicia
and Lodomeria
1872, 1876
Hołowkiewicz, E. (1877) Flora leśna i przemysł
drzewny w Galicji, Lwów. [Forest flora and
timber industry in Galicia]. Kraków.
Orzechowski, K. (1872) Przewodnik
statystyczno topograficzny i skorowidz
obejmujący wszystkie miejscowości z
przysiółkami w Królestwie Galicyi W.X.
Krakowskiem i X. Bukowinie, według
najświeższych skazówek urzędowych [The
statistical and topographical companion and
index of all towns with hamlets in the Kingdom
of Galicia, the Grand Duchy of Krakow and the
Duchy of Bukovina, according to the newest
official instructions]. Kraków.
3
Table S2: Data sources used to reconstruct forest are time series after 1914 at the level of the administrative units shown in Fig. S1b.
Country
Description
Armenia
(country level)
Scientific publication, national statistics 1941, 1956, 1966,
1977, 1988, 1990,
2000, 2005, 2010
Azerbaijan
(country level)
National statistics
1961 – 2009
(annually)
FAO (2010), Forest Resource Assessment. FAOForestry, CountryStat,
http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=FOR
Belarus
(state level)
Scientific publication
1946, 1960, 1969,
1990
Tarasenko, V.P., Ipatyev, V.A., Kruk, N.K., and
Holodilova, L.V. (2004) History of forestry in
Belarus (Istorija lesnogo dela v Belarusi). Second.
Vol. 2. 2 vols. Homel: Belarusian State forest
comittee, 300 p.
National statistics
2000-2010
(annually)
BELSTAT (2010). Data on forestness of Belarus
at province level from 1990 to 2010. National
Statistical Committee of Republic of BelarusBELSTAT. Electronic request. 2p
Scientific publication
1939 – 1992
(annually)
Mander, U. (1994). Changes of Landscape
Structure in Estonia during the Soviet Period.
GeoJournal 33, 45–54.
National statistics
2000, 2005, 2010
ESSTAT (2010): Forest area statistics for Estonia
Estonia
(country level)
Years
Reference
4
Moreno-Sanchez, R., Sayadyan, H.Y. (2005).
Evolution of the forest cover in Armenia. Int. For.
Rev. 7, 113-127.
Forest Resource Assessment 2010, FAO-Forestry,
CountryStat,
http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=FOR
1999-2010 http://www.stat.ee/statistics
Georgia
(country level)
Georgian Forestry Statistics
1800 – 2010
Olofsson, P., Torchinava, P., Woodcock, C.,
Baccini, A., Houghton, R., Ozdogan, M., Zhao,
F., and Yang, X. (2010). Implications of land use
change on the national terrestrial carbon budget of
Georgia. Carbon Balance & Management, 5, 4.
Latvia
(country level)
Scientific publication
1923, 1929, 1935,
1949, 1961, 1973,
1983, 1990
Ozolins, J. and Pilats, V. (1995) “Distribution and
Status of Small and Medium-Sized Carnivores in
Latvia.” Annales Zoologici Fennici 32, no. 1: 21–
29 pp.
National statistics
1991, 1992, 1993
European Commission (1998). “Agricultural
Situation and Prospects in the Central and Eastern
European Countries. Latvia.” Working document,
Directorate General for Agriculture (DG VI),
European Commission, 79 p.
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/publi/peco/latvia/la
t_en.pdf.
National statistics
1994 – 2010
(annually)
CSB (2011). “Forest Land of Latvia at the End of
the Year 1994-2010.” Central Statistical Bureau
of Latvia, Online database http://www.csb.gov.lv/
Report
1938, 1948, 1956,
1958, 1961, 1966,
1973, 1978, 1983,
1988, 1993
Bitvinskaite, Z., and Kasnauskaite, L. (2006).
“Afforestation and Reforestation in Lithuania”,
Lithuanian Ministry of Environment, Department
of Forests 25 p.
Lithuania
(country level)
5
National statistics
1993 – 2010
(annually)
LITHSTAT (2011). Main Forest Characteristics
and Statistical Indicators 1993-2010. Department
of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of
Lithuania, http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/
Moldova
(country level)
National statistical reports
1999 – 2010
(annually)
MOLDSTAT (2010). Statistics on forest area in
the Republic of Moldova 1999-2010. National
Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova.
Russia
Statistics and Forest Census
1993, 1998, 2003,
2008
Rylsky, L. A. (2000). Creation of animated maps
of forestness dynamics and sown agricultural
areas of European Russia for the last 300 years.
