Latin America Independence Movements
NATION-BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA
I. LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY OF 19TH C.
A. INTRODUCTION
1. EVENTS THAT LED TO LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE a. CLOSELY RELATED TO POLITICAL TURMOIL IN EUROPE IN 18TH & EARLY 19TH
CENTURIES
2. WARS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION a. PARTICULARLY THOSE OF NAPOLEON b. SPARKED MOVEMENTS FOR INDEPENDENCE
3. IN LESS THAN 2 DECADES a. BETWEEN 1804-1824 b. FRANCE DRIVEN FROM HAITI c. PORTUGAL LOST CONTROL OF BRAZIL d. SPAIN FORCED TO WITHDRAW FROM ALL ITS AMERICAN EMPIRE
1) EXCEPT CUBA & PUERTO RICO
4. 3 CENTURIES OF IBERIAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT CAME TO END
5. SERIES OF REVOLUTIONS TURNED SPANISH & PORTUGUESE COLONIES INTO NEW
NATIONS
6. IN VIRTUALLY EVERY REVOLT a. LEADERSHIP PROVIDED BY CREOLE ELITE b. SUCH MEN AS FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO IN MEXICO c. SIMON BOLIVAR IN VENEZUELA & NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA d. JOSE DE SAN MARTIN IN ARGENTINA & SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
7. ALSO CREOLES WERE THEIR LEADING GENERALS, ADMINISTRATORS & SUPPORTERS
8. THEY FAMILIAR WITH EUROPEAN TRADITIONS & EVENTS a. MANY HAD STUDIED IN EUROPE
9. MANY OF REVOLUTIONS SEEMED TO BE FOUGHT FOR BENEFIT OF CREOLES a. ACTUALLY FORMED LESS THAN 5% OF TOTAL POPULATIONS
10. OTHER LATIN AMERICANS a. MESTIZOS & AMERINDIANS GAINED LITTLE
11. ON CARIBBEAN ISLANDS OF CUBA & PUERTO RICO NO REBELLIONS a. HERE ELITES FRIGHTENED LEST SLAVE REVOLT OF HAITI BE REPEATED ON THEIR
OWN ISLANDS b. REMAINED LOYAL TO SPAIN
12. BOBBING IN & OUT OF LATIN AMERICA DIFFICULT TO KEEP TRACK OF
13. ENTIRE COURSES OF LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY
14. BUT IN SURVEY COURSE GENERALIZATIONS NECESSARY
15. EVEN THOUGH THESE SOCIETIES SO DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER
16. WHEN EUROPEANS FIRST CAME TO WESTERN HEMISPHERE a. THEY ENCOUNTERED SOME BRILLIANT CIVILIZATIONS
1) AZTECS BASED ON MAYAN IN MEXICO a) PYRAMID OF THE SUN - CENTRAL VALLEY OF MEXICO - H 17 b) TEOTIHUACAN CIVILIZATIONS
2) AZTEC OBSIDIAN MASK CA. 1450 A.D. - H 37
3) INCAS OF PERU
4) INCA TERRACING AT MANCHU PICCHU, PERU, H 40
5) INCA GOLD MASK CA. 1500 A.D. H 42
17. EUROPEANS DID NOT UNDERSTAND THESE CIVILIZATIONS a. FOUND MANY OF THEIR IDEAS & PRACTICES FRIGHTENING OR THREATENING
18. NATIVE CIVILIZATIONS ALSO HAD GOOD REASON TO FEAR SPANISH & PORTUGUESE
B. GEOGRAPHY
1. 8 MILLION SQUARE MILES OF LAND RANGING FROM a. HIGH MOUNTAINS - H2

b. TO BARREN DESERTS - H4 c. LARGE ACREAGE OF GRASSLANDS
1) LLANOS OF VENEZUELA
2) PAMPAS OF ARGENTINA
3) ENCOURAGING CATTLE & SHEEP RANCHING H5 d. BUT MUCH OF TERRITORY IS MARGINAL FOR LARGE-SCALE AGRICULTURE
II. WHY REVOLUTIONS
A. CREOLE DISCONTENT
1. CREOLE DISCONTENT WITH SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT HAD MANY SOURCES
2. IN SOME WAYS CREOLE COMPLAINTS RESEMBLED THOSE OF AMERICAN COLONISTS
AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN
3. LATIN AMERICAN MERCHANTS WANTED TO TRADE MORE FREELY WITHIN REGION a. & WITH NORTH AMERICAN & EUROPEAN MARKETS
4. CREOLES WANTED COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS BENEFICIAL TO THEM RATHER THAN
SPAIN
5. LATE 18TH C. BOURBON IMPERIAL REFORMS a. ALTHOUGH LIBERATING TRADE b. DETRIMENTAL TO LATIN AMERICAN EXPORTS
6. CREOLES ALSO FEARED SPANISH IMPERIAL REGULATIONS a. MIGHT CHANGE LANDHOLDING b. ACCESS TO OFFICER COMMISSIONS IN ARMY c. LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICY d. TREATMENT OF SLAVES & INDIANS HARMFUL TO CREOLES
7. CREOLES ALSO DEEPLY RESENTFUL OF SPANISH POLICIES FAVORING PENINSULARES a. FOR POLITICAL PATRONAGE b. INCLUDING APPOINTMENTS IN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT, CHURCH & ARMY c. CREOLES BELIEVED PENINSULARES IMPROPERLY SECURED ALL BEST POSITIONS d. SO AMERICAS FOR SPAIN NOT FOR COLONIAL SUBJECTS
8. SPAIN INCREASED TAXATION & CONFISCATED PROPERTY a. IN THEIR SEARCH FOR MORE MONEY b. BECAUSE OF MILITARY PRESSURES FROM NAPOLEON, ETC.
9. CREOLE LEADERS HAD READ ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES a. REGARDED THEIR REFORMS AS POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL TO REGION
10. ALSO AWARE OF EVENTS & PHILOSOPHY OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION
11. BUT SOMETHING MORE THAN REFORM PROGRAMS & REVOLUTIONARY EXAMPLE
REQUIRED TO TRANSFORM CREOLE DISCONTENT INTO REVOLT AGAINST SPANISH
GOVERNMENT
12. TRANSFORMING EVENT OCCURRED WHEN NAPOLEON TOPPLED PORTUGUESE
MONARCHY IN 1807 a. & SPANISH GOVERNMENT IN 1808 b. THEN PLACED HIS OWN BROTHER ON THRONES OF BOTH COUNTRIES
13. PORTUGUESE ROYAL FAMILY FLED TO BRAZIL a. ESTABLISHED ITS GOVERNMENT THERE
14. IN SPANISH MONARCHY POLITICAL VACUUM ENSUED b. CREOLE LEADERS TOOK ADVANTAGE OF IT
15. SO BETWEEN 1808 AND 1810 VARIOUS CREOLE JUNTAS OR POLITICAL COMMITTEES a. CLAIMED RIGHT TO GOVERN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF LATIN AMERICA
16. MANY OF THEM QUITE INSINCERELY DECLARED THEY RULING IN NAME OF DEPOSED
SPANISH MONARCHY FERDINAND VII
17. AFTER ESTABLISHMENT OF THESE LOCAL JUNTAS SPANISH WOULD NOT AGAIN
DIRECTLY GOVERN CONTINENT
18. AFTER 10 YEARS OF POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY EXHAUSTING WARFARE
19. SPANISH REQUIRED TO MAKE LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE PERMANENT
20. ESTABLISHMENT OF JUNTAS ALSO ENDED PRIVILEGES OF PENINSULARES
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B. SAN MARTIN IN RIO DE LA PLATA
1. VAST SIZE OF LATIN AMERICA a. ITS GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIERS b. ITS DISTINCT REGIONAL DIFFERENCES c. ABSENCE OF EVEN MARGINALLY INTEGRATED ECONOMY d. MEANT SEVERAL DIFFERENT PATHS TO INDEPENDENCE
2. FIRST REGENT TO ASSERT ITSELF RIO DE LA PLATA a. OR MODERN ARGENTINA
3. CENTER OF REVOLT BUENOS AIRES
4. 1810 JUNTA IN B.A. NOT ONLY THRUST OFF SPANISH AUTHORITY
5. BUT ALSO SENT FORCES AGAINST PARAGUAY & URUGUAY IN CAUSE OF LIBERATION
