Spin modulated information storage in biomagnetites
István Bókkon
Abstract
Nowadays different biocrystals get more and more attention and it seems formation of
them is universal phenomenon and not exception in living cells. Biocrystals get a
possible role not only in the pathological events of cells but also in functional processes.
Namely, these can take part in cells’ information and other events. Many experimental
facts show features of the nanoscale word and cells are able to connect organic and
inorganic operation and information processes. Living cells are quantum „devices”
rather than simple electronic devices utilizing only the charge of conduction electrons.
However, special biomagnetites have to have a function in the cells and the brain. This
paper points out every condition is given existing operational connection between the
organic and the inorganic materials in the living cells. Beside it suggests a mechanism
– on the basis of the Aharonov-Bohm effect – of biomagnetites as they can take part in
the fixation of magnetic information processes in the cells.
Key words: features of living cells, inorganic biocrystals, Aharonov-Bohm effect, spinmodulated resistance
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1. Introduction
Usually when we hear about crystals, which develop in living organisms or cells
first we think for pathological cases as kidney stone, gallstone etc. Deficient
biochemical processes or microorganisms cause different kind of pathological
biocrystals formations [1,2]. However, some kinds of biocrystals have functional role in
life of the cells.
Many scientists treat biomagnetites in a very cursory fashion while others use
biological self-assembling techniques to create inorganic magnetites within living
bacterial cells, because these biomagnetites have such special features that make them
capable to function in computers as information storage components [3]. If
bionanomagnetites can work in computers, why don’t we think that they can work in the
cells either?
It has been well accepted by now different cells of many species contain
inorganic biomagnetic crystals. Joseph Kirschvink at California Institute of Technology
researched many years in several kinds of living creatures – like bacteria, insects, birds,
fishes, etc. – and has found that biomagnetites play an important role in their spaceorientation [4,5]. He also has found Fe3O4 iron-oxide crystals in the human brain
composing 50-100 granules. According to his calculations there are five million
magnetic crystals in every gram of human brain, with 10-100 manometer of each [6,7].
Considering the mass of the whole human brain, we may assume billion nanocrystals in
our brain. According to Kirschvink’s experiments, there are functional connections
between biomagnetites and organic molecules. Besides, the assumption that magnetites
not only perceive magnetic fields, but also can take part in the inheritance of
magnetosome polarity has been raised a long time ago [8,9]. It was the first possibility
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to ”Heredity without genes”, namely, that the process of information fixation did not
take place within the DNA but in biomagnetites, and yet this fixed information could be
manifested at the DNA level.
2. Problems in magnetobiology
There are paradoxical and basic problems in magnetobiology. How can weak
magnetic (for example, Earth’ magnetic fields) or ultra weak electromagnetic stimulus
have effects on living cells’ processes? Thermal fluctuations of the kT scale are ten
orders greater than the quantum of the AC magnetic fields’ energy [10]. Why do these
random disturbances not destroy the magnetobiology effects? At the same time how can
living cells resist or compensate the strong effects of natural and artificial magnetic or
electromagnetic environment?
There are many models of weak magnetic effects on living cells [11]. For
examples, with help of biomagnetites, Eddy electric currents, classical and quantum
oscillator models, cyclotron resonance, interference of quantum states of bound ions and
electrons, coherent quantum excitations, parametric resonance, stochastic resonance,
bifurcation, magnetosensitive free-radical etc. Why these models could not solve the
basic problem of magnetobiology?
I think usually there are not real contradictions among many mentioned models,
because living cells use several kinds of different processes simultaneously, but they are
so complicated that we cannot find connections among them. Now let see shortly some
features of living cells and systems.

Living cells use and generate electric, magnetic and electromagnetic (both coherent
and incoherent biophoton) waves and also acoustic waves as conformational
changes in macromolecules called conformons (analogy to lattice vibration of
3
phonons in solid crystals) [12-17]. Electricity is a basic feature of cells, because all
biomolecules are ions or biomolecules are endowed with high electric dipole
moment. Besides, when their charges move an electromagnetic field is generated.
Magnetic features can emergence from free radicals, organic molecules with metals
or biomagnetites [18]. Besides, according to ESR (electron-spin resonance)
experiments all living cells or organisms have paramagnetic features in native state
[19]. Conformons are originated from continuously moving of molecules.

Different parts (DNA, RNA, protein) of the cells show piezoelectric and
semiconductor features [20-23]. The piezoelectric effect refers to that property of
matter, which can convert electromagnetic oscillations to mechanical vibrations
and vice versa or electric oscillations to mechanical vibration and vice versa.
Cells’ piezoelectric features can produce circular polarized light pulse, which is
the base that living molecules are not raceme mixtures of optically active
molecules. Organic semiconductors have crystal-like structure and electrical
conductivity as diode. The electric fields of the wave can couple to the mobile
carriers within a semiconductor structure and modify its electronic and elastic
properties. Optical signals (biophoton) can be stored by the surface acoustic
waves (conformon as mechanical vibrations in macromolecules similar to
phonon in the solid crystals) in the semiconductor, in a photon-atom-bound way
[24], and can be re-assembled into light after very long delay times and at a
remote location of the sample.

