Acrolein
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Acrylamides
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Acrylates
(acrylates, methylacrylates, cyanoacrylates, methylmethacrylate…)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Amines
(dimethylamine, trichlorotriethylamine,
benzidine, -naphthylamine)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
U- Potent herbicide & biocide
I- Manufacture of pharmaceuticals,
perfumes, food suppls, & resins
I- WWI Lacrimator
T- Water soluble irritant
T- Cellular toxin via oxygen free radicals
M- Is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide
U- Polymer production, flocculator (separate solids
from aqueous solutions in sewage)
I- Water treatment, paper, oil, grout
T- Axonopathy
T- Dermatitis (peeling, red/blue, hyperhidrosis)
T- Weight loss (chronic exposure)
T- Teratogenic in rodents (tibia & optic nerve)
T- IARC 2A
M- Polymer = non-toxic, Monomer= toxic
U- Cross-linking properties,
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA= plexiglass)
I- Plastics, paper, dentistry, cosmetics, toys...
T- Irritant (skin, MM, and pulmonary)
T- Contact dermatitis
T- +/- peripheral neuropathy
T- IARC 2B (ethyl acrylate), 3 (methyl acrylate)
M- Penetrates latex/ rubber easily
Dimethyl
amine
Trichloro
triethylamine
Benzidine
-Breaks
down to:
HCl,
Phosgene
-Vesicant
-German
antineoplastic
(alkylating)
-Dyes/ paint
-Reagent in
HCN
detection
-Irritant
-Dermatitis
-Derm: irritant,
blister
-P.
Neuropathy
-PO: GI necrosis,
marrow supp,
ataxia, tremor, sz
-MetHb
-Bladder CA
-Liver/ kidney
inj
-naphthyl
amine
-Dyes
-Cig smoke
-Bladder CA
U- Intermediate in chemical industry
I- Dyes, resin, varnish, many other chemicals
Aniline Compounds (Aromatic Amines)
(Aniline, 4-chloroaniline, Nitrobenzene...)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)- acute vs chronic
T- Acute: Methemoblobinemia, irritant
T- Chronic: Bladder CA
Methylenedianiline: Hepatitis (epping jaundice)
T- Toxic oil syndrome (Spain)- aniline
contaminated rapeseed oil (interstitial pulm dz)
U- Airbag accelerant; pesticde, explosives
Azides
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
Bromide Compounds
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
I- Labs and manufacturing plants
T- Cellular asphyxiant, resp failure/ pulm edema
T- Eye irritant
U- Photographic, hot tub chemicals, fumigants...
T- Crosses membrane faster than Cl, replacing Cl
causing sedation/ neuropsych.
T (chronic)- agitation, acne (30% facial), axonopathy
T- Breast milk- neonatal bromism (poor growth,
cranial abnormal)
M- Low anion gap (false high Cl)
U- Plastics (ABS plastic), tobacco smoke
I- Tires
Butadienes
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
T- Irritant (skin and mucous membranes)
T- Simple asphyxiant
T- IARC 2A (lymphohematopoetic, testicular,
thyroid, mammary)
U- Volatile organic solvent
Carbon Disulfide
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)- acute vs chronic
I- Cold vulcanization of rubber, rayon
T- Acute: Irritant (defatting)
T- Chronic: 1. Distal axonopathy
2. Optic nerve (resembles optic neuritis)
3. CV (HTN, CAD)
4. Repro (SAB, prematurity, decreased libido)
Chlorates
(sodium, posassium, calcium sodium chlorate)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Oxidizer, pesticide, explosives, bleach paper
T- Oxidizer= MetHb, hemolysis, renal failure
M- FYI- Perchlorates
Also oxidizers but more stable
Coal Tar Products
(wood creosote, coal tar creosote)
-Sources
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
Sources: wood creosote= beach wood
(phenol, cresols, guaiacols, xylenols)
coal tar creosote= by-product of coal tar
(85% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH))
U- Wood: disinfectant, laxative, expectorant
Coal tar: wood preservative (railroad ties), Rx psoriasis
T- Dermal irritant, pulmonary= restrictive/ obstructive
Cancer d/t PAH (lung, oral, stomach, bladder, scrotal, skin)
U- Hydrazine= Rocket fuel (reducer), making insecticides,
Diamines
(diamine, hydrazine, toluene-2,4-diamine...)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
plastics, rubber.