FROM SPAIN
6. ARMIES DEFEATED a. BUT SPANISH CONTROL LOST IN 2 AREAS
1) PARAGUAY ASSERTED ITS OWN INDEPENDENCE
2) URUGUAY EVENTUALLY ABSORBED BY BRAZIL
7. BUENOS AIRES GOVERNMENT NOT DISCOURAGED BY THESE EARLY DEFEATS a. REMAINED DETERMINED TO LIBERATE PERU
8. PER GREATEST STRONGHOLD OF ROYALIST POWER & LOYALTY ON CONTINENT
C. JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
1. BY 1814 JOSE DE SAN MARTIN LEADING GENERAL OF RIO DE LA PLATA FORCES
2. HE ORGANIZED DISCIPLINED ARMY
3. LED HIS FORCES IN DARING MARCH OVER ANDES MOUNTAINS
4. BY EARLY 1817 HE OCCUPIED SANTIAGO IN CHILE
5. WHERE CHILEAN INDEPENDENCE LEADER BERNARDO O'HIGGINS ESTABLISHED AS
SUPREME DICTATOR
6. FROM SANTIAGO SAN MARTIN OVERSAW CONSTRUCTION & ORGANIZATION OF NAVAL
FORCE a. IN 1820 USED TO CARRY HIS ARMY TO ASSAULT ON PERU
7. NEXT YEAR SAN MARTIN DROVE ROYALIST FORCES FROM LIMA
8. SAN MARTIN NOW TOOK FOR HIMSELF TITLE OF PROTECTOR OF PERU
D. SIMON BOLIVAR'S LIBERATION OF VENEZUELA
1. WHILE ARMY OF SAN MARTIN LIBERATING SOUTHERN PORTION OF CONTINENT
2. SIMON BOLIVAR PURSUING SIMILAR TASK IN NORTH
3. IN 1810 BOLIVAR HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN ORGANIZATION OF LIBERATING JUNTA IN
CARACAS, VENEZUELA
4. SIMON FIRM ADVOCATE OF BOTH INDEPENDENCE & REPUBLICAN MODES OF
GOVERNMENT
5. 1811-1814 CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT a. THROUGHOUT VENEZUELA b. AS BOTH ROYALISTS & SLAVES & LLANEROS (VENEZUELAN COWBOYS) c. CHALLENGED AUTHORITY OF REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT
6. BOLIVAR HAD TO GO INTO EXILE IN COLOMBIA & THEN JAMAICA
7. IN 1816 WITH HELP FROM HAITI
8. BOLIVAR LAUNCHED A NEW INVASION AGAINST VENEZUELA
9. HE CAPTURED BOGOTA a. CAPITAL OF NEW GRANADA b. INCLUDING MODERN COLOMBIA, BOLIVIA & ECUADOR c. TO SECURE ATTACK BASE ON VENEZUELA
10. TACTIC WORKED
11. BY 1821 SUMMER BOLIVAR'S FORCES HAD CAPTURED CARACAS
12. BOLIVAR NAMED PRESIDENT
E. ARMIES OF BOLIVAR & SAM MARTIN
1. YEAR LATER IN JULY 1822 ARMIES OF BOLIVAR & SAN MARTIN JOINED a. TO LIBERATE QUITO
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4 b. AT FAMOUS MEETING OF 2 LIBERATORS IN GUAYAQUIL c. SHARP DISAGREEMENT OCCURRED ABOUT FUTURE POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF LATIN
AMERICA d. SAN MARTIN BELIEVED MONARCHIES REQUIRED e. BOLIVAR MAINTAINED HIS REPUBLICANISM
2. NOT LONG AFTER MEETING SAN MARTIN QUIETLY RETIRED FROM PUBLIC LIFE a. WENT INTO EUROPEAN EXILE
3. BOLIVAR PURPOSEFULLY ALLOWED POLITICAL SITUATION IN PERU TO FALL INTO
CONFUSION
4. IN 1823 HE SENT TROOPS TO ESTABLISH CONTROL
F. FINAL BATTLE FOR DEMISE OF SPANISH RULE
1. AT BATTLE OF AYACUCHO SPANISH SUFFERED MAJOR DEFEAT
2. BATTLE MARKED CONCLUSION OF SPANISH EFFORT TO RETAIN ITS AMERICAN EMPIRE
III. INDEPENDENCE IN WEST INDIES
A. HAITI
1. IN WESTERN SECTOR OF ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA IN a. COLONY OF SAINT-DOMINGUE b. WHEN INDEPENDENCE SUCCESSFUL TOOK NAME OF HAITI
