Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 1 Risk ranks of alien invasive plants in China
Species
Risk indices
Risk ranks
Species
Risk indices
Risk ranks
Alternanthera philoxeroides
85
1st
Malvastrum coromandelianum
59
3rd
Eichhornia crassipes
83
1st
Paspalum conjugatum
59
3rd
Eupatorium adenophorum
82
1st
Plantaga lanceolata
58
3rd
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
78
1st
Solanum erianthum
58
3rd
Conyza canadensis
77
1st
Veronica polita
57
3rd
Tithonia diversifolia
75
1st
Aster subulatus
57
3rd
Ambrosia trifida
74
1st
Opuntia stricta var.dillenii
56
3rd
Anredera cordifolia
73
1st
Apium leptophyllum
56
3rd
Eupatorium odoratum
72
1st
Coronopus didymus
56
3rd
Lolium temulentum
72
1st
Mirabilis jalapa
56
3rd
Mikania micrantha
71
1st
Altheria indica
56
3rd
Solidago canadensis
71
1st
Agrostemma githago
55
3rd
Chenopodium ambrosioides
70
1st
Avena fatua
55
3rd
Lantana camara
70
1st
Solanum aculeatissimum
55
3rd
Lepidium virginicum
70
1st
Halianthus tuberosus
55
3rd
Senecio vulgaris
70
1st
Eenchrus echinatus
54
3rd
Sorghum halepense
70
1st
Macfadyena unguis-cati
54
3rd
Spartina alterniflora
70
1st
Opuntia ficus-indica
54
3rd
Ipomoea purpurea
69
2nd
Opuntia monacantha
54
3rd
Ricinus communis
69
2nd
Parthenium hysterophorus
54
3rd
Spartina anglica
69
2nd
Axonopus compressus
53
3rd
Pharbitis nil
69
2nd
Passiflora foetida
53
3rd
Chenopodium hybridum
68
2nd
Amaranthus viridis
52
3rd
Datura stramonium
68
2nd
Spermacoce latifolia
52
3rd
Erigeron annuus
67
2nd
Synedrella nodiflora
52
3rd
Pistia stratiotes
67
2nd
Vetiveria zizanioides
52
3rd
Daucus carota
66
2nd
Geranium caroliniamum
51
3rd
Ipomoea cairica
66
2nd
Hyptis rhomboidea
51
3rd
Conyza sumatrensis
65
2nd
Alternanthera pungens
50
3rd
Galinsoga parviflora
65
2nd
Mimosa pudica
50
3rd
Panicum repens
65
2nd
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
49
4th
Solanum rostratum
65
2nd
Acanthospermum australe
49
4th
Solanum capsicoides
64
2nd
Scoparia dulcis
49
4th
Eryngium foetidum
63
2nd
Solanum torvum
49
4th
Oxalis corymbosa
63
2nd
Soliva anthemifolia
49
4th
Phytolacca americana
63
2nd
Tridax procumbens
49
4th
Veronica persica
63
2nd
Xanthium spinosum
49
4th
Risk of invasive plants in China
Ageratum conyzoides
62
2nd
Coreopsis lanceolata
49
4th
Amaranthus retroflexus
62
2nd
Acacia farnesiana
47
4th
Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 1 continued
Species
Risk indices
Risk ranks
Bidens pilosa
62
2nd
Eupatorium catarium
61
Hibiscus trionum
Species
Risk indices
Risk ranks
Euphorbia maculata
46
4th
2nd
Rhynchelytrum repens
46
4th
61
2nd
Peperomia pellucida
44
4th
Plantago virginica
61
2nd
Ulex europaeus
44
4th
Wedelia trilobana
61
2nd
Hyptis suaveolens
43
4th
Cabomba caroliniana
60
2nd
Zinnia peruviana
43
4th
Leucaena leucocephala
60
2nd
Veronica hederaefolia
42
4th
Euphorbia hirta
60
2nd
Pilea microphylla
40
4th
Lolium multiflorum
59
3rd
Amaranthus polygonoides
39
4th
Amaranthus spinosus
59
3rd
Euphorbia dentata
39
4th
Crassocephalum crepidioides
59
3rd
Panicum maximum
38
4th
Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 2 The risk assessment system for alien invasive plants in China (a revised version
on the basis of Ou et al. (2007)). The total of the values is 100.
