INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
REFERENCES:
CHAPTER 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
821
R. W. Johnson, The Cameroon Federation, Political Integration in a
Fragmented Society (Princeton University Press, 1970) p.117.
Ibid, p.117-18.
Ibid, p.119.
Ibid, p.121. See also, West Africa, August 6, 1960.
Ibid, p. 128.
Ibid, See also UN Doc. A/C.4/226, Add 1, for complete “Um Nyobe
Speech.”
Johnson, p.128-129.
Ibid, p. ix.
N. Kale, Political Evolution of the Cameroons, (Buea: Government
Printers, 1967) p. 59.
Ibid.
See Reports on the Trust Territory of the Cameroons Under British
Administration, T/142b, 1959, p. 43.
See UNYB, 1959, p. 333-335 for more details.
Ibid, See also UN Resolution 1350 (xiii), 1959.
Ibid, p. 361-367.
Ibid, p. 363. See also UNGA Resolution 1350 (xiii) of March 13, 1959;
UNGAS Resolution 1352 (xiv) of October 16, 1959, in UNYB, 1959, p.
368 & 369 respectively.
See UNYB, 1960, p. 49-50. See also, UNYB, 1961, p. 476-477.
See UNYB, 1960, p. 476-477 for details of the resolution.
See UNYB, 1961, p. 495.
Ibid, p. 469.
Ibid, p. 495.
D. Gardiner, Cameroon: UN Challenge to French Policy. (London:
Institute of Race Relations, 1963) p. 103.
E. C. Welch, Jr. Dreams of Unity: Pan-Africanism and Political
Unification in West Africa. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University
Press, 1966) p. 220.
Johnson, The Cameroon Federation, p. 148.
T. Eyongetah and Brain, Robert. A History of the Cameroons. (London:
Longman, 1974) p. 157.
B. A. Akinyemi, Foreign Policy and Federalism. (Ibadan: Ibadan
University Press, 1974)
Johnson, p.147.
Ibid, p.257.
See UNYB, 1959, and UNYB,1961 for details, which reflect the
intensity of resentment due to the lack of a third option for the peoples
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
12.
CHAPTER 2
R. W. Johnson, (1970) The Cameroon Federation,…. p.61.
A. M. Mukong, (1985), Prisoner Without a Crime…. p. 80.
Ibid, p. 90.
B. Mongo, The Hidden Truth about Cameroon, in Joseph, (ed.) Gaullist
Africa: Cameroun Under Ahmadou Ahidjo. (Enugu: Fourth Dimension
Publishers, 1978), p. 95.
R. W. Johnson, (1970) The Cameroon Federation, p.248.
Ibid, p.273.
B. N. Fonlon (1964) Abbia, No.5, Mar. 1964.
N. N. Susungi, (1999) Cameroun—Nigeria: The Bakassi Peninsula
Conflict, Foncha, Muna and the Foumban Conference of 1961 about
Southern Cameroons, www.africaserv.com/HISTORY/conflict html,
p.3.
Ibid, p.4
See UNYB, 1960, pp.476-477.
Bobe Augustine Ngom Jua—Prime Minister of Southern Cameroons
(1965-1967) who rejected the notion of unity that Ahidjo put forward,
and which Dr. J.N. Foncha was reluctant to oppose as Vice President of
the Cameroon Federation. Until his death in 1977, he continued to push
for the respect and implementation of the plebiscite treaty of 1961.
River Mungo—Southern boundary between the two Cameroons.
1.
CHAPTER 3
See Report to the UN Trusteeship Council, T/1239, p. 11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
822
of the Southern Cameroons. See also West Cameroon, Record of the
Conference on the Constitutional Future of the Southern Cameroons,
Foumban, 17—21 July, 1961.
V. J. Ngoh, (1986) A Hundred Years of History… P.23D.
See UNYB, 1959, p. 333. Note that 52 of these petitions concerned both
French and English Cameroons, and another 52 were not examined.
A. M. Mukong, (1990) The Case For Southern Cameroons. (Enugu,
Nigeria: Chuka Printing Company Ltd, 1990), p. xvi
B. N. Fonlon, (1966) The Task of Today. P.3.
Ibid.
Ibid, p. xv.
Also see Johnson, (1970) The Cameroon Federation…p.323.
Ibid, p.372.
Ibid, p.374.
K. Kaunda, (1962) Zambia Shall Be Free, An Autobiography,
(Kingwood, Surrey: Heineman, Windmill Press Ltd, 1962) p.151.
B. N. Fonlon, The Task of Today. p.9.
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10
11
12
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
21.
823
S. M. Tebit (1986) Cameroon And A New Militantism: Faces Behind
The Mask, p.8.
Ibid.
Ibid, p.10
Ibid, p.29.
Le Messager, Vol. II, No. 21, "Who's Tolerating Who?" June 9, 1992,
p. 11.
Ibid, p. 11.
CHAPTER 4
F. Forsyth, (1980) The Day of the Jackal, p. 356.
Excerpts from Cameroon Reports, Radio Cameroon, Yaounde, during
the weeks after the trial of the coup plotters.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Document prepared by the Ministry of Information and Culture of the
Republic of Cameroon, Gwellem Publications, Limbe (Victoria),
Cameroon.
Ibid, p. 26.
Adigoo: baggage of a Fulanni herdsman, usually wrapped in a loin to be
hung by the side of his horse or Oxen, or carried on his back.
See “An Open Letter to English-Speaking Parents of Cameroon....,”
August 22, 1985, p. 4
Ibid.
Ibid, p. 6.