1) MEANING CARIB NAME FOR MOUNTAIN c. FRENCH PLANTERS HAD ESTABLISHED ONE OF MOST BRUTAL OF SLAVE
PLANTATION SYSTEMS
2. MADE FORTUNE FOR FRENCH THROUGH SUGAR PLANTATIONS WORKED BY AFRICAN
SLAVES
3. FIRST TO RAISE STANDARD OF REVOLT
4. DURING 18TH C COLONY OF FRANCE
5. STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY ON EVE OF REVOLT a. TOP - FEW THOUSAND WHITES
1) FRENCH PLANTERS, OFFICIALS b. MIDDLE
1) MULATTOES HATED BY BOTH TOP & BOTTOM c. BOTTOM
1) 500,000 EXPLOITED NEGRO SLAVES
6. FOR DECADES SLAVES HAD ESCAPED PSYCHOLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY THROUGH
PRACTICE OF VOODOO a. RELIGION THAT BLENDED CATHOLICISM OF THEIR MASTERS b. WITH RELIGIOUS PRACTICES BROUGHT FROM AFRICA
7. HAITI HOME TO MANY SLAVE REVOLTS, SOME BIG SOME SMALL BEFORE SUCCESSFUL
INDEPENDENCE
8. IN SOME OF THESE REVOLTS ESCAPED SLAVES OR MAROONS a. ESTABLISHED THEIR OWN COLONIES b. IN 1750 ONE OF MAROONS FRANCOIS MAKANDAL USED POISON TO ATTACK
INDIVIDUAL PLANTATION OWNERS c. HE ALSO PLANNED TO POISON WATER SUPPLY OF LE CAP MAIN TOWN OF NORTHERN
SAINT DOMINGUE d. BUT HE CAPTURED & BURNED AT STAKE IN 1758
9. IN 1791 MORE SLAVE REVOLTS
10. WHITE PLANTERS AIDED BY BRITISH WHO CAME BECAUSE WANTED TO DRIVE OUT
FRENCH
11. THEN ANOTHER TOUSSAINT L-OUVERTURE a. FREED SLAVE & GRANDSON OF AFRICAN KING b. ACQUIRED HIS SURNAME BECAUSE OF FEROCITY WITH WHICH HE MADE AN OPENING
IN ENEMY RANKS
1) OUVERTURE c. EMERGED AS LEADER OF NEGROES

d. LED REVOLT BECAUSE OF FRENCH REVOLUTION'S POLICY OF ABOLISHING SLAVERY
IN COLONIES e. BECAME DICTATOR OF HAITI f. ESTABLISHED CONSTITUTION g. BUT NAPOLEON HAD HIM TREACHERY CAUGHT & IMPRISONED IN FRANCE h. SLAVES REVOLTED & FORCED FRENCH OUT i. 1803 HAITI INDEPENDENT j. ONLY KNOWN SUCCESSFUL SLAVE REVOLUTION IN HISTORY k. BUT CONTINUOUS POWER STRUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS ENSUED
IV. INDEPENDENCE IN NEW SPAIN
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. DRIVE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN NEW SPAIN a. INCLUDED PRESENT-DAY MEXICO AS WELL AS TEXAS, CALIFORNIA & REST OF
SOUTHWESTERN U.S. b. BEST ILLUSTRATES SOCIAL CONSERVATIVE OUTCOME OF LATIN AMERICAN
COLONIAL REVOLUTIONS
2. AS ELSEWHERE LOCAL GOVERNING JUNTA ORGANIZED
3. BUT BEFORE ANY SIGNIFICANCE EVENTS OCCURRED
4. MIGUEL HIDALGO Y COSTILLA a. CREOLE PRIEST b. ISSUED CALL FOR HIS PARISH INDIANS TO REBEL c. BLACKS, MESTIZO URBAN & RURAL WORKERS ALSO RESPONDED d. FATHER HIDALGO SET FORTH SOCIAL CHANGE PROGRAM
1) INCLUDING LANDHOLDING CHANGES e. SOON HE HAD HEAD OF ABOUT 80,000 UNORGANIZED FOLLOWERS
1) CAPTURED SEVERAL MAJOR CITIES
2) THEN MARCHED ON MEXICO CITY
5. IN JULY 1811 REVOLUTIONARY PRIEST CAPTURED & EXECUTED
6. LEADERSHIP THEN FELL TO JOSE MARIA MORELOS Y PAVON a. MESTIZO PRIEST b. MORE RADIAL THAN HIDALGO c. HE CALLED FOR END TO FORCED LABOR e. & SUBSTANTIAL LAND REFORMS f. HE TOO EXECUTED
1) IN 1815
2) ENDING 5 YEARS OF POPULAR UPRISING
7. LOPES DE SANTA ANNA a. BECAME PRESIDENT & DICTATOR b. MISHANDLED THINGS TO WHERE MEXICO LOST ALL ITS N.W. TERRITORY TO U.S.