(Postrojenie animatsionnih kart dinamiki
lesistosti i raspahannosti Evropeiskoi chasti
Rossii za poslednie 300 let). Moscow State
University, Moscow.
National statistics from the Second
Polish Republic
1923, 1928, 1937
Miklaszewski, J. (1928). Lasy i leśnictwo w
Polsce [Forests and Forestry in Poland].
Warszawa.
Mały Rocznik Statystyczny (1939) Mały Rocznik
Statystyczny [Small Statistical Yearbook].
Warszawa.
National report
1941, 1946, 1949,
1958, 1966, 1973,
1978
Vakulyuk, P.G. (1981). Forest area change in
Ukraine. GOSLESHOZ USSR, Institute for the
Improvement of the Qualification of Managers
National statistics
Ukraine
(state level)
6
and Specialists in the Forestry Sector, 11p.
USSR
(state level)
National report
1983, 1988, 1993,
1996
Vakulyuk, P.G. (2000). Essays on history of
forests of Ukraine. (Narisi z istorii lisiv Ukraini).
Polifast, 624 p.
National statistics
2003, 2009
UKRTSTAT (2010) Forest Cover in Ukraine
Statistics and Forest Census
1927, 1940, 1944,
1949, 1958, 1966,
1973, 1978, 1983,
1988
Rylsky, L. A. (2000). Creation of animated maps
of forestness dynamics and sown agricultural
areas of European Russia for the last 300 years.
(Postrojenie animatsionnih kart dinamiki
lesistosti i raspahannosti Evropeiskoi chasti
Rossii za poslednie 300 let). Moscow State
University, Moscow.
7
Fig. S2: Interpolated forest trajectories per administrative unit
Brest (Belarus)
100
Homyel (Belarus)
100
1940
Hrodna (Belarus)
100
1933
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
0
1700
Mahilyow (Belarus)
100
1800
1900
2000
1700
Minsk (Belarus)
100
1936
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
Arkhangelsk (Russia)
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
Belgorod (Russia)
100
1897
1932
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
1987
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
Ivanovo (Russia)
100
1800
1900
2000
Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia)
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
Kaliningrad (Russia)
75
1800
1932
1700
100
1700
2000
0
1700
100
1984
1900
Dagestan (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
2000
1899
Chuvashia (Russia)
100
1950
1900
0
1700
Chechnya and Ingushetia (Russia)
100
2000
Bryansk (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
1900
0
1700
Bashkortostan (Russia)
100
1800
Astrakhan (Russia)
100
1700
1943
1700
100
1976
2000
0
1700
Karelia (Russia)
100
1900
Vitsyebsk (Belarus)
75
1700
1800
100
1936
75
0
1930
0
1700
1800
1900
8
2000
1700
1800
1900
2000
Fig. S2, cont.
Kalmykia (Russia)
Kaluga (Russia)
Kirov (Russia)
100
100
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
Kostroma (Russia)
100
1945
1934
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
Leningrad (Russia)
100
1939
1930
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
Mordovia (Russia)
100
1892
1917
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
Neneckij (Russia)
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
Novgorod (Russia)
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
100
1933
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
Orel (Russia)
100
1800
2000
0
1700
North Ossetia (Russia)
1700
1900
1911
100
0
1800
Nizhny Novgorod (Russia)
100
0
1904
1700
100
1969
2000
0
1700
Murmansk (Russia)
100
1900
Moscow (Russia)
75
1700
1800
100
75
0
2000
0
1700
Mari El (Russia)
100
1900
Lipeck (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
2000
0
1700
Kursk (Russia)
100
1900
Krasnodar (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
1930
0
1700
Komi (Russia)
100
100
1918
1946
0
1700
1800
1900
9
2000
1700
1800
1900
2000
Fig. S2, cont.
Orenburg (Russia)
Penza (Russia)
Perm (Russia)
100
100
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
100
1922
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
0
1700
Pskov (Russia)
100
1800
1900
2000
1700
Rostov (Russia)
100
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
100
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
Stavropol (Russia)
1800
1900
2000
Tambov (Russia)
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
2000
100
1965
1800
1900
2000
1700
1921
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1897
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1900
2000
Volgograd (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
1936
1700
Vladimir (Russia)
100
1927
2000
0
1700
Ulyanovsk (Russia)
100
1900
Udmurtia (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
2000
1975
Tver (Russia)
100
1914
1900
0
1700
Tula (Russia)
100
1800
Tatarstan (Russia)
75
1900
1933
1700
100
1800
2000
0
1700
100
1700
1900
Smolensk (Russia)
75
1800
1800
100
1972
75
1700
2000
1893
Saratov (Russia)
1987
1900
0
1700
Samara (Russia)
100
1800
Ryazan (Russia)
100
1926
1700
1930
0
1700
1800
1900
10
2000
1700
1800
1900
2000
Fig. S2, cont.
