Supplementary Figure legends
Supplementary Figure S 1: Historical maps containing information on the distribution of beech
forests were collected from books, periodicals, forest registers and local administration records. Map
A (Cointat, 1996), B (Maury, 1960), C (Thinon, 1978), D (Conseil General, 1876), E (Maury, 1960).
Supplementary Figure S 2: Information on the presence of beech on Mt Ventoux found in historical
records was georeferenced and overlain onto a topographical map of the study area. The information
was used in the analysis of the change in cover of beech forests on Mt Ventoux. Map A (Martins,
1838), B (Cointat, 1996), C (Thinon, 1978), D (Maury, 1960), E (Conseil General, 1876; Guende,
1978), F (Rouis, 1895), G (Maury, 1960), H (Office National des Forêts, 2001).
Supplementary Figure S 3: Areas of beech population stability, expansion and contraction based on
historical data. Lines with small dots indicate areas of beech contraction, solid lines indicate areas of
consistent beech presence and lines with large dots indicate areas where beech forest appears to have
expanded. The current area of beech forest is shown in dark blue and historical areas of beech forest
are shown in light blue.
Supplementary Figure S 4: Posterior distributions of parameter estimates for Scenario 7. The
posterior distributions of all parameters in Scenario 7 were estimated using a local linear regression
based on the 5,000 simulated data sets closest to our real data.s
Supplementary Figure S 5: During the Restauration des Terrains de Montagne program some areas
of Mont Ventoux were planted with beech. None of the recorded areas of planting are in or near the
East or West study sites on the northern slope. The South study sites could have been affected by
planted beech, but there is no genetic evidence that they were.
Supplementary Table S 1: Sample size, coordinates, mean number of alleles (Na), allelic
richness (A), expected heterozygosity (He), and fixation index (FIS) for the 51 studied plots.
A convex hull was mapped for each study site based on the point data for the trees sampled within
each site. The coordinates and altitude are for the centroid point of that convex hull. FIS was computed
with FSTAT using 12 microsatellite markers with negligible null allele frequencies (see text for
details)
Plot
East-21
East-28
East-61
East-76
East-91
East-132
East-168
East-170
East-184
East-186
East-188
East-191
East-203
East-217
East-224
East-243
East-256
East-259
East-267
East-274
East-E
West-A
West-B
West-C
West-D
West-N2
West-N3
West-10
West-122
West-142
West-164
West-206
West-221
West-229
West-257-1
West-257-2
West-260
West-263
West-313
West-362-1
West-362-2
Number
Altitude S, EE,
ES,CW1 Na
of trees Latitude Longitude (m)
A2
1219
S 6.17 4.42
30
5.28436 44.18785
1165
S 6.08 4.55
30
5.28657 44.18568
1494
S 5.92 4.41
30
5.28591 44.17985
1386
S 6.00 4.39
31
5.29271 44.17796
1339
S 7.00 4.73
30
5.29708 44.17639
1396
S 6.83 4.55
30
5.29894 44.17322
1457
S 6.83 4.80
30
5.30535
44.1698
1309
S 5.83 4.40
26
5.30979 44.16981
1396
S 6.25 4.62
29
5.3096
44.1681
1321
S 6.50 4.57
30
5.31416 44.16805
1294
S 6.25 4.47
30
5.3185 44.16787
1208
S 6.17 4.22
30
5.32482 44.16772
1319
S 5.58 4.31
21
5.32072 44.16628
1513
S 6.25 4.43
30
5.31389 44.16489
1289
S 6.17 4.39
30
5.32923 44.16447
1529
S 6.75 4.62
30
5.32031 44.16308
1231
EE 4.33 4.33
7
5.34891 44.16226
1338
EE 6.25 4.53
30
5.35525 44.16208
1419
S 6.33 4.37
30
5.33658 44.16141
1305
EE 6.33 4.69
30
5.35961 44.15885
983
EE 5.00 4.48
11
5.35636 44.16882
East 10.75 4.75
29
5.26188
44.1872
1351
S 5.92 4.64
1361
S 6.33 4.48
30
5.25838 44.18686
1396
S 5.83 4.45
30
5.25161 44.18063
1000
S 5.00 4.34
12
5.26527 44.19283
99
5.23964 44.18327
1195
S 7.75 4.71
1226
S 6.42 4.58
31
5.24056 44.17994
1172
S 5.92 4.21
29
5.26699 44.19131
1051
CW 4.58 4.58
7
5.24374
44.195
29
5.25611 44.19217
1163
S 6.83 4.65
1211
S 6.33 4.44
27
5.25957 44.19157
1058
CW 6.08 4.72
24
5.2428 44.18833
1282
S 7.17 4.58
40
5.25251 44.18784
41
5.25226 44.18721
1314
S 7.17 4.83
1065
S 6.25 4.50
33
5.23701 44.18479
1032
CW
184
5.23546
44.1848
8.17 4.64
1085
S 6.58 4.52
30
5.24028 44.18498
42
5.24834 44.18479
1181
S 6.83 4.57
1109
S 6.75 4.64
30
5.23632
44.1806
1159
S 6.33 4.41
41
5.2373 44.18011
1175
S 6.75 4.47
42
5.23915 44.18047
He FIS
0.67
0.04
0.70 -0.03
0.69 -0.02
0.67 -0.02
0.69 -0.05
0.66
0.02
0.72 -0.05
0.69 -0.01
0.71 -0.01
0.69 -0.03
0.68
0.01
0.63
0.03
0.66 -0.10