San Francisco Examiner, "Cameroon disaster may have affected 20,000,
US says.” P. A-H, Thursday, August 28, 1986.
London Times, "Death gas chased those who fled." August 29, 1986.
Ibid, August 26, 1986.
C.harles, H.V. Ebert. (1988). Disasters, Violence of Nature and Threats
by Man, p. 23.
David Chapman, (1994). Natural Hazards, pp. 95-96.
London Times. (26 August 1986). "Death gas chased those who fled."
The Analyst, "Neutron Bomb in the Cameroons", Vol. 2 No. 4, Kaduna,
Nigeria, 1987.
Cameroon Post, "How much did the Bombing of Lake Nyos Cost?" 2027, June 1991.
David Alexander. (1993). Natural Disaster, p. 98.
"A brief confession of Pr. Dr. Paul Biya...Sangmelima. Track rumored to
have been produced and circulated by some top ranking members of the
Cameroun Army.
Fon Gorji Dinka, "The New Social Order," March 20, 1985. First serious
attempt and attack on Cameroun’s manipulative behavior concerning the
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
rights, aspirations and future of the Southern Cameroons, especially with
the name-changing tactics. The New Social Order was issued as a direct
response to Biya’s reversal of The United Republic of Cameroon, which
succeeded the Cameroon Federation to the name Republic of Cameroun,
which Cameroun had at independence in 1960.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
CHAPTER 5
For more details, see, Duignan, P. & Jackson H. Robert (Eds, 1986)
Politics & Government In Five African States 1960-1985. Hoover
Institution Press, Stanford, California.
Ofege, Ntemfac (1994) “Cameroon Seeks Funds” West Africa, March
14—20, p.468.
Ofege, A. Nkong (1994) “A Controversial Bill” West Africa, 10-14
January, p.11.
Ibid.
Duignan, P. & Jackson, H. R (1986) Politics and Government in African
States…p.149.
Track Circulated in 1990, presumably by some disgruntled members of
the Cameroun Army "A Brief Confession by Dr. Paul Biya..” p. 5.
Ibid, p.5.
Albert Mukong, The Case of the Southern Cameroons, p.31.
Ibid, p.5.
Africa Confidential (1995) “Cameroon, Private Privatization,” March 31,
Vol.36, no.7, p.8.
Ibid, p.8.
Ntemfac, O. & Ndi, C. (1991) "Oil Politics in Cameroon," Post Watch,
Nov. p. 22.
Ibid, p. 26.
Mbawa, P. (1991) "How much did the bombing of Lake Nyos Costs?"
Cameroon Post, June 20 - 27, p.4.
Africa Confidential, (1995) “Cameroon: Political Pipeline.” March 17,
vol.36, no.6.
Ibid, p.5.
Gedda George (1998, 8) “Survey calls Denmark least corrupt” The State,
Columbia, SC, p. A25.
CHAPTER 6
1. Even in a different environment in the United States, I still find it difficult
to get involve in Student activities due to the terrible experience of life
in Zaria, Nigeria, where students were almost always rioting—either in
defense of religion or against the government. I have not recovered from
the experience.
824
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Coincidentally, Vitung James and myself arrived Yaounde just on time to
witness the clash between the forces of “Law and Order” and the
Yaounde University Students. In as much as it invoked in me memories
of Campus life in Northern Nigeria, the truth as to the fact that the
Southern Cameroonians are not Cameroonians became even more
glaring as most targeted students for brutality were from West of the
Mungo River—the International Boundary between the two Cameroons.
Also noted was the glaring fact that we saw corpses being hauled into
the Mortuary at CUSS, the University Teaching Hospital, since it was
easy to watch the events from that part of town from which one could
see much of the university. The Government is noted to have sang a
“zero mort” anthem that no student died!
CHAPTER 7
Nantang Jua (1988) “The Petty Bourgeoisie and the politics of Social
Justice in Cameroun.” Conference on the Political Economy of
Cameroon—Historical Perspective. African Studies Center, Leiden,
Netherlands. P.738.
Ibid, for details see Tables II & I in Nantang Joa’s (1988), P. 739 & 740
respectively.
Ibid, p. 744.
His Excellency Ahmadou Ahidjo, Excerpts from his last speech, which he
delivered to the Cameroon Nation on November 4, 1992 upon resignation
as Cameroon’s President.
See Ketelburg, C.D.M. (1955) A History of Modern Times from 1789 p.24.
CHAPTER 8
1. Tom Mathews (1990) “The Winds of Change,” Newsweek International.
2. Manzuri, A. Ali, Lecture on African Democracy. The University of South Carolina
Gambrel Hall, April 1995.
Carl Sanburg’s Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years. Vol. II, p.
37.
See Budget Speech by Honorable A. N. Jua, Secretary of State for Finance,
delivered in the West Cameroon House of Assembly on the 9th July 1962, p. 1.
Ibid, p. 5.
Ibid.
Ibid.
8. Theories used by Reverend Jesse Jackson, on a peacemaking mission in
Cameroon, at the Ndjongolo Presbyterian Church in the heart of Yaounde, the
Cameroun Capital, June 18, 1993.
825
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
CHAPTER 9
1. Portion of the Chorus of the Cameroon National Anthem.
2. In April 1990, Major Gideon Okar staged a swift coup d’etat that narrowly
missed overthrowing Nigerian President General Ibrahim B. Babangida.
3. George Orwell (1946) Animal Farm. Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex,
England.
