UNIVERSITY OF MAINE SYSTEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2012 UPDATE
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION
Authority
This 2006 2012 University of Maine System Hazard Mitigation Plan has been will be adopted to satisfy the requirements
outlined in Section 322 of the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 93-288, as amended) for federal disaster
assistance and enacted under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) (P.L. 106-390).
Purpose
The purpose of the University of Maine System Hazard Mitigation Plan is to provide guidance for a disaster resistant
university that vigilantly assesses, plans for and mitigates natural disasters most likely to affect the University System.
Scope
At this time, the focus of the Plan is to address natural hazards, although fires and hazardous materials releases are also
included. Events that tend to be seasonal, such as thunderstorms, lightning, tornados and hurricanes, will all be found
under ”Summer Storm,” although it is possible for them to occur at other times of the year. Likewise, blizzards, ice storms,
northeasters and snow storms are grouped under “Winter Storms,” even though northeasters can occur in other seasons.
Hazards such as drought and blight/infestation are generally mitigated by other state agencies. Information on these
hazards has been drawn from the 2004 2010 Maine Hazard Mitigation Plan, which in turn drew information from meetings,
notes and records of federal resources such as the National Weather Service and U.S. Geological Survey and from state
sources such as the Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Geological Survey, Transportation, State Planning Office and the
State Fire Marshall’s Office.
Setting - The State of Maine and the University System
The University of Maine System’s seven campuses and the System Office are strategically located throughout the length
and breadth of Maine so as to best serve the State’s widely scattered population. There are significant differences between
the campuses in terms of their climate, geography, student population, and campus infrastructure. Because each campus is
so unique, and because the System is highly dispersed, the best way to understand the University of Maine System is to
begin with an overview of the State of Maine.
Geography. Located in the extreme northeastern corner of the country, Maine has the largest land area of the six New
England states. Its 35,387 square miles is almost as large as the 36,022 square miles of the other five states combined.
There are 16 counties and a multitude of natural resources including mountains, 5,779 lakes and ponds, five major rivers
(the St. John, the Penobscot, the Kennebec, the Androscoggin and the Saco), and 17 million acres of forest. The State is
bordered by New Hampshire on the west, the Canadian provinces of Quebec (to the northwest) and New Brunswick (to the
northeast), the Atlantic Ocean/Gulf of Maine to the Southeast, and the Bay of Fundy to the east.
Topography. Maine’s southern boundary lies near the 43rd parallel, while its northern boundary, approximately 300 miles
away, lies at a latitude of 47.5 degrees north. The State extends about 200 miles in an east-west direction at its widest part.
Overall, the terrain across much of the state is hilly. Elevations range from sea level at the coast to over 5,000 feet in the
central mountains. Mt. Katahdin, located within Baxter State Park, is the highest point in Maine (5,268 feet). Elevations in
the southeastern part of the State are generally below 500 feet. The terrain rises northward from the coastal plain to heights
of 1,000 feet in northernmost Maine (Aroostook County), and northwestward to the peaks within the central to western part
of the State that top out at about 3,000 feet to 5,000 feet. Most of these peaks are in the Longfellow Mountains, the northern
part of the Appalachian chain within the United States. The highest elevations in the northwestern part of the State are in the
1,000 to 1,500 foot range.
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The present day landscape is a direct result of glacial erosion and deposition from the large ice sheets that completely
covered Maine as recently as about 14,000 years ago. A variety of glacial deposits cover the state, providing a rich variety in
the overall landscape as well as abundant sand and gravel for construction material. Many of these deposits are also
excellent sources of ground water (aquifers) for household and commercial or industrial water supplies. In addition, glacial
deposits and erosion are directly responsible for the more than 1,600 lakes found in the State that cover over 2,200 square
miles. Moosehead Lake is the largest.
Extensive wetland areas that provide habitat for many ecosystems are also a result of past glaciation in combination with
existing climatic conditions. Flatland is found along the southeastern coastal plain, along many of the larger river systems,
such as near the mouths of the Androscoggin and Kennebec Rivers, and particularly, within Aroostook County in the north
and northeastern part of the state. The topography in that part of the State helps contribute to the agricultural development
in that region including potato farming. Overall, about 2,000 square miles of the state is in farmland.
