THE LIST OF QUESTIONS FOR EXAM ON PHARMACOGNOSY
for the 3rd year students of the Pharmaceutical department
Specialization “Сlinical Pharmacy”
1. Definition of Pharmacognosy as a science. The role of Pharmacognosy in practical work of
a pharmacist.
2. Standardization of medicinal plant raw material (MPRM), structure of the Pharmacopoeia
article for MPRM.
3. The harvesting of medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM); the rules for storage of raw
material according to the different morphological groups and chemical composition.
4. Main ways of scientific researches in an area of medicinal plants (MP) studying. The
methods of detection of new MP, the role of scientific and educational institution.
5. Sources base of medicinal plants in Ukraine, their rational employment.
6. Commercial analysis: acceptance of raw material, sampling for the investigation,
determination of identity and high quality of raw material. What is the batch of raw material?
7. Natural sources of sugars. Carbohydrates. Bees honey.
8. Substances of primary metabolism.
9. Definition of the conception “polysaccharides”. Their classification, physical and chemical
properties, localization.
10. Definition of the conception “lipids”. Their classification. Physical and chemical
properties of lipids. Storage.
11. Determination of the types of fatty oils. Physical and chemical indices of fatty oils. Their
analytical significance.
12. Lipoids: bees wax, spermaceti, lanolin, phospholipids. Sources of raw material obtaining.
Structure. Employment.
13. Definition of the conception “vitamins”. Their distribution in plant world. Influence of
vegetation phases and growing conditions on the vitamin accumulation in plants.
Classification of vitamins. Determination of ascorbic acid content. The ways of employment
of raw material which contain vitamins.
14. Definition of the conceptions “isoprenoids and terpenoids”. Classification. Biosynthesis.
The Rushzichka rule. Distribution of biologically active substances of isoprenoid structure in
the plant world.
15. Definition of the conception “iridoids”. Chemical structure. Classification. MP and
MPRM which contain iridoids.
16. Definition of the conception “volatile oils”. Chemical composition of volatile oils.
17. Physical and chemical properties of volatile oils. The methods of content determination of
volatile oil in medicinal plant raw material.
18. The methods of obtaining of volatile oils.
19. The rules for storage of medicinal plant raw materials which contain volatile oils.
20. Determination of physical and chemical quality indices of volatile oils. Their analytical
significance.
21. MP and MPRM which contain monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones
and substances of aromatic type. Preparations, their employment.
22. Definition of the conception “steroids”. Classification of steroids. Physical, chemical and
biological properties of steroids. Qualitative reactions.
23. Definition of the conception “saponins”. Physical, chemical and biological properties of
saponins. Classification according to the structure of sapogenin. Qualitative reactions.
24. MP and MPRM which contain treterpene and steroidal saponins. Preparations. The ways
of employment.
25. Definition of the conception “cardiosteroids and cardioglycosides”. Chemical structure.
Classification. Physical and chemical properties. Biological standardization of medicinal plant
raw materials. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis.
26. MP and MPRM which contain cardioglycosides. Relation between pharmacological
properties and chemical structure.
27. Definition of the conception “alkaloids”. Modern types of classifications of alkaloids
according to the biosynthesis pathways. Chemical structure of alkaloids. Physico-chemical
properties of alkaloids. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, methods of content
determination.
28. MP and MPRM which contain protoalkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, typical alkaloids - tropane,
pyrolizidine, pyridine and piperidine, quinolizidine, isoquinoline, indole, purine. Preparations,
their employment.
29. Phenolic compounds. Their classification. Distribution in plant world and biosynthesis.
MP and MPRM which contain simple phenols and their derivatives. Preparations, their
employment.
30. Definition of the conceptions “lignans and xanthones”. Classification. MP and MPRM
which contain lignans and xanthones. Preparations, their employment.
31. Definition of the conception “flavonoids”. Chemical structure, Classification. Physical and
chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, qualitative
determination of flavonoids. Distribution in plants. Biosynthesis. Medico-biological
significance of flavonoids.
32. Medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials which contain flavonoids: catechines,
anthocyanes, flavanols, flavons, aunones, isoflavones. Preparations, their employment.
33. Quinones. Anthracene derivatives. Classification. Groups of anthraquinones. Physical and
chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, chromatographic analysis, qualitative
determination of anthraquinones. Relations between chemical structure and biological action.
MP and MPRM which contain anthracene derivatives. Preparations, their employment.
34. Definition of the conception “tannins”. Chemical structure. Types of classifications.
Physical and chemical properties. Qualitative reactions, qualitative determination of tannins.
Distribution in plants. Biological role in plant living. PM and MPRM which contain tannins.
Preparations, their employment.
35. Definition of the conceptions “coumarins and chromones”. Classification. MP and MPRM
which contain coumarins and chromones. Preparations, their employment.
36. Plants which show hallucinogenic, teratogenic, allergogenic and toxic activities. Their
employment.
37. Natural sources of antibiotics.
38. MP and MPRM which contain different groups of BAS.