4. George Orwell. Nineteen Eighty-four.
5. Le Messager “The Gospel,” Vol. 11, No. 10/10/92, p.6.
7. Celestine Monga (1992) “96 Points Why Biya Must Go,” Cameroon Post.
8. Part of a campaign speech made on Cameroon Radio and Television
(CRTV) by one Mr. Oben, on the evening of October 6, 1992 in favor of
President Paul Biya.
9. Part of a campaign speech made on Cameroon Radio and television
(CRTV) by John Chemfor, a Kumba Town Businessman on the evening
of October 6, 1992 and also in favor of President Paul Biya’s candidacy.
10. Ibid.
11. Ephriam Inoni, part of campaign speech made on CRTV on October 6,
1992 in support of President Paul Biya’s Presidential Candidacy. He was
notably very opposed to the candidacy of Social Democratic Front’s
(SDF) John Fru Ndi, whom he referred as an amateurish politician and
further accused him for criticizing government one the one hand and
demanding financial assistance for his children studying oversea on the
other!
12. Paul Biya, campaign speech in the West Provincial Capital of Bafoussam
on September 12, 1992.
13. Paul Biya, campaign speech in the North Provincial capital of Garoua,
September 26, 1992.
14. Ibid.
15. John Fru Ndi, victory speech to the Camerounian nation on October 21,
1992. See also, Press Release of the Union for Change of October 21,
1992 for details.
CHAPTER 10
1. BBC,s Ofebia Quist-Acton, Reporting on election irregularities in
Cameroun, October 12, 1992.
2. Ibid.
3. Africa Confidential, “Biya Election” Vol. 38, No. 13, p. 4, June 20, 1997.
4. Ibid.
5. Fon F. Gorji-Dinka II: Annexure 3A, in the Case of Ambazonia Versus
Cameroun, 1990-1992.
6. Arthur A. Nwanko, The Challenge of Biafra, P. 9.
7. Tchollire: A maximum-security prison made known to the world and to
Cameroonians by Albert Mukong with the publication of his book
Prisoner Without a Crime.
826
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
8. Reference is made here of a witch doctor imported from Dakar, Senegal
by the Paul Biya regime. The mission was to kill Fru Ndi, the leading
opposition figure before the 1992 Presidential elections in Cameroun.
9. Reaction of the German Bundestag (12th Legislative Term) to the flawed
elections in Cameroun. For more details, see Cameroon Post, Vol. 1, No.
20, April 2-9, 1993, p.12.
10. Reaction of the United States Congress to the flawed elections in
Cameroun: March 25, 1993. See also, Cameroon Post, April 2-9, 1993, p.
12.
11. Bob Dynard, a notorious Belgian International Terrorist used officially by
the French government to assassinate opponents of pro-French regimes
overseas, especially in Africa. For details of some of his most recent
activities, see also, David Lamb (1987) The Africans, New York: Vintage
Books, p. 115-120.
CHAPTER 11.
1. Walter Rodney (1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Dar El
Salam, Tanzania.
2. Johnson R. Willard (1970) The Cameroon Federation: Political Integration
in a Fragmented Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 246.
3. Takungang J. (1993) “Continuity and Change in Cameroon’s Foreign
Policy in the Post Ahidjo Era.” The African Review, Vol. 20, 1993, p. 136139.
4. Ibid. p. 136.
5. Rodney Walters (1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, p. 252.
6. Johnson (9170) The Cameroon Federation…, p. 113.
7. Ibid.
8. Bourmaud, Daniel (1995) “France in Africa: African Politics and French
Foreign Policy.” Issue: Journal of Opinion, Vol. XXIII / 2, p.58.
9. Ibid, p.59.
10. Ibid, p. 60.
11. Takoungang, J. (1993)…p. 136.
12. Ibid, p. 139.
13. Johnson, R. Willard (1970) The Cameroon Federation…p. 252.
14. Ibid.
15. Ebkour, W. (1993, 7) “The French Drawn with Africa.” Cameroon Post,
No. 154, p. 10.
16. Ibid.
17. Statement by Professor Augustine Kountcho Koumegni, in Juene Afrique:
“Cameroun—Nigeria: Le Face-a-face,” No. 1734, 1994, p 6.
18. Johnson, R. W. (1970) The Cameroon Federation… p. 58. Here Johnson
gives details of how Douala Peoples were instrumental in the early day in
calling for unity between the Cameroun Republic and British Southern
Cameroons.
827
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
19. Njeuma Z. M. The Origins of Pan-Cameroonism…p. 34.
20. Ibid, p. 12-13.
21. Maroua Declaration: Treaty signed between General Yakubu Gowon,
President of the Federation of Nigeria and Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of
the United Republic of Cameroon, in 1974. For details of the significance
of this treaty to other issues discussed in this work and others, see
Cameroun Versus Nigeria Case at the International Court of Justice,
specifically Cameroun’s Application to the Court, 1994; Nigeria’s
Counter-Memorial, 1995; and J. M. Mbuh, The Role of International Law
in the Determination of Legal Title to Territory: Case Study of the Bakassi
Peninsula Border Dispute. MA thesis, Department of Government and
International Studies (GINT), University of South Carolina (USC), 2000.
22. Ibid, See Justice M. Mbuh (2000), for position on the border dispute and
how they relate to the issue of the UN Trust Territory of Southern
Cameroons question.
CHAPTER 12.
1. Albert M. Mukong (1992) My Stewardship in the Cameroon Struggle, p.
208.
2. Ibid, p. 218.
3. Commentary by veteran Cameroun Radio and Television (CRTV) Sports
Caster, Zacharie Nkwo on the preparedness of the Egyptian national
soccer team for the African Nations Cup as opposed to Cameroun’s
Indomitable Lions when the two nations clashed in the inner bowl of the
Cairo stadium in 1986.