Maine is the most forested state in the United States with 90% of its land area in woodland. Historically, this has supported a
considerable lumber and paper products industry. Many logging roads provide the only access into vast unsettled areas.
These forests also provide habitat for abundant wildlife, and together with the large number of lakes are a great resource for
sports and recreation.
The Maine coast is famous for its ruggedness and scenic views resulting from the many inlets, bays, harbors, promontories
and rocky islands found along almost its entire length. Sandy beaches are prevalent along the southwestern coast, but the
Mid-Coast region is dominated by lengthy peninsulas and hills including Mount Cadillac (elevation of 1,530 feet) on Mount
Desert Island. Mount Cadillac is the highest point on the eastern coast of the United States. Many harbors and inlets
characterize the Down East part of the coast. The irregularity of the coastline produces a total length of 5,299 miles under
tidal influence or approximately 1/3 of the eastern seaboard from Canada to the tip of Florida.
Climate. Precipitation, combined with Maine’s harsh winters, creates challenges at all the campuses that may not be
present in other parts of the country. These include keeping sidewalks clear of ice and snow, ensuring that snow and ice
sliding off University building roofs does not injure students, faculty, employees or visitors, and keeping buildings warm and
labs running during power outages.
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Maine has three distinct climatic divisions whose boundaries run parallel to the coastline, as shown in the illustration on the
next page:



The Northern Division encompasses the northernmost 17,916 square miles (54%) of the state. This division is least
affected by marine influences and it contains most of the central and western mountainous regions. The University
of Maine at Fort Kent and the University of Maine at Presque Isle are located in the Northern Division.
The Southern Interior Division contains the 10,307 square miles adjacent to the Northern Division and represents
31% of the state’s area. The University of Maine at Augusta, the University of Maine at Farmington, the University
of Maine (Orono) and the System Office are located in this Division.
The Coastal Division occupies the smallest area, a 20-30 mile band along the coast. It includes 4,992 square
miles, or 15% of the state’s area. The University of Southern Maine and the University of Maine at Machias are
located in this Division.
Temperature. To date, the highest temperature ever recorded in the state was 105 degrees Fahrenheit, and the lowest was
-45 degrees Fahrenheit. This range demonstrates the broad “variability” that can occur during the seasons and from year to
year. However, on average, Maine is a cool weather state.
Precipitation. Maine's average amount of precipitation based on the long-term record since 1895 is 42.6 inches. This
includes the conversion of all snowfall to a water-equivalent. Distribution of this precipitation throughout the year is fairly
uniform from month to month in the Southern Interior and the Coastal Divisions with a slight seasonality to precipitation in
the Northern Division.
From a statewide perspective, average monthly precipitation is between 3 and 4 inches. , with Based on historical averages,
November being is the wettest month and February beinq is the driest month. Average precipitation in the Southern Interior
is 44 inches with only a 1.2-inch difference between the wettest month (4.2 inches on average in November) and the driest
month (3.1 inches on average in February). Coastal sites show a similar month-to-month distribution and difference between
maximum and minimum monthly precipitation, although the proximity to the ocean produces an overall average value of 46
inches per year.
The fairly equal distribution of precipitation during the year is driven, in part, by winter precipitation amounts that are greater
than summer precipitation amounts. Down East Maine is the only place east of the Rocky Mountains, except for the lee side
of the Great Lakes that receives more precipitation during the winter than the summer. Coastal storms provide the abundant
winter precipitation, whereas the cool ocean water and sea breeze help to limit convective activity during the summer thus
inhibiting abundant thunderstorm activity that is responsible for so much of the summer precipitation in the rest of the central
and eastern parts of the country.
Precipitation, combined with Maine’s harsh winters, creates challenges at all the campuses that may not be present in other
parts of the country. These include keeping sidewalks clear of ice and snow, ensuring that snow and ice sliding off University
building roofs does not injure students, faculty, employees or visitors, and keeping buildings warm during power outages.
