Wesleyan University
History 160
Sophomore Seminar
Fall, 2011 Mondays, 1:10-4
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Nathanael Greene, 215 Public Affairs Center
685-2376
ngreene@wesleyan.edu
Office hours: Wednesdays, 1:00-4
Books: Broad Street Books will have copies of the following:
Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War
Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil
War, 1808-1939
Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel
Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977
George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia
Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic at War*
Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936*
Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos*
Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed*
*Recommended
Please note that much of your reading will be selected from among titles
suggested for each class. All of the suggested titles are available in Olin
Library, but only those books listed above will be placed on reserve. It is
assumed that students will frequently be reading from different works for each
class. Students should feel free to choose relevant works from the library's
collection which do not appear on this syllabus, and you are specifically
encouraged to devote time to browsing in the collection.
Papers: Each student will submit three short papers and a major research
paper. The three short papers will be due in class on the date stipulated and
will be devoted to questions indicated below. These papers must be brief, no
more than two pages of text, double-spaced, 12 point font; a third page may be
used for notes. These papers are due at the beginning of class on
September 19 and 26, and October 3. These papers will be graded. In
addition, very brief reports - no more than one page - will be due on the
reading accomplished by the student in preparation for class in the weeks
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -2-
when a paper is not required; these reports will not be graded. These reports
are due on October 10, 17, 31, and November 7. Papers and reports should be
submitted by e-mail to ngreene@wesleyan.edu
The research paper, devoted to a topic chosen in consultation with the
instructor no later than October 5, will be due in its final form on December
14, the first day of the examination period. First drafts of the research
papers will be circulated prior to classes scheduled for November 21 and 28,
and December 5 for critical comment and discussion at those classes. These
drafts must be circulated to all members of the seminar by e-mail no later
than 48 hours prior to the seminar, i.e., no later than Saturday evening.
Examples and suggestions concerning research papers are offered on pages 1013 of this syllabus.
Oral Presentations: Every student will serve, at least once, either as a
reporter or a critic, at one of the classes described below. At the sessions of
October 17 and 31, and November 7, the seminar will divide into four groups.
Each group will be responsible for report and discussion on a work or works
chosen from lists indicated below. In addition, the first draft of a research
paper will receive detailed comment from a student assigned to that task at the
classes scheduled for November 21 and 28, and December 5.
Examinations: There will be no examinations in this course.
Website: “Moodle,” to be found in your Electronic Portfolio.
Prerequisites: There are no course prerequisites for this seminar, but
students who have not taken college-level courses in modern European history
should become familiar with the history of Europe in the period from 1900 to
1945 by reading in a reliable textbook in the first weeks of the semester. By
way of example, these texts might be useful:
H. Stuart Hughes, Contemporary Europe, A History
R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World
Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century
Robert Paxton, Europe in the Twentieth Century
John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume II
Attendance at every class is mandatory; absences will be excused only for
illness or emergencies. Papers must be submitted on the date due or they will
not be accepted in the absence of illness or emergency.
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -3-
Schedule of Classes and Readings
SEPTEMBER 5: ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING
Article from The New York Times, “Spaniards at Last Confront the Ghost
of Franco,” November 22, 2002.
SEPTEMBER 12: SPAIN FROM 1868 TO 1931: A GENERAL OVERVIEW
Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapters 7-13, or
Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, Parts I and II
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 Liberal Principles (1868-1869)
 El Estado Catalan, “On Federalism” (1870)
 An Anarchist Manifesto (1873)
 Clarín, “Hunger in Andalusia” (1883)
 Valentí Almirall, “Spain Such as It Is” (1887)
 Pablo Iglesias, “The Social Revolution” (1892)
 Enric Prat de la Riba, “Compendium of Catalanist
Doctrine”(1894)
 Pablo Iglesias, “Our Bourgeoisie” (1898)
 Sabino de Arana, “What Are We?” (1895)
 Alejandro Lerroux, “Rebels, Rebels” (1906)
 Spanish Bishops, “Against the Existence of Secular Schools”
(1909)
 Julián Juderías, “The Black Legend” (1914)
 José Ortega y Gasset, “Invertebrate Spain” (1922)
 Miguel Primo de Rivera, “The Barcelona Manifesto” (1923)
 “Platform of the Patriotic Union” (1928)
 Alfonso XIII, “Message of Renunciation” (1931)
SEPTEMBER 19: THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1931-1936: INTERPRETATIONS
Paper topic: How do you explain the collapse of the Spanish Republic?
Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Part I, or
Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapters 14 and 15, or
Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth, Part III, or
Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Introduction and Ch 1,or
Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, chapters 1-3, or
HISTORY
160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, FALL, 2011 -4-
Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936,
chapters 1-10 and, in any case, Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel,
Part III, “The Clash”, pages 433- 516, and
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 Spanish Bishops, “On the Proposed Constitution” (1931)
 Manual Azaña, “Spain Has Ceased to Be Catholic” (1931)
 “Parliamentary Debate on Women’s Suffrage” (1931)
 The 1931 Constitution”
 Fernando de los Ríos, “The Republican Education Program” (1937)
 La Pasionaria, “From Childhood to Maturity” (1966)
 El Debate, “A Large Catholic majority” (1933)
 José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Ideas of the Falange” (1934)
 José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Feminine Dignity” (1935)
 El Socialista, “On the Victory of the Popular Front” (1936)
SEPTEMBER 26: THE UPRISING
Paper topic: How did the Nationalists justify the uprising? Do you find any
credibility to their justification?
Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, chapter 6, or
Charles Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age, chapter 16
Stanley Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977, chapters 4-9, or
Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, chapter 13
Paul Preston, Franco, chapters I-XII, or
Sheelagh Ellwood, Franco, chapters 1-4
Documents:
 Ramiro Ledesma, “The Voice of Spain”
 José Antonio Primo de Rivera, “Total Feeling” and “Bread and
Justice”
 “Guidelines of the Falange,”
 “Manifesto of the Bloque Nacional”,
 “Manifesto by General Francisco Franco,”
 “Speech by the Monarchist Poet José Maria Pemán, ”
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 Spanish Bishops, “On the War in Spain” (1937)
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -5-
OCTOBER 3: THE REVOLUTION
Paper topic: Did a revolution occur? If so, whose was it?
Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Chapter 7, and
George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chs V, IX-XIV, and/or
Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”, pages 516582, and/or
Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Chs 2-5, and/or
Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos, Ch 1, “Militancy” and/or
Stanley Payne, The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, chapters 11, 12,
14, and Conclusion
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 “Ideological Struggles of the Left” (1936, 1937)
 “Decree Closing Religious Institutions” (1936)
and Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed, Chapter I, “1936”
OCTOBER10: THE WAR
George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, Chs I-VIII, and/or
Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”,
pages 583-751, and
Julián Casanova, The Spanish Republic and Civil War, Chapters 8-11
and Epilogue, or
Helen Graham, The Spanish Republic At War, Chs 6 & 7, and/or
Michael Seidman, Republic of Egos, Ch 2 “Opportunism”, Ch 3
“Cynicism” and Ch 4, “Survival”
Documents:
 General Millan Astray, “Long Live Death!”
 Colonel José Moscado, “The Alcazar”
 Film, “To Die in Madrid,” to be shown at beginning of class
 “The Southworth Collection of Posters” online at
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/visfront/intro.html
Robert Capa, Heart of Spain: Robert Capa’s Photographs
John Tisa, ed., The Palette and the Flame: Posters of the Spanish Civil
War
Raymond Carr, ed., The Spanish Civil War in Pictures
Abel Paz, The Spanish Civil War
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -6-
OCTOBER 17: EUROPEANS AND AMERICANS
The seminar will divide into four groups for this meeting, with subjects
and readings as indicated below. Each group will select from among
these readings, but it may look for other studies to be found in Olin
Library.