0.65 -0.01
0.66
0.05
0.67 -0.01
0.68 -0.02
0.69 -0.02
0.67 -0.01
0.69
0.00
0.68 -0.09
0.70
0.01
0.72 -0.02
0.68
0.01
0.69 -0.02
0.68 -0.09
0.71
0.02
0.71 -0.01
0.67 -0.01
0.67
0.08
0.68
0.01
0.66
0.00
0.72
0.03
0.71 -0.05
0.72 -0.03
0.70
0.03
0.71
0.03
0.71
0.01
0.71
0.01
0.69
0.05
0.68 -0.04
0.69 -0.01
West-384
West-415
West-429
West-435
West-484
296
13
13
40
36
5.24382
5.22849
5.25058
5.24437
5.2355
44.17866
44.17841
44.1772
44.17637
44.17447
1363
1139
1567
1482
1372
South-1
South-3
South-5
South-23
South-93
30
20
30
19
30
5.28187
5.32441
5.33338
5.3405
5.31869
44.11488
44.13083
44.15499
44.14764
44.12293
895
1204
1517
1406
1121
S
CW
CW
CW
CW
West
ES
ES
S
S
ES
South
8.58
5.17
5.17
6.58
6.58
11.33
5.92
6.33
5.92
6.42
6.33
9.08
4.74
4.29
4.35
4.50
4.71
4.82
4.50
4.74
4.24
4.80
4.63
4.89
1
0.70
0.03
0.63
0.04
0.67 -0.07
0.68
0.01
0.70
0.01
0.71 0.03*
0.69
0.06
0.68
0.02
0.65
0.03
0.65
0.01
0.70
0.04
0.70 0.064*
S = stable population, EE = population expanding eastward, ES = population expanding southward,
CW = on the boundary of the western population contraction
2
Allelic richness was estimated using rarefaction with a sample size of 7 individuals
* Significant value at 5% CL after Bonferroni correction
mfs7
Csolfagus-6
Csolfagus-5
Csolfagus-31
Csolfagus-29
0.1
Csolfagus-25
0.09
Sfc01143
Sfc01063
Sfc00018
Sfc0007-2
Sfc00036
East-21
East-28
East-61
East-76
East-91
East-132
East-168
East-170
East-184
East-186
East-188
East-191
East-203
East-217
East-224
East-243
East-256
East-259
East-267
East-274
East-E
South-1
South-3
South-5
South-23
South-93
West-A
West-B
West-C
West-D
West-N2
West-N3
West-10
West-122
West-142
West-164
West-206
West-221
West-229
West-257-1
West-257-2
West-260
West-263
FS3004
FS1015
Supplementary Table S 2: Null allele frequencies (NAF) per sampling plot and per locus.
NAF were estimated with the indirect method of Kalinowski (2006). Only NAF > 0.05 are
shown.
0.07
0.14
0.05
0.07
0.14
0.07
0.08
0.11
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.36
0.14
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.24
0.33
0.18
0.18
0.1
0.18
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.29
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.05
0.27
0.1
0.27
0.05
0.1
0.08
0.17
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.13
0.27
0.1
0.08
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.09
0.07
0.24
0.19
0.14
0.06
West-313
West-362-1
West-362-2
West-384
West-415
West-429
West-435
West-484
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.1
0.08
0.14
0.27
0.27
0.3
0.17
0.19
0.08
0.12
0.14
0.07
0.13
0.11
Supplementary Table S3 : Garza-Williamson modified index (M) per locus and sampling
plot. Standard deviations were computed across loci within regions and across regions for
each locus.
Locus
FS1-15
FS3-04
Sfc-007-2
Sfc-0018
Sfc-0036
Sfc-1063
Sfc-1143
Csolfagus-25
Csolfagus-29
Csolfagus-31
Csolfagus-5
Csolfagus-6
mfs7
Mean M
s.d.
Section
East
0.45
0.31
0.36
0.32
0.52
0.36
0.39
0.31
0.40
0.40
0.47
0.48
0.40
0.40
0.067
South
0.34
0.31
0.36
0.30
0.39
0.44
0.36
0.21
0.24
0.52
0.32
0.48
0.28
0.35
0.090
West
0.43
0.38
0.28
0.32
0.48
0.44
0.48
0.41
0.40
0.48
0.53
0.48
0.44
0.43
0.068
Mean M
0.40
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.46
0.41
0.41
0.31
0.35
0.47
0.44
0.48
0.37
0.39
0.075
s.d.
0.056
0.044
0.046
0.016
0.066
0.046
0.063
0.103
0.092
0.061
0.110
0.000
0.083
0.039
0.013
Supplementary Table S4: Hierarchical analysis of molecular variation at 13 microsatellite loci for
1825 Beech individuals distributed in 51 plots and 3 regions. Variance in allelic frequencies among
plots/regions was analysed considering both non-ordered alleles (FST-like AMOVA) and alleles
ordered according to their size (RST-like AMOVA). For each source of variation we give: the number
of degrees of freedom (df) which can vary among loci because of missing data; the sum of squared
difference to the mean (SS), the estimated variance (EV) and the percentage of total variance (%TV)
FST like AMOVA
SS
EV
% TV
Source of
df
variation
Among
sections
2
45.72 0.009
Among
plots/section 48
598.46 0.12
Within plots 35433591 16182.81 4.53
Total
16826.99 4.66
RST like AMOVA
EV
% TV
SS
0.201
3755.02
0.74
0.21
2.47
49903.79
10.06
2.81
97.33
1238697.4
1292356.2
346.66
357.46
96.98
FST
0.027* RST
0.030*
FSC
0.025* RSC
0.028*
FCT
0.002* RCT
0.002*
Reproduced from Lander (in prep)
References
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