Prevailing Winds. Prevailing wind direction varies across the State with both season and location. Local influences such as
orientation of a valley also may play a key role in dictating prevalent wind direction at any one location. Most of the state is
under northwest to west/northwest winds throughout much of the year and particularly during the winter. During the summer,
southwest to southerly winds may become quite frequent across the state. In fact, southerly winds prevail along the MidCoast and Down East portions of the state during the summer. Part of the reason for the prevalence of winds from these
directions during the summer is the frequent formation of a sea breeze. A sea breeze can kick-in anywhere along the coast
during the spring, as well. The formation of a sea breeze especially occurs when regional winds are weak during the
summer months. The sea breeze produces the cool, refreshing temperatures during the summer along the coast. Frequent
high winds on several of the campuses (for example, University of Maine at Machias) result in a wind chill factor that is
colder than the actual temperature.
Infrastructure. Maine's location in the northeastern-most corner of the United States also means that connecting Maine's
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population (or students and tourists) to goods and services requires an extensive network of highways and bridges. This
infrastructure must withstand the movement of heavy equipment, such as lumber trucks, and the wide extremes of a variable
climate. Unlike the highways in the south and southwestern states, Maine highways must be sanded, salted and plowed
during the winter months, an additional expense in equipment and staffing. Not surprisingly, the operating costs of
maintaining the state's highway infrastructure are a very significant budget item.
Climate Change
The University System may be affected by climate changes over time. As documented in various scientific studies climate
change may be impacting the occurrence and severity of natural hazards in Maine. The following paragraphs are from the
State of Maine Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Temperature and Precipitation. A number of recent studies have documented that average temperature and precipitation
have been increasing across the New England region and Maine over a long period of time.
Excerpts from Maine’s Climate Future, February 2009 (revised April 2009) prepared by the University of Maine and its
Climate Change Institute.
“Weather is the state of the atmosphere in terms of hot or cold, wet or dry, windy or calm, cloudy or clear.
Instantaneous, or synoptic, measurements of meteorological variables – namely temperature, precipitation,
humidity, pressure, winds, and cloudiness – are used to quantify the weather. …climate is the statistical collection
of average weather conditions at a given place, typically defined over a 30-year time interval…Maine’s instrumental
record of meteorological variables has been systematically kept for about 130 years”… (page 10).
“Today, all three of Maine’s climate divisions are warmer than they were 30 years ago…all three climate divisions
have trended toward wetter conditions over the time span from 1950-2007” (page 11).
“Overall, the models show a strong trend in Maine toward warmer and generally wetter conditions in all … seasons
over the 21st century with the exception of summer precipitation …Projected increases in both temperature and
precipitation tend to be greatest in the north, and least along the coast. These warming trends imply a significant
shift in the regional hydrology, from a snowmelt-dominated regime (in Northern and Southern Interior climate
divisions) to one that shows significant runoff during winter” (page 15).
Excerpts from Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast, A Report of the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment, October,
2006.
“Since 1970, the region has been warming at a rate of nearly 0.5F/decade. Winter temperatures have risen even
faster, at a rate of 1.3F per decade from 1970 to 2000. This warming change has been correlated with many
noticeable changes across the Northeast, including:









More frequent extreme-heat days (maximum temperatures greater than 90F)
A longer growing season
Earlier leaf and bloom dates for plants
An increase in heavy rainfall events
Earlier breakup of winter ice on lakes and rivers
Earlier spring snowmelt resulting in earlier high spring river flows
Less precipitation falling as snow and more as rain
Rising sea surface temperatures and sea level
Reduced snowpack and increased snow density” (page 5)
“Extreme Precipitation and Storms
 The frequency of heavy rainfall events is increasing across the Northeast
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

…rainfall is expected to become more intense. In addition, periods of heavy rainfall are expected to
become more frequent.
Some East Coast winter storms are projected to shift from earlier to later in the winter season as
temperatures rise, and more storms are expected to travel up the coast and affect the Northeast” (page
16)
“As winter precipitation increases and warmer temperatures begin to melt the snow faster, high-flow events are also
projected to occur more frequently…In New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, the probability of high-flow events
may increase as much as 80 percent, accompanied by a likely increase in flood risk” (page 20).