O-phenylenediamine= henna & all hair dyes...
T- Irritant/ sensitizer (dermal & pulmonary), lupus-like
T- Hydrazine=Gyromitra=INH (seizures, renal
& liver damage, hemolysis)
M- Treat seizures with pyridoxine
Dibromochloropropane
(DBCP)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Dimethylacetamide
(DMAC)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Pesticide (D/C’d in 1970’s)
T- Dermal / ocular irritant
T- Testicular (aspermia, oligospermia)
De Balls Can’t Produce (DBCP)
U- Paint remover, solvent for plastics
(dissolves PVC)
T- Potent hepatotoxin:  LFT, jaundice,
hepatomegaly, liver necrosis/ failure
T- Irritant: esophagitis, conjunctivitis, dermal burn
“Universal Solvent”
Dimethylformamide
(DMF)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Penetrates most plastics (makes them swell)
I- Acrylic fiber production, paint strippers
Vehicle for transdermal drug delivery
T- Potent hepatotoxin (CLN, steatosis)
T- Disulfiram rxn
T- Pulm irritant
U- EXPLOSIVES, spandex, dyes
T- Retrobulbar neuritis & optic neuropathy
Dinitrobenzene
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
D/C exposure= gradual recovery
T- MetHb (potent)
T- Subacute hepatic necrosis, aplastic anemia
M- May have bitter almond odor, yellowing skin,
hair, eyes
U- EXPLOSIVES, diisocyanate production, dyes
Dinitrotoluene
(DNT)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
T- Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
T- MetHb
T- Hemolytic anemia
T- Retrobulbar & optic neuropathy
M- Turns skin yellow
U- Fumigant, solvent
Epichlorohydrin
I- Production of dye, lubricants, adhesives, drugs
T- Strong Irritant: respiratory, dermal, ocular
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
T- Nephrotoxicity, CNS depression, hypotension
M- Penetrates rubber
M- Sweet, chloroform odor has poor warning
property
U- Fumigant (grain- banned 1948), fire
Ethylene Dibromide
(EDB)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
extinguishers, lead scavenger in gasoline
T- Hepatotoxicity (GSSH depletion)
T- Strong irritant (dermal, pulmonary)
M- Animal (only) carcinogen: hemangiosarcoma,
nasal cavity CA
Ethylenediamine
(EDA)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Dyes, solvent, emulsifier (skin creams/ latex)
T- Sensitizer (contact derm, occ asthma)
T- Occupational asthma
T- MetHb
U- NaF: electroplating, toothpaste/ water additive
Fluoride Compounds
(sodium, hydrogen, ammonium fluoride)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
HF: cleaning brick/ rust, glass etching
T- Chelates divalent cations (Ca++, Mg++), results
in  Mg/ Ca,  K = ventricular fibrillation
T- Chronic= fluorosis:  bone density, calcification of
ligaments, hyperostosis, white-brown dental spots
(axial osteosclerosis/ nerve comp)
Fuels
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene
(HCBD)
U- Energy-producing hydrocarbons
T- PULMONARY (pneumonitis)
M- Jet fuels (kerosene, benzene, xylene, toluene)
JP-7 & JP-8  pure kerosene
U- Heat transfer liquid (transformers/ hydraulic fluid)
U- Fumigant in vineyards (don’t confuse with Bordeaux=
copper sulfate)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
T- Irritant (Dermal, Occular, Pulmonary hemorrhage)
T- Hepatic fatty degeneration
T- Renal tubular necrosis, tubular adenomas
U- Producing polyurethane polymers
Isocyanates
(e.g. toluene diisocyante- TDI)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Maleic Anhydride
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Methylisocyanate (MIC)- production of carbamates
T- TDI: #1 Occupational asthma (HP)
T- MIC: Major irritant (pulm, derm, ocular)
M- MIC (Bhopal, India)- >2000 dead from pulmonary edema
U- Enamels, bonding, synthesis of malathion
T- Allergic sensitizer (occupational asthma)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)= extrinsic allergic
alveolitis= Immunologic
T- Irritant (dermal, ocular)
Mercaptans
Chemicals with a –SH group (Noxious)