Great Britain and France:
Documents:
Speech by Léon Blum, Luna Park, 1936
Léon Blum, excerpts from “To Be A Socialist” and “For all Mankind”
“The American Ambassador in France on the reasons why the Blum
government refuses to supply arms to the Spanish Republic, 27 July
1936"
“Sir George Clerk warns Yvon Delbos of the dangers of French intervention
in the Spanish Civil War"
British diplomatic documents [Packet]
 G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/7/36
 G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/8/36
 G. Clerk to the Foreign Office, 8/11/36
 Thomas to Cadogan, 8/11/36
 Minute by Sargent, 8/12/36
 Eden to G. Clerk, 8/24/36
German diplomatic documents [Packet]
 Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/6/36
 Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/10/36
 Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 8/21/36
 Forster to the Foreign Ministry, 12/11/36
 Welczeck to the Foreign Ministry, 12/24/36
Tom Buchanan, Britain and the Spanish Civil War
Jill Edwards, The British Government and the Spanish Civil War
W. Laird Kleine-Ahlbrandt, The Policy of Simmering
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 “British parliamentary debates on Spain” (1937)
David W. Pike, Conjecture, Propaganda, and Deceit
Nathanael Greene, Crisis and Decline, Ch 2
Joel Colton, Léon Blum, Humanist in Politics, Chs VII and VIII
Julian Jackson, The Popular Front in France, Ch 7
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -7-
United States:
Harry Fisher, Comrades
F. Jay Taylor, The United States and the Spanish Civil War
Allen Guttmann, The Wound in the Heart
Richard P. Traina, American Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War
Douglas Little, Malevolent Neutrality
Alun Kenwood, The Spanish Civil War: A Cultural and Historical
Reader, pages 265-287
Germany and Italy:
Jon Cowans, Modern Spain: A Documentary History
 “Germany and the Spanish Civil War” (1936-1937)
Robert Whealey, Hitler and Spain
Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936-1945: Nemesis
John F. Coverdale, Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini
R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini
Soviet Union:
David Cattell, Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War
Robert Tucker, Stalin
Ronald Radosh, ed., Spain Betrayed, Chapters II and III
Stanley G Payne, The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and
Communism
Note: For Germany, Great Britain, the United States, and France, you will find
it useful to look through the published diplomatic documents pertaining to the
Spanish Civil War, e.g., Documents on German Foreign Policy: The Spanish
Civil War.
OCTOBER 31. PARTICIPANTS AND WITNESSES
The seminar will again divide into four groups for this meeting, with subjects
and readings as indicated below. Each group may select from among these
readings, but it may look for other studies to be found in Olin Library.
A View from the Right
Luis Bolin, Spain: The Vital Years
Harold Cardozo, The March of a Nation
E. Allison Peers, Spain in Eclipse
Georges Bernanos, A Diary of My Times
Jose Maria Gironella, The Cypresses Believe in God
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -8-
A View from the Left
Arturo Barea, The Forging of a Rebel, Part III, “The Clash”, pages 613751
Arthur Koestler, Spanish Testament
Felix Morrow, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Spain
Julio Alvarez del Vayo, Freedom’s Battle
Hank Rubin, Spain’s Cause Was Mine: A Memoir of an American Medic
Harry Fisher, Comrades
Upton Sinclair, No pasaran! They Shall Not Pass!
Dolores Ibarruri, They Shall Not Pass
Arthur H. Landis, Death in the Olive Groves: American Volunteers
Dutchess of Atholl, Searchlight on Spain
Leon Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939
Observers and Reporters
Franz Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit
Robert Colodny, The Struggle for Madrid
William Foss and Cecil Gerahty, The Spanish Arena
Alvah Bessie, Men in Battle
Ralph Bates, Of Legendary Time
Peter Stansky, Journey to the Frontier
Journalists’ accounts, e.g., The New York Times, articles by Herbert
Matthews
Writers and Activists
André Malraux, Man’s Hope
Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
Claude Bowers, My Mission to Spain [United States Ambassador]
Elliot Paul, The Life and Death of a Spanish Town
Constancia de la Mora, In Place of Splendour
Herbert Matthews, Two Wars and More to Come
Herbert Matthews, The Yoke and the Arrows
Valentine Cunningham, Spanish Front: Writers on the Civil War
Ruiz Vilaplana, Burgos Justice: A Year’s Experience in Nationalist Spain
Murray Sperber, And I Remember Spain: A Spanish Civil War Anthology
Anna Louise Strong, Spain in Arms
Arnold Lunn, Spanish Rehearsal
S. Mangini, Memories of Resistance: Women’s Voices from the Spanish
Civil War
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -9-
NOVEMBER 7. INTERPRETATIONS: HISTORIANS AND BIOGRAPHERS
The seminar will again divide into four groups for this meeting,
with subjects and readings as indicated below. Each group may select
from among these readings, but it may look for other studies to be found
in Olin Library.