The overall trend in temperature and precipitation is up, even though there is tremendously variability in weather patterns on
a year-to-year basis.
The following chart shows average winter (December, January, February) temperature for the Cross Border Region (New
England, plus New York, Pennsylvania, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) from 1900 through 2002,
illustrating a gradual upgrade trend despite year-to-year variations. This time series is a spatially averaged temperature
record from 136 stations in the region representing 92 percent of the climate divisions in the region.
Source: Cross Border Indicators of Climate Change over the Past Century: Northeaster United States and Canadian
Maritime Region, prepared by the Climate Change Task Force of the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment in
cooperation with Environment Canada and Clean Air-Cool Planet, 2006.
The table below shows changes in average winter temperature since 1970 in the Cross Border Region.
Source: Cross Border Indicators of Climate Change over the Past Century: Northeaster United States and Canadian
Maritime Region, prepared by the Climate Change Task Force of the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment in
cooperation with Environment Canada and Clean Air-Cool Planet, 2006.
Sea Level Rise. Maine’s coast has been and will continue to be profoundly affected by an increase in sea level. The Maine
Geological Survey estimates that the ocean has risen about six (6) inches since 1900, and is currently rising at a rate of
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about 1/10 inch per year. The result has been increased flooding, erosion of coastal bluffs and landslides. The consensus of
the scientific community, reflected in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) is that sea level will continue to rise at an accelerating rate through the year 2100.
No one knows for sure how high the sea will rise or how quickly it will occur, but the IPCC has prepared a range of scenarios
based on a scientific analysis of a number of variables including glacial ice melt, thermal expansion of water due to global
warming, slowing of the gulf stream (there has been a 25% reduction during the past decade), and the melting of ice caps in
Greenland and Antarctica. Based on the IPCC’s projections, the Maine Geological Survey (MGS) is using for its studies a
conservative, mid-range estimate of two (2) additional feet of sea level rise by the year 2100.
Along the Maine Coast, a sea level rise of one (1) foot means more homes, businesses, public infrastructure such as roads,
and entire communities could be subject to more devastating coastal floods on a more frequent basis.
Based on MGS’ inventory of coastal bluffs between York and Machias, about half the Maine Coast consists of unstable
coastal bluffs less than 20 feet in height. Bluffs of the soft Presumpscot Formation mud erode at 1.6 to 3.3 feet/year, while
bluffs of till, a stiff, stoney sediment, erode at about half that rate. Without expensive remediation, rising sea levels will likely
increase the rate of erosion and threaten additional bluffs that are currently stable. Unstable coastal bluffs in excess of 20
feet in height will likely be subject to landslides on a more frequent basis. As a result, more homes, businesses and public
infrastructure will be threatened with catastrophic loss.
Demographic Profile. According to 2000 2010 Census information, Maine has the third largest population in the six New
England states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont.) However, its average
population density of only 41.3 people per square mile is half that of the national average. While two thirds of the population
is clustered in the southern-most counties of the state, the other third is scattered throughout the northern and western
counties. Maine's population is also older than the national average, a trend that is likely to continue as young Mainers
continue to leave the state in search of higher incomes.
The following tables summarize some of the demographic differences between Maine and the United States, as well as
differences between Maine and the other New England states.