U- Odorant (natural gas)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Intermediate in synthesis of fuels, pesticides…
T- Irritant (derm, MM, respiratory)
T- MetHb & hemolysis (worse in G6PD)
Methylene Diamine
(MDA)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
See Hydrazines in Diamine section
Chemicals with a –CN
Nitriles
(acetonitrile, propane nitrile, butanenitrile)
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Solvents (eg. artificial nail remover), reagents
T- Liberation of –CN  Cellular asphyxiant
T- Irritants (derm, MM, ocular), simple asphyxiant
in high concentration
M- Prolong observation for delayed CN toxicity
O-Phenylenediamine (OPD)
P-Phenylenediamine (PPD)
*This compound is also listed under “Diamines”*
U- OPD: dyes, fungicides, vet antihelminthic
U- PPD: hair dyes and henna tattoos
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
T- OPD=severe urticaria/dermatitis (eye blindness)
T- PPD= bladder cancer
Phosphorus/ phosphides
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Making phosphates, detergents, fertilizer, match tips (red)
U- Zn & Al phosphide: Insecticides, rodenticides
T- Yellow: strong oxidizer, causes burns (Red is benign)
T- Ingestion:
1. “smoking”, glowing stool, smells of garlic
2. Asymptomatic (hrs-weeks)
3. Hepatic/ renal failure
T- Chronic: “Phossy Jaw”- mandibular necrosis
T- Phospine gas: cellular asphyxiant + pulm edema + #3
U- Plasticizing for vinyl, used in plastics…
Phthalates
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
T- Controversial whether phthalates have health
effects. Some claim association with asthma, “sickbuilding syndrome”, or endocrine problems but little
supporting data
T- Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP)= occ asthma
I- Diverse group of plastics
Polymers
One class= Fluoropolymer plastics:
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE = Teflon)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
T- Polymer Fume Fever (heating polymers)
-Pulm irritant, flu-like syndrome (similar to MFF)
-Resolves in 24-48 hrs
Resins
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Methylenedianiline
-Anhydrides
Resins = Plastics
Combustion can liberate: CO, CN, phosgene
Methylenedianiline –toxic hepatitis (Epping Jaundice)
Anhydrides – occupational pneumonitis
U- Used in plastics, styrofoam, insulation, paint
Styrene
-Uses (U)
-Toxic effect (T)
T- “Styrene Sickness”: HA, fatigue, weakness,
feeling intoxicated after exp to vapor
T- Peripheral neuropathy
T- CNS (balance, memory, color vision)
T- Chronic: Hearing loss
Trimellitic Anhydride
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
U- Plasticizer for polymers (PVC)
T- Sensitizer/ irritant; 4 syndromes:
1. Asthma/ rhinitis (IgE)
2. Irritant syndrome (dust/ fumes)
3. Late respiratory systemic syndrome (LRSS)
“Trimellitic Flu”- Like MFF, 4-12 hours after shift
4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis; hemolytic anemia
“Pulmonary disease- anemia” (PDA)
Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, anemia
May lead to restrictive lung dz; pulm hemosiderosis
U- Plasticizer in lacquer, hydraulic fluid
Triorthocresyl phosphate
(TOCP)
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
T- Weak AchE inhibitor (like organophosphate)
Inhibits neuro-target-esterase (NTE)
T- Delayed sensory-motor neuropathy
“O-P ester induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN)”
M- Jamaican Ginger (Jake) contaminated by TOPC
“Jake Walk”= Jake leg paralysis
M- Morocco: OPIDN after TOCP adulterated cooking oil
Xylidine
-Uses (U)
-Industry (I)
-Toxic effect (T)
-Miscellaneous (M)
Irritants
U- Making dyes/ pharmaceuticals, gas additive…
T- Acute: MetHb, cyanosis, intoxication
T- Chronic: Liver/ renal damage (animals)
- Acrolein
- Acrylates
- Epichlorohydrin
- Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
- Ethylenediamine
- Methylisocyanate (MIC)
- Mercaptans
-Many more
-So many, decide if this category works for you...