Histories:
Frank Jellinek, The Civil War in Spain
Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War
Gabriel Jackson, The Republic and Civil War in Spain
Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge
Stanley Payne, The Spanish Revolution
Stanley Payne, Spain’s First Democracy
Pierre Broué and Emile Témime, The Revolution and Civil War in Spain
Patricia van der Esch, Prelude to War
Dante Puzzo, Spain and the Great Powers, 1936-1941
Raymond Carr, The Spanish Tragedy: The Civil War in Perspective
Paul Preston, ed., Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939
Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
George R. Esenwein, The Spanish Civil War in Context, 1931-1939
Sheelagh Ellwood, The Spanish Civil War
José Sanchez, The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy
Peter Wyden, The Passionate War: A Narrative History
Harry Browne, Spain’s Civil War
Richard Robinson, The Origins of Franco’s Spain, 1931-1936
Wayne H. Bowen, Spaniards and Nazi Germany
Burnett Balloten, The Spanish Civil War
Raymond Carr, The Civil War in Spain
General Franco and the Nationalists:
George Hills, Franco: The Man and His Nation
Paul Preston, Franco
J. W. D. Trythall, Franco
Juan Fusi, Franco: A Biography
Herbert R. Southworth, The Myth of the Franco Crusade
Spain, Ministerio Fiscal, The General Cause: The Red Domination of
Spain
Luis Bolin, Spain: The Vital Years
Robert Brasillach, Histoire de la guerre d’Espagne
Gregorio Marañón, The Liberal in the Looking Glass
Herbert R. Southworth, Conspiracy and the Spanish Civil War: The
Brainwashing of Francisco Franco
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -10-
Socialism, Communism, and Anarchism
Helen Graham, Socialism and War
Helen Graham and martin Alexander, eds., The French and Spanish
Popular Fronts
Paul Heywood, Marxism and the Failure of Organized Socialism in Spain
E. H. Carr, The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War
David Cattell, Communism and the Spanish Civil War
Burnett Bolloten, The Grand Camouflage: The Spanish Civil War and
Revolution, 1936-1939
José Peirats, Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War
Robert Alexander, The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War
RObert Kern, Red Years, Black Years: Spanish Anarchism, 1911-1937
Sam Dolgoff, The Anarchist Collectives
Martha Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain
Michael Seidman, Workers Against Work
International
Gerald Howson, Arms for Spain: the Untold Story of the Spanish Civil
War Michael W. Jackson, Fallen Sparrows: The International Brigades
Stanley Weintraub, The Last Great Cause: Intellectuals and the Spanish
Civil War
Shirley Mangini González, Memories of Resistance: Women’s Voices from
the Spanish Civil War
Vincent Brome, The International Brigades
Verle B. Johnston, Legions of Babel: The International Brigades
__________________________________________________________________________
NOVEMBER 14: NO CLASS. RESEARCH AND PREPARATION OF PAPERS.
NOVEMBER 21: PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS OF PAPERS.
NOVEMBER 29: PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS OF PAPERS.
DECEMBER 5: PRESENTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS OF PAPERS.
_______________________________________________________________
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -11-
SOME TOPICS, MEANT AS EXAMPLES AND SUGGESTIONS ONLY:
(a) International:
The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
French Diplomacy and the Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
The Origins of Non-Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
British Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War
The United States and the Spanish Civil War
Soviet Motives and Actions in the Spanish Civil War
The French Left (or Right) and the Spanish Civil War
The International Brigades
The Non-Intervention Committee
Comparison of the French and Spanish Popular Fronts
Study a major European or American leader’s response to the Spanish Civil
War, e.g., Léon Blum, Anthony Eden, Neville Chamberlain, Franklin Roosevelt
[British, German, and French diplomatic documents are published and may be
consulted easily.]
(b) Compare Accounts by contemporaries, selecting from the list for the
class of March 29.
(c) Study the role of a prominent figure, institution, or political party:
Indalecio Prieto and Spanish Socialism
Francisco Largo Caballero and Spanish Socialism
Manuel Azaña, President of the Republic
José Maria Gil Robles and the CEDA
Alexandro Lerroux and the Radical Party
Juan Negrín, the Republic’s last Prime Minister.