2000 2010 Comparison of Maine and U.S. Population
Key Characteristics
Maine
Population
Total
White
Black
American Indian
Asian
Hispanic
USA
1,274,923
96.9%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.7%
1,328,361
95.2%
1.2%
0.6%
1.0%
1.3%
281,421,906
62.6%
12.3%
0.9%
3.6%
12.5%
308,745,538
72.4%
12.6%
0.9%
4.8%
16.3%
Households
Total Households
Household Housing Units
Average Household Size
518,200
651,901
2.39
551,125
721,830
2.34
105,480,101
115,904,641
2.6
114,235,996
131,704,730
2.59
Income
Median Household Income
Persons Below Poverty Level 1997
Children Below Poverty Level 1997
$37,240
10.9%
13.0%
$46,933
12.6%
-
$41,994
12.4%
16.1%
$51,914
13.8%
-
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UNIVERSITY OF MAINE SYSTEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2012 UPDATE
Sex and Age
Median Age, Total Population
Female
Male
Under 5 Years
18 and Over
65 and Over
Population Density/Square Mile
Source: 2000 2010 Census
38.6
51.3%
48.7%
5.5%
76.4%
14.4%
41.3
42.7
51.1%
48.9%
5.2%
79.3%
15.9%
43.1
35.3
50.9%
49.1%
6.8%
74.3%
12.4%
79.6
37.2
50.8%
49.2%
6.5%
76.0%
13.0%
87.4
2000 Comparison of Maine and New England
Key Characteristics
State
Maine
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Source: 2000 Census
Population and
Ranking in Region
1,274,923 (3)
3,405,565 (2)
6,349, 097 (1)
1,235,786 (4)
1,048,319 (5)
608,827 (6)
Land Area,
In Square Miles, and
Ranking in Region
35,387 (1)
5,018 (5)
10,555 (2)
9,304 (4)
1,545 (6)
9,600 (3)
Median Household
Income and Ranking
$37,240 (6)
$53,935 (1)
$50,502 (2)
$49,467 (3)
$42,090 (4)
$40,856 (5)
2010 Comparison of Maine and New England
Key Characteristics
State
Maine
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Source: 2010 Census
Population and
Ranking in Region
1,328,361 (3)
3,574,097 (2)
6,547,629 (1)
1,316,470 (4)
1,052,567 (5)
625,741 (6)
Land Area,
In Square Miles, and
Ranking in Region
35,387 (1)
5,018 (5)
10,555 (2)
9,304 (4)
1,545 (6)
9,600 (3)
Median Household
Income and Ranking
$46,933 (6)
$67,740 (1)
$64,509 (2)
$63,277 (3)
$54,902 (4)
$51,841 (5)
Economy. Maine’s generally poor soil, short growing season, and remoteness from industrial and commercial centers have
long restricted development and population growth. Lumbering, ship building, and textile production have all enjoyed booms
in the past, but changes in technology and competition from other states have always undercut the State’s economic
position. Pulp and paper production have been a mainstay of the local economy, but overall paper mill employment has
declined sharply in recent decades. Within the past 25 years or so, Maine has transformed a portion of its economy into
trade, service and financial industries, with the greatest growth occurring in and around the Portland area.
While Maine has the largest land area to manage in the New England region, it also has the lowest median household
income. The comparison table above shows that Maine incomes lag seriously behind the more affluent states of Connecticut
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and Massachusetts. Since those states are so close geographically, it is small wonder that younger Mainers leave the state,
often after graduation, to seek higher paying careers in neighboring cities. Like the rest of the country, Maine is hardly
immune to the effects of outsourcing and the loss of manufacturing businesses, and is also in a painful transition to a new
economy, still being defined.
These factors, low income and population density, combined with geographic distances, are major challenges to the state's
planning processes for its resources. A very small (and aging) population, with a low national average income, must pay for
miles of infrastructure, a major budgetary consideration both at the local and state level. Because it is occurring as incomes
are further squeezed by rising taxes, energy and health care costs, there is a critical need for strategic planning and the
development of creative solutions.
Some of the overall trends affecting Maine include:



Transitioning economy: Maine’s economy is transitioning away from a low skilled work base; there has been a
decline in large employers and a rise in entrepreneurial companies;
Uneven growth: Northern Maine continues to lose population; Southern Maine and Mid-Coastal Maine are the
fastest growing areas of Maine; this has been accompanied by a movement of wealth, population and jobs from
Northern Maine to Southern and Mid-Coastal Maine;
Leading economists project that Maine will continue to follow the national economy, but that job growth will be very
small.
Location of University of Maine System
Location of Key Facilities. The major facilities of the seven campuses are located in eight of the State’s 16 counties as
shown in the table below. These eight counties include very small, sparsely populated counties (e.g. Washington County,
population 33,941 32,856) as well as Maine’s most heavily populated county (Cumberland, population 265,612 281,674).
