Supplementary 1. Results of reviewed studies. Although, these studies have used different NPs, all results
show success of NPs radiosensitization at radiotherapy.
Nanoparticle
type
Study result
Study name,
citation
Gold
nanoparticles
One year survival in mice was 86% .Irradiation after
intravenous injection of 2.7 g Au/kg of gold
nanoparticles versus 20% after just irradiation alone.
Significant tumor growth delay and long-term tumor
control were observed when 1.9 g of Au kg–1 was
combined with 42 Gy radiation compared with radiation
alone, but not 30 Gy. Similarly with 157 keV photons,
more effect was observed with GNPs combined with
50.6Gy than with 44Gy.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles can enhance the
radiosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo
through the inhibition of DNA repair.
Nanosilver
and
nanogold
enhanced
the
radiationsensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Hainfeld et al,
Phys Med Biol. 2004
Gold
nanoparticles
Hydroxyapatit
e nanoparticles
Nanosilver and
nanogold
particles
Nano-C60
Multi-walled
carbon
nanotubes
TiO2
Nanoparticle
Gold
nanoparticles
Titanate
nanotubes
Thio-glucosebound gold
nanoparticles
Glucosecapped gold
nanoparticles
Oxidized
silicon
nanoparticles
Gold
nanoparticles
Hainfeld et al,
Phys Med Biol 2010
Chu et al,
Neuro Oncol. 2013
Zhenga et al,
Biomed Pharmacother.
2013
Ni et al,
J Nanopart Res. 2008
Nano-C60 inhibits the growth of tumor cells at certain
concentrations and increases the effects of 60Co γirradiation.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induced cell death
Yang et al ,
markedly with about 8.7 times higher than radiotherapy
Gene Ther Mol
alone under little dose of radiation.
Biol.2008
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased radiosenstivity
Rezaei-Tavirani et al,
of breast cancer cells to gamma irradiation.
Iran J Cancer Prev. 2013
They showed radiosensitization in MDA-MB-231 cells
Jain et al,
at MV and KV X-ray energies.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol
Phys. 2011
Cell lines incubated with TiONts were radiosensitized
Mirjolet et al,
and TiONts decreased DNA repair efficiency after Radiother Oncol. 2013
irradiation.
The combination of Glu-GNPs with radiation resulted in
Wang et al,
a significant growth inhibition, compared with radiation
J Nanopart Res.2013
alone.
Glu-GNPs trigger activation of the CDK kinases leading
Roa et al,
to cell cycle acceleration in the G0/G1 phase and Nanotechnology. 2009
accumulation in the G2/M phase.
Silicon nanoparticles did not increase the production of
Klein S
reactive oxygen species (ROS)in-ray treated cells, but
the NH2- silicon nanoparticles significantly enhanced
the ROS formation.
They demonstrated that gold nanoparticles in
Chang et al,
conjunction with ionizing radiation significantly
Cancer Sci. 2008
retarded tumor growth and prolonged survival compared
to the radiation alone controls (P < 0.05).
Kaura et al,
Glucose capped The study revealed a significant reduction in radiation
dose for killing the HeLa cells with internalized Glu- Nuclear Instruments and
gold
Methods in Physics
nanoparticles GNPs as compared to the HeLa cells without Glu-GNP.
Research Section B:
Beam Interactions with
Materials and
Atoms.2013
Radiosensitization of breast cancer to X-radiation with
Chattopadhyay et al,
Gold
Breast Cancer Res
nanoparticles GNPs was successfully achieved with an optimized
therapeutic strategy of molecular targeting of HER-2
Treat. 2013
and intratumoral administration.
Zhang et al,
Thio-glucose- A threefold increase in GNP uptake was observed in
glucose-capped GNPs, with a reduction in cellular Clin Invest Med. 2008
capped gold
nanoparticles proliferation.
They showed the influence of GNP intracellular
Lechtman et al,
Gold
Phys Med Biol. 2013
nanoparticles localization on radiosensitization.
Maggiorella et al,
Hafnium oxide Hafnium oxide nanoparticles were shown to
Future Oncol.2012
nanoparticles demonstrate an approximately nine time radiation dose
enhancement compared with water.
Germanium
nanoparticles
Germanium nanoparticles particles were able to enhance
the radiosensitivity of cells.
Lin et al,
Int J Radiat Biol. 2009
PEGylatedgold
nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles may be usefully integrated into the
RT treatment of brain tumors, with potential benefits
resulting from increased tumor cell radiosensitization to
preferential targeting of tumor-associated vasculature.
Joh et al,
PLoSONE .2013
PEGylatedgold
nanoparticles
The cell survival rates decreased as a function of the
dose for all sources and nanoparticle concentrations.