4. Ibid, both comments are author’s recollection from original Short-wave
radio commentaries.
5. Prince Nico Mbarega, a very special Anglophile, Musician and Founder of
the Rocaffi Jazz Band of Oninsha, Nigeria. Born a Francophone
Camerounian, embraced Anglophone Cameroon with all his heart as he
lived and started playing music in the town of Kumba in the early
seventies with his very first commercial release, “I No Go marry My
Papa.” He latter moved to Nigeria where he produced such hits as Music
Line, Sweet Mother, African Unity, Free Education, Simplicity, Aki
Special, Happy Birth Day, and Welenga, whose excerpts this footnote has
utilized! He died from an accident in 1999 and was buried in his
hometown, a small village near Edea, in line with one his hits, “Home be
Home.”
1.
2.
828
CHAPTER 13
Heinz Eulua (1967) The Behavioral Persuasions in Politics, Random
House, New York, NY, p. 124-125.
Ibid, p.28-29.
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Hamilton, E. (1942) Mythology The New American Library, Inc., New
York, p. 245.
Ibid, p. 263.
All Anglophone Conference 1 (AAC 1) Buea, “Southern Cameroons,”
April, 2-3, 1993.
For details, see AAC II and the “Bamenda Proclamation” of 29/0402/05/1994, Bamenda, “Southern Cameroons.”
Jacob Mbah, Ambazonia Restoration Movement representative. Excerpt
of speech presented to the BPI Delegation in the Washington DC
Conference, June 3, 1995.
Ni John Fru Ndi, August 12, 1994 Speech to the “Southern
Cameroonians” in Buea, advocating separate legislative elections for the
Southern Cameroons. For details, see Cameroon Today, August 16-23,
1994, p. 5.
See Adamstown Resolution, April 24, 2001, p. 10.
Ibid, p. 11-12.
See camnet@listserv.cnr.it and ambasos@yahoogroups.com of JuneNovember 2001 for details.
See The Herald, No. 343, Wednesday, August 14-15, 1996. “SCNC”
has fallen Prey to Extremist Tendencies: Journey to New Zealand was
Pointless: Time-Bound Independence Program was Crazy,” says Simon
Munzu in an interview with the Herald. See also, The Herald, Monday
August 19-20, 1996 for yet another Munzu interview: “SDF cannot
aspire to power without releasing blueprint, it will be like cheating the
Electorate,” p. 6.
“Southern Cameroons” was “Sold to the Highest Bidder”! For details,
see Secret Document now declassified, titled “Southern Cameroons
Future Constitutional Development,” Copy no. 102, 25th August 1960,
p. 3, paragraph 10, for details.
A formula for what stands out today as Cameroun by Ntemfac Ofege,
“Letter to Joshua: Booze + Sex-Football=Camerounian.” Cameroon
Today, 16-23, 1994.
Excerpt from Song by Bob Marley, “Natural Mystic.”
CHAPTER 14
1. Peterson, Scott (2000) Me Against My Brother. Routledge, New York, NY, p.
xiii .
2. Ibid, p.xiv-xv.
3. Ibid, p. xviii.
4. Ibid.
5. Most, B. & H. Starr (1985) “The Forms and Processes of War Diffusion,”
Comparative Political Studies, p. 207.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
829
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
8. Ibid, (1983) “Contagion and Border effects on Contemporary African
Boundaries,” Comparative Political Studies, p. 99.
9. Ibid.
10. Peterson, p. xii-xiii.
11. Ibid, p. 305
12. Ibid, p. 311.
13. Ibid, p. 33.
14. Ibid, p. 299.
15. Weston, Falk, & D’Amato (1990) International Law and World Order, p. 899.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid, p. 899-900.
18. Ibid, p. 902.
19. Ibid, 934.
20. Ibid, 932-934. See also, Weston et al (1990) Basic Documents in International
law and World Order, for relevant treaties.
21. Most & Starr (1985), p. 294.
22. Huntington, P. Samuel (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Making of a
New World Order, p. 256.
23. Peterson, S. p. xxii.
24. Critchley, T. A. (1986) The Conquest of Violence, p. 1.
25. Fonlon, B. N. (1966) The Task of Today. Cameroon Printing and
Publishing company Ltd, Victoria…p.25-6.
26. Ibid, p. 28.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Samuel Brittans (1975) “Economic Contradictions of Democracy,” p.
187.
30. Carmichael S. & Hamilton C.V. (1967) Black Power: The politics of
liberation in America. New York: Vintage Books, p. 123.
31. Ibid, p. 123.
32. Johnson, R. Willard (1970) The Cameroon Federation….p.6.
33. Ibid, p.8.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid, p.12. See also Myron Weiner, (1965) “Political integration and
political development.” The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, Philadelphia.
36. Johnson, R. Willard (1970) The Cameroon Federation, p.13.
37. Professor Natalie Kaufman is Professor of International Law at the
University of South Carolina.
38. For more details, see Weber, Max (1968). Economy and Society: An
outline of interpretive sociology, Vol. 1, Part 1. New York: Bed
Minister Press.
1.
830
CHAPTER 15
Africa Confidential, (1997, 6) “Biya Elections,” vol. 38, No. 13, p.6, June 20.
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
2. Hamadou Mustapha NUDP Minister with the Biya Government, entrapped by
in-house fighting to the extent his entourage was ambushed when on tour to
the North of Cameroun. See Letters from Cameroun in appendices.