University of Maine System
County Locations of Key Facilities
1-UMA
2-UMF
3-UMFK
4-UMM
5-UM
6-USM
7-UMPI
8-System
Office
University
University of Maine at Augusta (includes Augusta and Bangor
campuses)
University of Maine at Farmington
University of Maine at Fort Kent
University of Maine at Machias
University of Maine (Orono; includes Darling Marine Center and other
facilities
University of Southern Maine (includes Gorham, Portland, LewistonAuburn)
University of Maine at Presque Isle
Includes System-wide services, University College centers and
University of Maine System Network - UNET
County Location
Kennebec, Penobscot
Franklin
Aroostook
Washington
Penobscot, Lincoln
Cumberland, Androscoggin
Aroostook
Penobscot
Each of the eight counties shown in the above table has either prepared a hazard mitigation plan that has either been
approved by FEMA, or has received conditional approval pending adoption by their respective cities and towns, or is
currently updating its hazard mitigation plan. University officials participated in the preparation of several of these plans as
they affected either their home communities or the community in which their campus is located.
The information contained in the following two tables shows that there have been significant variations in the rates at which
the eight counties have grown. Between 1960 1970 and the year 2000 2010, Lincoln County was the fastest growing county
(81.7% 67.8%), while Aroostook County actually lost population (-30.3% -22.3%).
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Androscoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Kennebec
Lincoln
Penobscot
Washington
Maine
Source: 2000 Census
Androscoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Kennebec
Lincoln
Penobscot
Washington
Maine
Source: US Census
1960
86,312
106,064
182,751
20,069
89,150
18,497
126,346
32,908
970,689
University of Maine System
County Population Changes
1970
1980
91,279
99,657
92,463
91,331
192,528
215,789
22,444
27,098
95,247
109,889
20,537
25,691
125,393
137,015
29,859
34,963
992,048
1,124,660
1990
105,259
86,936
243,135
29,008
115,904
30,357
146,601
35,308
1,227,928
2000
103,793
73,938
265,612
29,467
117,114
33,616
144,919
33,941
1,274,923
1970
91,279
92,463
192,528
22,444
95,247
20,537
125,393
29,859
992,048
University of Maine System
County Population Changes
1980
1990
99,657
105,259
91,331
86,936
215,789
243,135
27,098
29,008
109,889
115,904
25,691
30,357
137,015
146,601
34,963
35,308
1,124,660
1,227,928
2000
103,793
73,938
265,612
29,467
117,114
33,616
144,919
33,941
1,274,923
2010
107,702
71,870
281,674
30,768
122,151
34,457
153,923
32,856
1,328,361
University of Maine System
County Population Growth
Androscoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Kennebec
Lincoln
Penobscot
Washington
Maine
Source: 2000 Census
1970-1980 Change
9.2%
-1.2%
12.1%
20.7%
15.4%
25.1%
9.3%
17.1%
13.4%
1980-1990 Change
5.6%
-4.8%
12.7%
7.0%
5.5%
18.2%
7.0%
1.0%
9.2%
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1990-2000 Change
-1.4%
-14.6%
9.2%
1.6%
1.0%
10.7%
-1.1%
-3.9%
3.8%
1960-2000 Change
20.3%
-30.3%
45.3%
46.85
31.4%
81.7%
14.7%
3.1%
31.3%
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE SYSTEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2012 UPDATE
University of Maine System
County Population Growth
Androscoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Kennebec
Lincoln
Penobscot
Washington
Maine
Source: 2010 Census
1980-1990 Change
5.6%
-4.8%
12.7%
7.0%
5.5%
18.2%
7.0%
1.0%
9.2%
1990-2000 Change
-1.4%
-14.6%
9.2%
1.6%
1.0%
10.7%
-1.1%
-3.9%
3.8%
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2000-2010 Change
3.8%
-2.8%
6.0%
4.4%
4.3%
2.5%
6.2%
-3.2%
4.2%
1970-2010 Change
18.0%
-22.3%
46.3%
37.1%
28.2%
67.8%
22.8%
10.0%
33.9%