Liu et al,
Phys Med Biol. 2010
Cysteamine
and thioglucose
gold
nanoparticles
Gold
nanoparticles
Thio-glucose
bound gold
nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles
cancerous cells.
significantly
enhance
killing
Kong et al,
Small. 2008
GNPs can be used to enhance the effect of radiation
doses from kilovoltage x-ray radiation therapy and
megavoltage electron radiation therapy beams.
Rahman et al,
Nanomedicine. 2009
They demonstrated that Glu-GNPs have remarkable
potential to enhance radiotherapy on ovarian cancer
cells.
Geng et al,
Nanotechnology.2011
Supplementary 2. Result of reviewed studies carried out using GNPs as radio sensitizing agents in
radiotherapy of cancer. These studies have used different GNPs sizes; also types of cell line, radiation types
and doses vary. But all of them have shown GNPs and have improved radiotherapy treatments.
Gold
Nanoparticle size
Approximately
12 nm
1.9 nm
Cell line type
human U251
glioblastoma cells
(ATCC),
human prostate cancer
cells (DU145)
breast cancer
cells(MDA-MB-231)
lung epithelial cells
(L132)
Type of radiation and dose
in vitro 4 Gy (150 kVp),
in vivo 20 Gy (175 kVp) to the brain
X-ray (6 MV, 15 MV) and electron (6
MeV, 16 MeV)
Varian 2100CD linear accelerator
3.55 Gy/min and 3.85 Gy/min, for 6 MV
and 15 MV(respectively)
4.0 Gy/min for both 6 MeV and 16 MeV
X-rays(6 MV)
linear accelerator
10Gy
13 nm
lung-cancer cells (
A549)
15 nm
human prostate
carcinoma cell ( DU145)
cesium-137
2 Gy (single dose)
melanoma cells
(B16F10)
Electron (6 MeV)
Varian 2100C linear accelerator
25 Gy
Approximately
13 nm
Ranging from 5-9 HeLa cell line (human
cervix cancer cells)
nm
30 nm
30 nm
30 nm
10.8 nm
1.9 nm
MDA-MB-361
human prostate
adenocarcinoma (PC3)
Human prostate
carcinoma cells
(DU-145)
breast-cancer cells
(MCF-7)
nonmalignant breastcells (MCF-10A)
bovine aortic
endothelial cells
γ-radiation and carbon ion irradiation 62
MeV 12C6
LET of 290 keV/μm.
0.9, 1.9, 2.8 and 3.7 Gy
X-rays(100 kVp)
In vivo : 0.5 Gy
In vitro : 11 Gy
X-ray (300 kVp)
0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 Gy
X-rays(200-kVp)
2 Gy
X-ray(200-kVp),
γ -rays
caesium-137 or cobalt-60 radiation
2 Gy
X-ray (80 kV and 150 kV )
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Gy
Electron (6 MeV and 12 MeV)
linear accelerator (Clinac 2100C Varian )
Study name,
citation
Joh et al,
PLoSONE .2013
Jain et al,
Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys. 2011
Wang et al,
J Nanopart
Res.2013
Roa et al,
Nanotechnology.
2009
Chang et al,
Cancer Sci. 2008
Kaura et al,
Nuclear Instruments
and Methods in
Physics Research
Section B: Beam
Interactions with
Materials and
Atoms.2013
Chattopadhyay et
al,
Breast Cancer Res
Treat. 2013
Lechtman et al,
Phys Med Biol.
2013
Zhang et al,
Clin Invest Med.
2008
Kong et al,
Small. 2008
Rahman et al,
Nanomedicine. 2009
1 Gy/min
10 Gy X-ray(8.048 keV)
commercial biological irradiator
(E(average) = 73 keV), a Cu-Kalpha(1) ,
Electon (6.5 keV),
a monochromatized synchrotron source
(6 MeV)
a radio-oncology linear accelerator
(3 MeV)
a proton source
6.1 nm
EMT-6 cell
CT26 cell
1.9 nm
mammary carcinomas
(EMT-6)
X-ray (250 kVp)
26–30 Gy
1.9 nm
aggressive mouse
head and neck
squamous cell
carcinoma (SCCVII)
15nm
human ovarian cancer
cells(SK-OV-3)
X-ray (68 keVp)
42,30 Gy
Electon( 157 keV,)
44.50.6 Gy
X-ray(90 kVp )
10 Gy
Varian 23EX linear accelerator(6 MV)
10 Gy
Liu et al,
Phys Med Biol.
2010
Hainfeld et al,
Phys Med Biol.
2004
Hainfeld et al,
Phys Med Biol 2010
Geng et al,
Nanotechnology.201
1