The membrane lipid has about 1011 pores m-2 density, and it is not a uniform
non-conductive bulk phase [25]. It is quasi insulators with conductive and nonconductive parts, and besides there are semiconductor proteins in it. It has a non-
4
linear characteristic of current-voltage.

Cytoplasm is not simply an aqueous solution of macromolecules, but is a
structurally and dynamically organized network (cytoskeleton) of interconnected
(semiconductor) protein polymers in the ordered water/ion solution, namely living
are liquid crystals [26,27]. Liquid crystals show some of the orientational order of a
solid, but the molecules are mobile. The regulated living structures can produce
coherent or laser-like oscillations, these vibrations are called Fröhlich oscillations
[28].

It seems that the coherence – in the ultrashort time – is a universal phenomenon and
not exception in biochemical processes [29]. Many processes work in the ultra short
femtosecond time, which let to avoid thermal noises or fluctuations and also can
produce coherent biophoton.

Living systems show fractal features. Fractal systems, which are the best models of
living and non-living world, have special features. Namely, fractals can resist to
strong forces at the same time can use very weak ones [30-32]. The phase lateness is
a very important feature of fractals, which can be generated by the noise of nonlinear systems. Namely, working of fractals can be direct connection with problem
of useful noise [33].

Living cells and organisms can use nonlinear creative white noise for signal
amplifying. Claude E. Shannon showed that the most effective code is the noise-like
code. We should distinguish between two things, the noise of environment and the
noise of vacuum. According to experiments random noise can help the reaction of
the neuron system (non-linear resonance) given to a weak signal [34]. Many
scientists’ claim that can be an information field from which laws of universe are
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originated and also work as information storage field. This field is called in many
different names in science, but they think for the same thing. For examples,
Sheldrake’s morphogenetic field, Igor Sokolov’s virtual particles of structured
vacuum, trees “gebits” of Reginald Cahill and Cristopher Klinger, Schrödinger’s
negative entropy, extra dimensions of Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein etc. [35-38].
The creative noise which work in non-linear systems is originated from this
structured geometric information of vacuum field by help of virtual particles as I
pointed out previously [39]. I think, the real and fundamental question is in the science
existence of extra information fields, which can solve many problems of physic and
biology! However living cells can use and originate electric, magnetic, electromagnetic
and acoustic waves and convert from one to other.
3. Ion gate model of biomagnetites
What are biomagnetites doing in the cells? In the case of bacteria the answer
may be simple. Magnetite crystals can take part in navigation processes during they
sense Earth's or other magnetic fields called magnetotaxis. But in the case of the birds
the answer is not at all simple. How can a migratory bird find the way to home from
3000 kilometers? Besides, what are doing milliard magnetites in the human brain?
Kirschvink raised a model that biomagnetites can open or close ion gates in the
cells while they perceive the Earths magnetic fields or different electromagnetic fields.
This idea was met with many contradictory opinions, doubting that the Earths magnetic
fields would be strong enough to generate significant biological effects on
biomagnetites.
According to photon quantum teleportation Zeilinger: “Yet I am not convinced
that living systems are just classical machines” [40].
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However, living cells are quantum “devices” rather than simple mechanical and
electrical machines. Many experiments show that ultra weak forces work - but fast and
accurately - in the cells, as well as information or regulation processes are much faster
than molecular processes. If ultra weak processes do not work accurate and very fast (at
femtosecond time scale) in the cells, different effects of natural and artificial
environment can disintegrate their processes. Of course different natural and artificial
radiation can have effects on the cells’ processes but they can compensate it to a wide
limit. Living cells can sense and use the Earth’s weak magnetic fields, which is 100
billion stronger than brain’s magnetic processes [41]. At the same time, during MRI
examines we are exposed to a very strong 1-14 Tesla magnetic fields, which is much
stronger than Earth’ magnetic field. If biomagnetites work as a regulator of ion gates,
during MRI examines magnetic radiation can have strong effects on biomagnetites that
they can be arranged in one direction and the brain’s processes can be collapsed. So ion
gate model is hardly possible.
However, there exist additional biophysics possibilities that biomagnetites can
take part in information processes in the cells. We must think of it that it is insufficient
for a migratory bird to find its way home to simply perceive the Earths magnetic field:
the brain of the bird have to record the magnetic map or magnetic vector potential map
of the entire way. But how can a migratory bird find the exact way home, to its nest
under the certain eaves of a certain house in a certain city from the distance of some
thousand kilometers. I think, while magnetites are built up in co-operation mode with
help of organic molecules in the cells, these magnetites record the magnetic vector