3. Africa Confidential, “Biya Elections,” p. 6-7.
4. Fonlon, B. N. (1966) The Task of Today. Cameroon Printing and Publishing
Company Ltd, Victoria, West Cameroon, p. 52.
5. Ibid.
6. Nde Ntumazaah, Interview: “The UPC Man,” West Africa, February 28March 6, 1994; see also West Africa, February 1996, p. 353-54.
7. Morgenthau, Hans (1971) “A Rational Policy of Development and
Revolution,” in Abdul A. Said, Protagonists of Change. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliff, N. J., p. 165.
8. Ibid, P. 172.
9. Scott Peterson (2000) Me Against My Brother, p. 323.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
831
CHAPTER 16
Ngoh, Victor J. (1988) A hundred Years of History, p.85
Interview with a Cameroun Medical Student in Germany, comparing
Germany and France to Cameroun, May 1992.
LeVine, T. Victor (1964) An African Federation quoted in Ngoh, (1988) A
Hundred Years of History, p. 87.
Shirley, G. Arderner (1968) Eye Witness to the Annexation of the Cameroons,
p. 52.
Chiefs of the Cameroon: letter to the Germans on treaty stipulations, stating
the limits of interaction and trade. For details, see, Rudin, H.R (1968)
Germans in the Kamerun, 1884-1914, p. 42.
Kofele-Kale, Ndiva (1980) Reconciling the Dual Heritage: Reflections on the
Kamerun Idea, p. 16.
Johnson, R. Willard (1970) The Cameroon Federation…, p.141-142.
“Ngurri” A traditional potion commonly used in the grassland areas of the
Cameroons, especially within the Tikari and Ngemba tribes / kingdoms. It is
used to prove the guilt of an accused person and varies from tribe to tribe. The
practice still continues.
The “Fifth Dimension” of Conflict: Conflicts in Cameroun could be examined
according to the following levels:
(i)
The Intra-continental level, between Cameroun and France
(ii) At the Continental level, between say La Francophonie
against the African Parliament;
(iii) At international level given cases with immediate neighbors
like that of Cameroun versus Nigeria or Cameroun versus
Gabon,
(iv) At inter-state level as between “Southern Cameroons” and La
Republique du Cameroun,
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
(v)
At the local level, which would include inter-provincial
conflicts as say between the clans of Santa-Asobo (Pinyin) in
the Northwest and Bamenmbu in the Southwest Province,
between Bambili and Bambui within the Northwest province.
According to Fru Ndi’s analysis, the fifth level is the worst
and perhaps the most important, because it threatens not only
regional security but also the integrity of the nation—this
especially, when party politics comes into play.
10 Johnson, p. 67.
11 See the Chapter IV of General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, August 16, 1929, General Provisions, Article 29, in Weston, Burns
H., Falk, A. Richard, & D’Amato, A. (1990) Basis Documents in
International Law and World Order. West Publishing Co. St. Paul Minn. P. 8
12 Ibid, See Chapter IV of The Charter of the UN, in Weston et al, (1990) p. 2122
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid, see OAU Charter: The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and
Arbitration, in Weston et al (1990), p. 88,
15 Ibid, see Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, p. 93
16 Ibid, Pacta Sunt Servanda, in Law of Treaties, p. 95-98.
17 For details, see Cameroon Post, “The Alternative Constitutional Proposal By
Members of the Tripartite Committee.” No. 165, Special Edition, June 1-7,
1993.
18 Ibid, p. 3
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid, p. 4
22 Remarks by Fon Achirimbi of Bafut to the visiting mission of the UN to the
Trust Territory of “Southern Cameroons,” before the ill-fated plebiscite of
February 11, 1961.
23 Summary of the file of the Case Ambazonia versus Cameroun, submitted to
the Cameroun High Court in Bamenda, 1990-1992 with default Judgment
(Estoppel) HCB/28/92.
CHAPTER 17
1. Kohr, Leopold (1968) The Breakdown of Nations, p. 113-114.
2. See UN Resolution 1513 (xv) of December 14, 1960 on The General
Assembly Declaration Granting Independence to Colonial and Other Peoples,
of December 5, 1960; For more details, see also Dec. 14, 1960. UNGA Res.
1514 (XV), 15 UN GAOR, Supp. (No. 16) 66, UN Doc. A/4684, (1961), in
Weston et al, supra note 10, p. 344.
3. See UNYB, 1960. Also see Documents on International Affaires, Royal
Institute of Public Affaires, Oxford, 1965, p. 690.
832
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
4. See Case file of Ambazonia versus Cameroun in the Bamenda High Court
(1990-1992); or contact the Ambazonia Sovereignty Society—North America,
c/o Ambazonia Mission, P.O. Box 21094, Kalorama STN, Washington DC.
20009.
5. Weston et al (1990) International Law and World Order, p. 502
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid, p. 502-503.
8. Excerpt of HCB/28/92, in Case of Ambazonia versus Cameroun, May, 1992.
9. Susungi, N. N. (1999) “Cameroun-Nigeria: The Bakassi Peninsula Conflict.”
www.africaserv.com/History/conflict.html, p. 3-5.
10. Declassified British Documents on the Obudu Cattle Ranch dispute between
the Southern Cameroons and Nigeria: See for instance Public Records Office,
Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Doc. CO554/2452, B.J. Greenhill, May 9.
1961; Public Records Office, Foreign Office, 403, No. 187, London, 1893;
Telegrph No. 713 to Common Wealth Relations Office, Repeated, Buea, No .
14 & Enugu, No. 58 & Lagos, May 5, 1961, E.C. Burr; Correspondence No.