-Acrylamides (2A)
-Aromatic Amines (Benzidine, -naphthylamine) (1): bladder
-Aniline (1): bladder
-P-Phenylenediamine (PPD): bladder, leukemia
Cancer-Causing
-Butadienes (2A): lymphohematopoetic
-Coal tar: lung, oral, stomach, bladder, scrotal, skin
-Vinyl Chloride: Liver
-CCl4: Liver
Neuropathy
-Axonopathy (A)
-Myelinopathy (M)
-Neronopathy (N)
-Acrylamide (A)
-Bromide (Methyl) (A)
-Carbon disulfide (A)
-Styrene (?)
-TOCP
-Trichloroethylene (M)
-Acrylamides (tibial & optic nerve degeneration)
-Carbon disulfide (Heart, CNS, craniofacial)
Teratogens
(Misc Tox Agents Only)
IARC Classification
Groups: 1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4
Disasters
-Toxic oil syndrome
-Bhopal, India
-Jake leg paralysis
-Morocco
Hepatotoxins
(Misc Tox Agent Only)
MetHb Inducers
Others not in misc tox class:
PCB’s (cola-colored skin, IUGR, skull calcifications
Methylmercury
Carbon monoxide
Group 1
Group 2A
Group 2B
Group 3
Group 4
Carcinogenic to humans
Probably carcinogenic to humans
Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Not classifiable... to humans
Probably not carcinogenic to humans
- TOS: Spain, 1982. Rapeseed oil denatured with aniline.
Caused pulmonary disease
- Bhopal, India: Union Carbide release of MIC
- Jake leg paralysis, prohibition: TOCP contaminated
Jamaican Ginger extract
-Morocco 1960: TOCP adulterated cooking oil
-Methylenedianiline: Hepatitis (epping jaundice)
-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC): Necrosis, jaundice
-Dimethylformamide (DMF): CLN, steatosis
-Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene (HCBD): fatty degen
-Phosphorus (yellow or white)
-Xylidine (in animals; also renal damage)
-Methylenedianiline: Hepatitis (epping jaundice)
-Chlorates
-Dinitrobenzene (potent)
-Dinitrotoluene (DNT)
-Ethylenediamine
-Mercaptans
-Xylidine
- Acrylamides: dermatitis (peeling, red/blue, hyperhidrosis)
Sensitizers
(skin= contact dermatitis)
Sensitizers
(Pulm= occ asthma)
- Epichlorhydrin: contact dermatitis
-
O-Phenylenediamine (OPD): severe dermatitis
Acrylates: Contact dermatitis
- Anhydrides: occupational pneumonitis (HP)
- Maleic Anhydride: Allergic & hypersensitivity pulm dz
- Trimellitic Anhydride: Asthma, “Trimellitic Flu” (HP)
- Ethylenediamine (EDA): occup asthma, contact dermatitis
- Toluene diisocyante (TDI)/ isocyanates: (#1 occ asthma)
- Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP): occ asthma
**See Also “Sensitizers” for overlap**
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)
HP refers to immune-mediated lung disease from
exogenous agents= extrinsic allergic alveolitis:
-Isocyanates (TDI, MDI)
-Anhydrides (TMA, phthalic anhydride= epoxy lung)
-Pyrethrum