8. BENITO JUAREZ a. NEXT LEADER b. FULL-BLOODED INDIAN c. ABRAHAM LINCOLN OF MEXICO d. ESTABLISHED ANTI-CLERICAL LAWS e. RELIGIOUS ORDERS SUPPRESSED f. CHURCH PROPERTY NATIONALIZED g. CIVIL MARRIAGES ESTABLISHED h. CONFISCATED CHURCH LANDS SOLD TO SECULAR LANDLORDS
9. FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON III ATTEMPTED TO CONQUER MEXICO a. & MASTERMINED OFFERING OF MEXICAN THRONE TO
1) MAXIMILIAN a) ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA b) & EMPEROR OF MEXCIO c) PITIFUL FAILURE AS UNPREPARED FOR JOB
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6 b. WAR ON CONTINENT ALLOWED JUAREZ TO COME BACK INTO POWER AS PRESIDENT
10. PORFIRIO DIAZ a. NEXT SUCCESSFUL PRESIDENT & DICTATOR OF MEXICO FOR 34 YEARS b. MANY ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CHANGES TO MEXICO
B. CONSEQUENCES OF POPULAR UPRISINGS
1. CONSEQUENCES OF UPRISINGS SOCIAL REFORM DEMANDS
2. HAD EFFECT OF UNITED ALL CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL GROUPS IN MEXICO a. BOTH CREOLE & SPANISH
3. BOTH GROUPS UNWILLING TO REFORM IF WOULD COST THEM THEIR PRIVILEGES
4. BUT IN 1820 CONSERVATIVES CHALLENGED BY SPANISH MONARCH'S FORCED
ACCEPTANCE OF LIBERAL CONSTITUTION
5. CONSERVATIVE MEXICANS FEARING NEW LIBERAL MONARCHY WOULD ATTEMPT TO
IMPOSE LIBERAL REFORMS ON MEXICO
6. SO CONSERVATIVES RALLIED TO FORMER ROYALIST GENERAL a. AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE b. 1821 HE DECLARED MEXICO INDEPENDENT OF SPAIN c. THEN ITURBIDE DECLARED EMPEROR
C. BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE
1. CAME RELATIVELY SIMPLY & PEACEFULLY
2. AFTER PORTUGUESE ROYAL FAMILY ALONG WITH SEVERAL THOUSAND GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS & MEMBERS OF COURT a. TOOK REFUGE IN BRAZIL IN 1807 b. TRANSFORMED RIO DE JANEIRO INTO COURT CITY
3. PRINCE REGENT JOAO ADDRESSED MANY OF LOCAL COMPLAINTS a. EQUIVALENT TO THOSE OF SPANISH CREOLES
4. HE MADE BRAZIL KINGDOM IN 1815 a. NO LONGER COLONY OF PORTUGAL b. LONG OVERDUE BECAUSE BRAZIL FAR LARGER & MORE PROSPEROUS THAN
PORTUGAL ITSELF
1) JUST UNDER SIZE OF UNITED STATES
5. 1820 REVOLUTION IN PORTUGAL MEANT ITS LEADERS DEMANDED JOAO'S RETURN TO
LISBON a. & RETURN OF BRAZIL TO COLONIAL STATUS b. JOAO'S RETURNED
. BUT LEFT HIS SON DOM PEDRO AS REGENT d. ENCOURAGING HIM TO BE SYMPATHETIC TO POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS OF BRAZILIANS
6. 2 YEARS LATER IN 1822 DOM PEDRO EMBRACED CAUSE OF BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE
7. BY END OF YEAR DOM PEDRO EMPEROR OF INDEPENDENT BRAZIL a. MAINTAINING IMPERIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT UNTIL 1889
8. SO BRAZIL ACHIEVED INDEPENDENCE IN WAY LEAVING NO DISPUTE AS TO WHERE
POLITICAL AUTHORITY LAY
V. CONSEQUENCES OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. WARS OF INDEPENDENCE LEFT LATIN AMERICA LIBERATED a. BUT ECONOMICALLY EXHAUSTED b. & POLITICAL UNSTABLE c. ONLY BRAZIL PROSPER IMMEDIATELY
2. BECAUSE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE LARGELY CIVIL WARS
3. ALL NEW GOVERNMENTS KNEW THEIR COLLAPSE WOULD BE WELCOME
4. ECONOMIC LIFE ON CONTINENT CONTRACTED
5. MINES FALLEN INTO DISREPAIR OR FLOODED
6. LIVESTOCK CONFISCATED OR DESTROYED
7. INTERREGIONAL TRADE DIFFICULT AS VAST DISTANCES
8. FEW INSTITUTIONS FOSTERED TRADE

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9. OVERSEAS TRADE DIFFICULT BECAUSE OLD TRADE PATTERNS DISRUPTED
10. ABSENCE OF FUNDS FOR INVESTMENT
11. MANY WEALTHY PENINSULARES RETURNED TO SPAIN OR CUBA
12. SO LATIN AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS & BUSINESSES LOOKED TO BRITAIN FOR a. PROTECTION b. & FOR MARKETS c. & CAPITAL INVESTMENT
14. WHILE CASTE DISTINCTIONS & MOST RACIAL DISTINCTIONS REMOVED FROM LAW a. SOCIETIES THEMSELVES REMAINED VERY CONSCIOUS OF CLASS & RACIAL DIVISIONS
15. NATIVE INDIAN POPULATIONS NOT INCORPORATED INTO POLITICAL LIFE
16. SLAVE TRADE ABOLISHED
17. BUT SLAVERY ITSELF DID NOT DISAPPEAR UNTIL 1850'S AND IN BRAZIL UNTIL 1888
18. REVOLTS ONLY OCCURRED AFTER UPPER CLASSES FELT STRONG ENOUGH TO DEFY
ROYAL AUTHORITIES
19. PROSPEROUS CREOLES RESENTED THEIR EXCLUSION FROM HIGHEST & MOST
LUCRATIVE POSITIONS IN GOVERNMENT, CHURCH a. THESE ONLY RESERVED FOR SPANISH BORN ARISTOCRATS
20. ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS a. THWARTED BY DEEP-SEATED TRADITION OF
1) CAUDILLO a) FORCEFUL LEADER b) WHOSE POWER FROM HIS PERSONALITY & LOYALTY OF HIS FOLLOWERS c) NOT FROM LAW d) STRONG MAN CULT b. THIS SYSTEM HAS HAUNTED LATIN AMERICA TO PRESENT DAY
21. ALTHOUGH SOME COUNTRIES IN SOUTHERN AREA a. ARGENTINA, CHILE & URUGUAY HELPED BY INVESTMENTS FROM ABROAD & b. IMMIGRATION
1) BRITISH ISLES, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN, FRANCE ALL SENT PEOPLE
22. ANDEAN REPUBLICS OF PERU, BOLIVIA, & ECUADOR a. WHERE SMALL MESTIZO CASTE HELD INDIAN MASSES IN SUBJUGATION b. COUNTRIES REMAINED BACKWARD
1) POLITICALLY
2) ECONOMICALLY
3) CULTURALLY
4) OPPRESSED & TERRORIZED BY SUCCESSION OF CAUDILLOS