Nig. 40/24/1, May 10, 1961, D.W.S. Hunt: and also see Nigeria
Proclamation No. 126, May 1954, Lagos.
11. American Declassified Documents on the Southern Cameroons, Doc. No.
751U 00/5—1159, p.1.
12. Debunking Acquiescence as a means of acquiring legal title to territory.
Conditions most important for determining legal title to territory, enumerated
in Weston, Falk & D’Amato (1990), p. 345-355.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
833
CHAPTER 18
Waltz, Kenneth (1959) Man, the State and War, Columbia University Press,
New York, p.24-25
Ibid, p. 47-48
Robert O. Keohane & Joseph Nye (1989) Power and Interdependence,
Harper & Collins Publishers, p. 12.
Ibid, p. 16-21
H.N.A. Enonchong, “The Position of the Cameroon State in Litigation,”
ABBIA, No. 11, November 1965, p. 59.
Ibid.
Ibid
Emmanuel Chaibi (1997) The Making of Modern Cameroon. A history of
Nationalism and Disparate Union, 1914-1961. Vol. 1, Lanham, MD,
University Press of America, Inc., p.209
Ibid, p. 221
Ibid, p. 219
Ngoh, V.J. (1988) A Hundred Years of History, (1884-1985) (Yaounde:
SOPECAM) p. 297.
Waltz, p. 160.
Ibid, p. 159-186.
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
14. Cashman, G. (1993) What Causes War: An Introduction to Theories of
International Conflict, p. 238.
15. Jeffrey Z. Rubin, Dean G. Pruitt & Sung H. Kim (1986) Social Conflcit:
Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement. 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New
York, p. 100-108.
16. Ibid, p. 100.
17. Ibid, p. 130.
18. Ibid, p. 131.
19. Galtun, Johan (1964) “A Structural Theory of Aggression.” Journal of
Peace Research, vol. 1, p. 96.
20. Ibid, p. 102.
21. Ibid, p. 107.
22. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (1986) “The Contributions of Expected Utility
Theory to the Study of International Conflcit.” Paper Presented at The
Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
Washington, DC, p. 143.
23. Ibid, p. 144.
24. Weston et al (1990), p. 341-351.
25. Ibid, p. 435.
26. Weston et al (1990) International Law and World Order, p. 343-344.
27. See Morton, Scheffer & P. Small (1990) Self-Determination in the New
World Order, p. 16.
28. See “General Assembly Declaration Granting of Independence or Selfgovernment to Colonial and Other Peoples” (Dec. 14, 1960. UNGA Res.
1514 (XV), 15 UN GAOR, Supp. (No. 16) 66, UN Doc. A/4684, (1961), in
Weston et al, (1990), p. 344.
29. Hobsbawn, Eric (1994) A History of the World, The Age of Extremes 19141991. Vantage Books Inc., New York, p. 29.
30. Ibid, p. 559.
31. Iman, A. Abubakari (1972) “The Struggle is for Land,” The Black Scholar.
California: Sausalito, p. 51.
834
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
Appendix I
LETTERS FROM CAMEROUN: 01
17 January 1994
Faculty of Arts
Letters and Social Science
B.P. 755
University of Yaounde, I
Dear Justice:
I returned to Yaounde on January 5th. The atmosphere here can be described in
one word: CHAOTIC - and this is both personal and collective. Camerounians are lost,
groping for direction, blind and staffless, led by political bats whose only merit is that
they can still afford to lead the nation down the abyss, blindly. The national
consciousness is in jeopardy, fractured and lamed by New Deal messiahs and
psychophants, embracing a dribbling French cerebral membrane.
I hate feeling this way, but one can almost not choose how to feel these days in
such an apparently doomed society. You already know of devaluation: President Paul
Biya's new year gift to Camerounians, a beaten people after having cut salaries by up to
65%-70% in some cases in November. But it is not only the CFA that has been devalued:
it is the people's sense of pride-in-nationhood (we used to call it, once upon a time, as
patriotism), their consciences, and hope for the future. Devaluation is 50% to the French
franc and 100% to the US dollar! So that in real terms devaluation has again halved the
chicken-feed salary that was left after November. Already prices are speeding
heavenward, even those of homemade goods. There are the usual ministerial decrees and
counter-decrees for and against price hikes, but these only go to fill their tons of
apocryphal speeches. At the same time they reduce taxes on rice from Asia, while that of
Upper Nunn Valley Development Authority (UNVDA) in Ndop, rots in packing stores.
We really have voodoo economists in this country. There is no work; the will to work is
broken (about 75-80% work boycott) and no classes for government schools since, this
time, it is the civil servants who are heading the strike. I already believe in Rev. Bame
who states that the country is under a Rosicrucian spell. Otherwise, it beats my
understanding that a confused and confusing government such as that of Prime Minister
Achidi Achu and President Paul Biya should still be in place and with such (cosmetic, I
hope) confidence.
In retrospection, the crew of Radio Yaounde's "Cameroun Calling" program
described an incident, two weeks before devaluation, of "government stealing
government" as "the greatest scandal in financial history." It is alleged that government
agents broke into the Bafoussam Branch of the Central Bank and made away with more
than 19 billion francs (CFA). Mammy Mary, our neighbour in Bamenda exclaimed, when
she heard the news, that "This is a lock-mop!"—something that is too terrible to be talked
about.