Vologda (Russia)
100
Voronezh (Russia)
100
1941
Yaroslavl (Russia)
100
1943
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
0
1700
Cherkasy (Ukraine)
100
1800
1900
2000
1700
Chernihiv (Ukraine)
100
1941
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1800
1900
2000
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine)
1800
1900
2000
Kharkiv (Ukraine)
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
2000
1800
1900
2000
1925
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
1956
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1900
2000
Mykolayiv (Ukraine)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
1892
1700
Lviv (Ukraine)
100
1933
2000
0
1700
Luhansk (Ukraine)
100
1900
Kirovohrad (Ukraine)
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
1947
1700
Kiev (Ukraine)
100
1956
2000
0
1700
Khmelnitsky (Ukraine)
100
1900
100
1911
0
1900
1800
Kherson (Ukraine)
75
1800
1940
1700
100
1700
2000
0
1700
100
0
1900
Donetsk (Ukraine)
75
0
1800
100
1863
75
1700
1898
Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine)
100
1886
2000
0
1700
Krym (Ukraine)
100
1900
Chernivtsi (Ukraine)
75
1700
1800
100
1934
75
0
1926
1944
0
1700
1800
1900
11
2000
1700
1800
1900
2000
Fig. S2, cont.
Odessa (Ukraine)
100
Poltava (Ukraine)
100
1946
Rivne (Ukraine)
100
1917
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
0
1700
Sevastopol (Ukraine)
100
1800
1900
2000
1700
Sumy (Ukraine)
100
1894
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
1800
1900
2000
1800
1900
2000
Vinnytsia (Ukraine)
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1900
2000
Zhytomyr (Ukraine)
1920
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
2000
Armenia
1800
1900
2000
Azerbaijan
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
2000
1800
1900
2000
1700
1922
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
0
0
1900
2000
1900
2000
Latvia
75
1800
1800
100
75
1700
2000
1915
Lithuania
100
1920
1900
0
1700
Estonia
100
1800
Moldova
100
1900
1940
1700
100
1800
2000
0
1700
100
1700
1900
Georgia
75
1900
1800
100
75
1800
2000
1947
1700
75
1700
1900
0
1800
100
1958
100
1934
1700
Zaporizhia (Ukraine)
100
1800
Volyn (Ukraine)
100
1800
1959
1700
100
1700
2000
0
1700
Zakarpattya (Ukraine)
1900
Ternopil (Ukraine)
75
1700
1800
100
1904
75
0
1920
1922
0
1700
1800
1900
12
2000
1700
1800
1900
2000
Fig. S3: Forest trajectories at the country-level as well as distribution of forest transitions
at the state (i.e. oblast) level (circles on top). To calculate national forest trajectories, only
states inside the study region (Fig. S1) were considered (excluding the Caucasus due to
data gaps).
13
Fig. S4: Total carbon stored in vegetation and soils on unmanaged land and on former
agricultural land for our land-use scenarios as well as the KK11 and HYDE 3.1 scenarios.
14
Fig. S5: Total (vegetation and soil) carbon stocks based on our land-use reconstruction
for 1800, 1900, 1950, and 2010 (top row) as well as differences to KK11 (middle row)
and HYDE 3.1 (bottom row).
15
Fig. S6: Forest area statistics used for our reconstruction for the year 2009 compared with
forest area derived via remote sensing (GlobCover 2009, based on MERIS images). The
GlobCover forest area includes the classes ‘Closed to open (broadleaved or needleleaved,
evergreen or deciduous) shrubland’, ‘Closed broadleaved deciduous forest’, ‘Open
broadleaved deciduous forest/woodland’, ‘Closed needleleaved evergreen forest’, ’Open
needleleaved deciduous or evergreen forest’, ‘Closed to open mixed broadleaved and
needleleaved forest’, ‘Mosaic forest or shrubland / grassland’, ‘Mosaic grassland / forest
or shrubland ’ and ‘Closed broadleaved forest or shrubland permanently flooded’.
16