Buenaventura Durruti, celebrated Anarchist leader
Franco’s other insurgent generals – Mola, Sanjuro, and Queipo de Llano
The Carlists and/or the Falange during the Civil War
Anarchism in Barcelona, 1936-1937
The sudden rise of the Communist Party
Actions of key figures in the Roman Catholic Church in Spain and the Vatican
Socialist Unions [UGT] and/or Anarchist Unions [CNT]
The POUM [Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification]
(d) Analyze the military role and contributions of Germany, Italy, or the Soviet
Union.
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
FALL, 2011 -12-
(e) Examine the ways in which the American or European press reported the
war. The New York Times would be one example, but Olin has runs of
major weeklies and monthlies as well.
(f) Examine the importance of Catalonia and/or the Basque country in the
origins and conduct of the war.
(g) Undertake a review of major historical studies of the Civil War, beginning
with the year 1961.
(h) Study representations of the Civil War in literature, in Spain or elsewhere,
beginning with the 1930’s, or simply limit your study to a specific period of
time.
(i) If you wish to go beyond the war, many subjects suggest themselves, e.g,
representations of Spain in the press at key moments in the 1940’s and
1950’s, or ways in which Franco used memory of the war to assist in his
retention of power.
Paper topics selected by students in previous versions of this
seminar:
Women in the Spanish Civil War
Moroccans in the Spanish Civil War
Fascist Women’s Perspectives and Motivations
Guerilla Groups in the Spanish Republic
Propaganda and Recruitment Posters
Propaganda
Reactions to the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
The Barcelona Uprising of 1937
Carlists
The Anarchist Collectives
Anarchist Collectives and “Workers Against Work”
The Condor Legion and Nazi Involvement in Spain
International Fascist Brigades
Resistance in the Nationalist Zone
Basque and Catalan Involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Léon Blum and the Spanish Civil War
Buenaventura Durruti
The American Press and the Spanish Civil War
Manual Azaña and the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Fascism
Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
The Soviet Influence in Spain
The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War
Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR,
The Army of Africa
American Policy and the Spanish Civil War
Literary Perspectives on the Spanish Civil War
The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
The International Brigades
Photographs of the Spanish Civil War
Peasant Resistance in the Spanish Civil War
W. H. Auden and the Spanish Civil War
Socialist Discord: Prieto vs. Largo Caballero
The NY Times and the Spanish Civil War
Republic and Church
International Brigades
Franco's Military
Britain and the Spanish Civil War
Unamuno and Lorca
The USSR and the Spanish Civil War
Propaganda in the Spanish Civil War
Intellectuals at War
Barcelona in 1936-7
Representations of Guernika
The US and the Spanish Civil War
Jews and the Spanish Civil War
Franco and Hitler, 1940
International Brigades
Anarchist Women
Catalan Independence
Portugal and the Spanish Civil War
Fanelli and Anarchism
Historiographical Perspectives on the Left
Irish Volunteer Brigades
Anarchist Propaganda
Britain and Non-Intervention in the Civil War
Study of a town: Baena in the Civil War
Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera
US Press Coverage of the War
Franco's European Foreign Policy, 1936-1945
FALL, 2011 -13-
HISTORY 160, THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, FALL, 2011 -14-
Anarchism in Catalonia, 1936-1939
Ireland's Involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Death of Federico Garcia Lorca
Intellectuals in the Spanish Civil War
Durruti
Songs of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Communists and the Civil War
Beatifications of Spanish Clergy
May Days in Barcelona
USSR in Spain
Basque Separatist Movement
Republican Refugees in France
Mexico and the Spanish Civil War
May Days in Barcelona, 1937
The United States and the Spanish Civil War
Journalism and Censorship
Modernism and Modernity in Spain
Political Theater and the Spanish Civil War
Franco's Rhetoric, 1936-1939
The Impact of the Spanish Civil War in the USSR
The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War
Writers and the Spanish Civil War
Franco's Relationship with Monarchists
Stalin and the Spanish Civil War
Narratives of Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
Discourse of Empire: Primo de Rivera, Falange
Visual Representations of the War
Children and the Spanish Civil War
The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Dorlores Ibarruri
The Comintern and the PCE