835
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The news of the bank robbery (there are frequent stand-ups in other commercial
banks all over the country) has shaken every household. Of course, the money still
belongs to the true owners, but the spillover effects, as economists, (even the one's here)
would say, are devastating to our so-called economy. Local banks (their own problems
apart) no longer honor checks - in fact, one has to be extremely lucky to get a check for
withdrawal through. This is sending dad into a state of hysteria. So, as a matter of fact, he
does not know how you are getting on, and how you are going to pay your tuition this
semester and the next. Our Aunt Mama Bori thought it was a matter of food, and things
like that, and asked dad how much she can spend to send you Irish potatoes and beans!
The cattle market is also not functioning the way it should, because with
devaluation and the very many financial scandals, people have stayed away from
business deals that can lead them to the bank or any form of credit no matter how short
the time. Business, as James Hadley Chase will put it, is now a matter of "strictly for
cash."
Concerning the money the Presbyterian Comprehensive High School Kumbo
owes you, you can almost start forgetting about it. The sixth month, for which you were
not paid should go down in your diary (if you keep one) as "humanitarian service" - you
too can be called an army of salvation. The problem with the school authorities is that
because of salary slashing, parents no longer fully honor their engagements, and so the
Presbyterian Church, not being able to pay those working now will be only too foolish to
start paying debts. Already, they have closed down over 180 primary schools in Bui and
Donga and Mantung Division alone. Your former principal, irrespective of the agreement
he signed with your landlord, has not paid all the rents that you owed.
And concerning the money Paul Biya's government owes you for marking the
GCE exams, you can only continue to pray that some day some concerned government
shall come and salvage new deal blunders. Your being present here or not will not mint a
franc for you. Remember the vouchers (for my eight months salary) I wrote to you
about? Still no hope and it's all I can do not to despair. I offered 20% of it for bribe (we
are just a step away from legalizing bribery as a "Cameroon Calling" journalist once
suggested), after the soles of my shoes, like my own soul, sighed to "thy kingdom come"
following my fruitless trips to the treasury, in vain. As for my own GCE marking fees, I
was following my voucher in the Ministry of Finance but the papers on which the thing
was supposed to be printed were finished: a clever but stupid lie, when the computers are
not "tired!" and/or "resting!"
So, just how are you managing? Not that asking to know matters much. Try to
make it a home where you are. Dad was very happy when he read about your grades last
semester. But his happiness is surely going to be short-lived now, since he is likely going
to fail you financially. The sooner you write the better, even if the explanations will be
mere formality.
I better stop now. My spirits are becoming low, and I can't concentrate. Nathalie
extends greetings and thanks you for the card. She's crazy about America and what it
stands for - no problem, as long as it remains a desire, especially given the New Deal
nightmare we are now living (New Deal brought hope to Americans but to
Camerounians, its "Copy-right" is a counterfeit and has instead brought despair).
Nathalie will learn (I hope with more time) to cut her skirt according to her waist.
836
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Have hope, you're in America, and remember how in our world political
arguments we call the United States "God's own Country." I still believe in this and how
that it will hold true for you too.
GOD BLESS!
Appendix 2
LETTER FROM CAMEROUN: 02
E.A.P. Office
5 August, 1994
Justice,
The country is continuing its fast head rush down the path of ruin. People now
talk and smile like corpses, all life is withered, and the very roots of faith in the nation
threatened. Even Biya's 21st government (certainly a record in world leadership!) is a
sneezing admission of how the crash at the end of the path is now certain, just a matter of
time; if nothing happens. But it seems even God has already flipped over the page for
Cameroun, fed up with drudgery, and now the ground is almost ready for chaos.
Otherwise, how can you explain the fact that the whole national consciousness seems to
have been drugged by a ton of Columbian powder--or that the largest opposition in
Parliament - the UNDP - is falling apart?
You see, its President seemed to have harbored too much hope of replacing Papa
"Ajasco," Achidi, in the 21st New Deal government, but when Achidi proved too much
of a match for him, he (Bello Bouba) simply turned against his two militants in the
government, and raved treachery against them. The two, their backs against the wall,
fired back and in response to Bouba's communiqué, sent theirs to the radio/TV, which
simply annihilated their president. Tension has swelled ever since and last weekend,
things came to a head.
One of the "renegades" (Moustapha) who is also minister of housing and vice
prime minister, was leading a convoy of over a hundred cars to his home town to drum up
his own support (there had been a rally in the morning by pro-Bouba UND.P.ists) when
an ambush occurred and CRTV (for once!) announced it to the extent of admitting that
one person died. So it is believed that the toll was very high. The images that were
shown on television were all of smashed and bloodied government cars and it was only
because of heavy military presence - CRTV said - that the governor and the minister
escaped. But the minister made an imperative stopover in the hospital, certainly to be
certain that his continuous breathing was for real. All this amounts to the fact that there
is no opposition in parliament. Biya knows how to manipulate his way through, and so
has in his own way, earned his confidence, that of sitting on a volcano. During the last
session of parliament Bouba shocked CPDM M.P.'s when he stood for elections as House
837
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
Speaker. The CPDM trembled like miserable straw in a storm and a ten-minute recess
had to last for hours before their certainty was resorted. That is how the whole national
certainty is very much uncertain. The other parties - but for the SDF - are silent, almost.