potential information of the entire flight.
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4. Biomineral productions under biological control (Operation and informational
connections between organic molecules and inorganic crystals in the cells)
In previously sections we could see living cells originate and also work with
electric, magnetic, electromagnetic and acoustic waves and convert one of them to other
one. Since, biomagnetites are direct connection with surrounding organic piezoelectric,
semiconductor and quasi-insulator molecules, an electric operating connection exist
between the biomagnetites and the organic molecules. Electron plays a very important
role in the information flow between organic and inorganic materials in the cells.
According to experiments - at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - in which
examined the behavior of electrons at border-surfaces [42]. A piece of inorganic silver
was coated with organic paraffin and it was illuminated with a tunable laser at
femtosecond pulse. The electrons came out from silver surface and could bind to lattice
of organic paraffin as polarons. The polaron could exist for 1000 femtosecond and came
back with tunnel-effect to silver. As the Authors emphasized, this phenomenon is very
important in biochemical processes, namely a functional electric connection can exist
between organic and inorganic materials.
Not only electric operational connection can work between the organic and the
inorganic molecules in the cells. Electromagnetic waves mostly effect along cell
membranes, which membranes have functional connection with biomagnetites [43]. In
in vitro experiments weak electromagnetic fields exert a direct influence on the kinetics
of crystal forming [44]. Since, the living cells produce coherent electromagnetic waves
(biophoton) [45-47], there also can be electromagnetic operating connection between
the organic and the inorganic molecules. So holographic lithography can work within
the cells, generating biocrystals by interference of non-coplanar coherent biophotons
8
[48].
Ursula Liebl et al. proved evidence – with femtosecond spectroscopy – for driving
of a reaction in a protein complex by coherent motions and suggested the functional
importance of vibrational coherence operating on a femtosecond timescale [49]. It
seems that the ultrashort time coherence is a universal phenomenon in biochemical
processes, as well as processes of femtosecond timescale can produce an operating
connection between the organic and the inorganic materials. At nano-levels there are
unusual magnetic and electric nonlinear fluctuations, which make modeling rather
difficult. At the same time there are phenomena, which create an informational
connection possible between the organic and the inorganic molecules. Matter at the
nanometer scale has very special properties because of quantum size effects, altered
thermodynamics, and modified chemical reactivity.
Summarized the mentioned facts, they let organic informational and operational
processes linked to inorganic information processes in the living cells. However,
biomagnetic crystals are single and structurally well ordered magnetic domains with
stabile magnetized and the maximum magnetic moment per unit volume possible for
magnetite [50,51]. Biomagnetitec crystal morphology is cubo-octahedral with the {111}
direction yields which particle shape uncommon in geological magnetite crystals, so the
production of this biomineral must be under precise biological control! Here I suggest
this biological control happening by help of coherent biophoton mechanisms in
holographic lithography way. The nanometer scale is the dimensional where soft and
hard materials sciences meet!
5. Model about the role of biomagnetites on the basis of the Aharonov-Bohm effect
Quantum physical Aharonov-Bohm effect is proven by experiments of electron
9
interference [52]. Essence of this effect: if take a piece of static magnet then its static
magnetic field is shielded but still exists an effect which can change wave phase of
electrons. This effect is more fundamental than magnetic feature, called magnetic vector
potential. Here I suggest spin-modulated resistance can work in biomagnetites through
the Aharonov-Bohm effect. In this effect, the phase of the electron wave depends on
magnetic vector potential, which causes a phase difference and interference between
partial waves. Through Aharonov-Bohm effect weak geomagnetic fields can have
effects on living cells’ processes.
Biomagnetites are so called ferromagnets. Manyala et al. argued that
magnetoresistance can rise from different mechanism in certain ferromagnets is
quantum interference effect [53]. In addition, Tsukagoshi et al. in their experiments
reported that spin-polarized electrons can be injected from a ferromagnet into nonferromagnetic materials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes), finding direct evidence for the
coherent transport of electron spins [54]. The above-mentioned mechanisms can work in
the cells and in the biomagnetites too.
Thus, a model can be generated about the role of biomagnetites as they can take
part in information storage and operating processes in the cells through the AharonovBohm effect.
When the time of migration comes, magnetic information of surroundings
(mainly vector potential) induces a genetic program in the brain cells of migratory birds,
which initiates and operates the development of the biomagnetites. Biomagnetites are
grown by slow and directed extraction in the cells. During migration, layers of
biomagnetites and phases of non-conductive electrons’ wave in the layers take shape by