Primary indices
Secondary indices
Probability of intentional
introduction (5%)
Probability of unintentional
introduction (5%)
Probability of
introduction (15%)
Present supervision of
introduction(5%)
Reproductive ability and
characteristics (6%)
Probability of
establishment
(15%)
Detailed criteria
Unlikely to be introduced
intentionally
Can be introduced intentionally
Can be introduced intentionally
and there is some proof that it
has previously been introduced
intentionally
Unlikely to be introduced
unintentionally
Can be introduced by tools of
transportation
Can be introduced easily by
tools of transportation and there
is some proof that it has been
introduced unintentionally
In the list of the targets of the
present quarantine system and
an integrated control program,
and measures can prevent its
introduction very well
In the list of quarantine targets
for control, but it is difficult to
quarantine
Not in the list of targets for
control
Reproduces by seeds
Reproduces by vegetative
propagation
Reproduces more than once
yearly and has a relatively long
period of blooming and fruiting
Produces a large number of
seeds, greater than or equal to
1,000 seeds or spores per plant
annually
Fragments capable of dispersing
and subsequently generating a
new plant
Seeds or spores can survive in a
poor environment: seeds remain
viable in the soil for more
than one year
Grows more rapidly to
reproductive maturity than most
plants of its life form;
Values
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
3
5
Exhibits one of the
Characteristics 1
Exhibits two of the
characteristics 2
Exhibits three of the
characteristics 4
Exhibits more than three
of the characteristics 6
Others
Adaption to
environment(5%)
Life forms(4%)
Strictly limitted by environment
Slightly limitted by environment
Strong adaption to barren
environment
Annual plant
Biennial plant, herbage or vine
1
3
5
1
2
Risk of invasive plants in China
Perennial plant, of American
origin, herbage or vine
4
Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 2continued
Primary indices
Secondary indices
Detailed criteria
By wind
By water
Dispersal mechanism and
distance of range (5%)
By animals
By transport
Others
Tropical regions
Trend of provinces or
regions dispersion (5%)
Subtropical regions
Temperate regions
Natural enemies (5%)
Circumstances of
current range
(10%)
Circumstances of current
range (10%)
An effective natural enemy
exists
A natural enemy exists but
effect is insignificant
No natural enemy
Less than five provinces or
regions
Less than ten units and more
than five provinces or regions
Less than fifteen units and more
than ten provinces or regions
More than fifteen provinces or
regions
Values
Can make use of one of
these media for dispersal
and long-distance
dispersal 1
Can make use of two of
these media for dispersal
and has relatively
long-distance dispersal
capabilities 3
Can make use of more
than two of these media
for dispersal and has
relatively long-distance
dispersal capabilities 5
The potential invaded
regions include one of
these regions 1
The potential invaded
regions include two of
these regions 3
The potential invaded
regions include all of these
regions 5
1
3
5
1
3
5
10
Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 2continued
Primary indices
Secondary indices
Impacts on economy
(10%)
Impacts on human
health (5%)
Hazard and impact
(30%)
Ecological impacts
(15%)
Measure and effect of
control (5%)
Detailed criteria
Impacts on the growth of more than
one economical species
Impacts on local agriculture, forestry
or fishing
Impacts on availability of soil,
wetland, or other resources
Destruction of original landscape and
causes damage to sites of importance
to tourism
Others
There is some proof of strong impacts
on human health
There is some proof of slight impacts
on human health
No evident proof of impacts on
human health
Hosts a disease or pest which causes
damage
Impacts on the availibility of light
Hybridizes with a particular native
species (especially with precious
species)
Impacts on the availibility of nutrient
Impacts on the availibility of water
Produces chemical substance to
inhibit the germination or growth of
other plants
Climbing or smothering growth habit
Strongly out-competes a particular
native species
Imapcts on the local balance of
nutrient elements, salinity, Alkalinity
and PH
Produces spines, thorns, burrs, or is
toxic to animals
Others
Effective methods for permanent
eradication of invasive species
Effective methods for temporary
control of invasive species
No effective methods to control or
eradicate invasive species
Quick process of control with low
cost
Requires short-term man-power and
funding, time for control or
restoration needs at least one year
Feasibility of
control (15%)
Cost and time
commitment of
restoration (5%)
Requires a great deal of man-power
and funding short-term, time for
control or restoration requires less
than five years
Requires a great deal of man-power
and funding long-term, time for
control or restoration needs more than
five years
The damage and impact are
irreversible
Values
No obvious or slight
impacts on economy 1
Exhibits one of these
impacts 4
Exhibits two of these
impacts 7
Exhibits more than two of
these impacts 10
5
3
1
Exhibits one of these
impacts 1
Exhibits two of these
impacts 5
Exhibits three of these
impacts 10
Exhibits more than three of
these impacts 15
1
3
5
1
2
3
4
5
Risk of invasive plants in China
Appendix Table 2 continued
Primary indices
Secondary indices
Impact of control on
native species (5%)
Detailed criteria
Little or no impact of control on
native species
Moderate impact of control on native
species
Moderate impact of control on native
species
Values
1
3
5