current magnetic vector potential field of surroundings. So, polarized states of non-
10
conductive electrons – which ones are fixed in current layers of biomagnetites – can
play the main role in magnetic information storage. During return of bird vector
potentials of current magnetic surroundings induce an Aharonov-Bohm type of
oscillation in the fixed layer of biomagnetites, so the electric resistance of biomagnetites
oscillates. Localized – previously fixed and spin-modulated – non-conductive electrons
act as scattering sites for the mobile electrons. Namely, oscillations of dephasing nonconductive (fixed) electrons can have an influence on conductive mobile electrons in
biomagnetites. Then there work a coherent transport of mobile electrons’ spins into
semiconductor protein molecules (which ones are around biomagnetites). Both effects
electric resistance oscillates of biomagnetites and transport of spins can change
conformations of semiconductor and other organic molecules at the free rotations. In the
end, influences of conformation changes are extended in the cell, and then among the
cells, which ones can direct the movement of the bird. In this model, biomagnetites
work as devices of spin-modulated resistance.
Biomagnetites can perceive the Earth’s magnetostatic or vector potential fields
while the layers of them have taken shape, but the magnetostatic interaction between
magnetic nanoparticles is negligible in 2D nanoscale limit [55]. So their magnetic state
can be manipulated independently of the state of the neighbouring biomagnetites.
Consequently, vector potential of the Earth’s magnetic field plays the main role (which
cannot be shielded) so we do not need a strong magnetic field to have mechanical effect
(closing or opening ion gates) on biomagnetites.
Wernsdorfer and Sessoli have observed an Aharonov-Bohm type of oscillation
in magnetic molecular clusters, analogous to the oscillations as a function of external
flux in a SQUID ring [56]. Their opinion: A great deal of information is contained in
11
these oscillations both about the form of the molecular spin Hamiltonian and about the
dephasing effect of the environment. This spin „memory” model of biomagnetites
guarantees a great amount of information and an operating system, which is needed for
the migratory bird, to find its way home from some thousand kilometers.
6. Signal amplifying process of fixed spin information
In reality, many biomagnetites and cells take part in these cooperation processes,
but static magnetic forces of biomagnetites and environment do not take role in it but
magnetic vector potentials. This model does not need biomagnetites exist in the most
cells of the bird’s brain. Fixed vector potential information in biomagnetites is
converted to different vibration energy in the cells.
Aharonov-Bohm oscillates of electric resistance in biomagnetites and also
transport of spins can change conformations organic molecules, which are direct
connection with biomagnetites. Then conformation changing can oscillate and these
vibrations as conformons - in a polar biological systems - generate electromagnetic
biophoton fields around themselves, which can mediate long-range interaction and also
signal amplifying processes [57,58].
The living matrix is a structural and energetic continuum. Every cell contains a
cytoskeleton that is connected, across the cell surface, with the extracellular connective
tissue matrix. Structural components of the system include the connective tissue,
cytoskeletal, musculoskeletal, and genetic frameworks. So propagation of conformal
changes can expand in this network of the cells.
Coupled oscillations, resonant transfer, and electrodynamic coupling allow
energy and information to move through the network. So electromechanical,
electrochemical, or electrooptic signals can regulate the signal-amplifying processes.
12
7. Without biomagnetites
Magnetite is absent in many unicellular organisms, but also can capable of
reacting to the different weak magnetic field or low-frequency magnetic field, which
can causes a biological response fields. In this case Aharonov-Bohm effect also have a
key role in spin modulation way of different organic molecules. But of course without
biomagnetites there is not mentioned long-term spin-modulated information storage.
8. Biomagnetites in the human brain
The Aharonov-Bohm effect can play a central role in the biomolecular
communication. This effect links different electric, magnetic or electromagnetic
electrooptic signal processes in the cells. Magnetic informational processes can serve
unconscious navigation of the living creatures. It seems that humans also have an innate
unconscious sense of direction, namely the direction-sensitive cells [59]. In this case
also biomagnetites can play a central role, otherwise why are there billion biomagnetites
(among others in hippocampus where direction-sensitive or place cells also take place
and vision is not necessary for normal firing of hippocampal place cells) with particular
structure in the brain cells [60-62].
However, roles of inorganic materials (crystals) in the cells are not limited on
just stabilizing protein structures or taking part in their catalytic processes, as I point out
in connection with biopiezoelectric crystals and cells' matrix (which is like a liquid
crystal) as they can be holographic information storage in the brain [63,64].
István BÓKKON
Chemical and bioengineer
Interdisciplinary researcher
Member of the Hungarian Biochemical Society
Now, PhD studies at Semmelweis University
Author’s Address: Hungary, Budapest 1238, Láng Endre u. 68.
Author’s Phone: +36203600029
E-mail: bokkoni@yahoo.com
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