I am also planning the publication of my collection of poems or a play once I'm
through with this headache of writing and defending a dissertation. That will be my
farewell song to the damned place. For the place is really so, damned. You can't be here
and still have complete faith in your-self. That's my greatest battle for now, to remain
faithful to myself, and not be defeated, converted. The place smells with the incense of
sin, the worst of which, as far as I am concerned, is the insistence to kill one's faith in
oneself. Christ would never have seen paradise if he stayed here, and He is very likely to
miss the way to heaven if He makes a stop over here. The place is a real replica of very
hell, and there are times, very often, when I develop headaches by simply contemplating
the misery - wrecked inmates - students, lecturers, workers, and all - allowing misery to
overcome them. Then I hate them for allowing themselves to be defeated, saying there is
nothing they can do, that nobody can do any thing about the damned place. Perhaps they
are right. Else, how can those who are responsible for sapping life out of the place, be
rewarded instead?
For you know, one of those who returned from overseas, this time from the US…..
told one of my lecturers yesterday while visiting our department, he has to be minister for
a very long time. So where have our own "Lafayettes" gone? Is this what "Coming from
the USA" now means? Tell me! Perhaps then, the people are not wrong to give in, to
allow themselves to be crushed, and their hearts squeezed out of their chests for voodoo
rituals. But like hell, I am going to fight, resist them, be myself, and walk away tall and
proud and victorious. So I will have to publish my collection (to be titled, after one of the
poems). Let them do their worst against my hopes and me. I'd do my best against them
and their plans, and in the end, God knows I'll win. I feel the feeling of victory in my
heart, and that is all that I need now.
After my defense, I also hope, in the interval of things to enroll for French courses
at the French Cultural Center. I realize that for my anger against the French to
materialize, (for I hate France and the French!) I must know their language, so as to
tackle them at their softest spot.
I must stop now. Greetings from my landlord and his family. They are looking
very gay in the general misery, and therefore very pathetic and God forsaken. Au revoir!
Appendix 3
LETTER FROM CAMEROUN: 03
August 29, 1995
Many times I have taken up my phone to call you, but...our chicken-feed salaries
and near pig-standard of living makes it impossible. I have some accounts payable from
government for the rent of some of my houses - but there is every indication that payment
is practically impossible owing to the economic stress and strain and also considering
arbitrary decisions, so characteristic of the regime, to prioritize and balance alternatives
and pay us (the landlords). In fact, rents have gone down by about 75% and we are in
838
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trouble maintaining houses that don't yield revenue. We are just hoping that some of the
money comes out to make our plans fruitful.
You must have heard that for the two years I have not worked. Partisan politics
and our unstable political culture i.e., the masses, including those in authority, unaware of
the how and why of 20th century governance, passions overriding fair play, justice, and
reason, have aggravated arbitrary and repressive Machiavellian authority and set in
suspicion, kleptomania, boot leaking and fortune seeking. Unfortunately for me, "they"
took advantage of my absence in the country in 1992 when I was in the state of Israel to
publish my name as a candidate for parliamentary elections in the CPDM list. This was
done without even consulting me. I felt insulted and because my personal freedom is the
last thing I would let go of, I turned down the offer. Besides considering the corrupt and
ultra-chauvist propensity of its weak and inefficient leadership, I had to. I was then taken
for an "enemy" of the incumbents, replaced and left at bay. I was offended, yes. But at
the same time felt a certain air or spirit of greater personal freedom that set me at work. I
took the disappointment for a blessing; took to research and now can boast of a number
of manuscripts. They are being word-processed and my next task is the search for
publishers...
On the national scene, we still suffer from the pangs of political instability, the
need for a new constitution being our main cry. Anglophones are quite restive and
causing pressure to bear on the leadership... For now I am the initiator and conveyor of a
meeting of some brilliant, composed, seasoned and organized educationists in Cameroun
to form a service organization, call it a non-governmental organization...intended to
influence the Cameroun educational system, etc. The articles of association are being
word-processed and we plan to have twin groups in France, the U.K., USA, Germany,
Ghana and South Africa. Please write and let us know those educationists you know who
would like to network with us.
In all you do, place God first. He always has a better plan and He alone can guide
you through. Please write or call.
Hon. ***********.
AIDS
ABU
APEC
AMBASOS-NA
APEC
ARM.
ARC
BMM
BUC
BBSS
BBC
BSCN
CPC
CPNC
839
ACRONYMS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Ahmadou Bello University
Ambazonia Peoples Emancipation Council
Ambazonia Sovereignty Society-North America
Ambazonia Peoples Emancipation Council
Ambazonia Restoration Movement
Ambazonia Restoration Council
Brigade Mixte Mobile
Bamenda Urban Council
Baptist Boys Secondary School
British Broadcasting Corporation
British Southern Cameroons Nation
Cameroon Protestant College
Cameroun People's National Convention
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
CNF
CNU
CPDM
CFA
NDP
CCAST
CUSS
CPC
CRTV
CC
CAM
CDU
CIP
CL
CDC
CR
FDRSC
ENAM
FBI
FONADER
GCE
HNI
IFTZ
KNDP
KUNC
KNC
KPP
KUP
KGB
MIDENO
NAFTA
NDI
NDP
NUDP
NWCA
NPMB
NCNC
OK
OAU
PM
PHS
PTA
PMO
840
Cameroun National Federation
Cameroun National Union
Cameroun People's Democratic Movement
Communaute Financier Africaine
Central Intelligence Agency
Cameroun College of Arts, Science and Technology
Cameroun Medical School
Cameroun Protestant College
Cameroun Radio and Television
Cameroun Calling
Cameroon Anglophone Movement
Cameroun Democratic Union
Cameroon Ideological Party
Credit Lyonnaise
Cameroon Development Corporation
Cameroon Reports
Federal Democratic Republic of Southern Cameroons
Ecole Nationale des Administration et Magistration
Federal Bureau of Investigations
Fond National de Development Rurale (National Farmers Bank)
General Certificate of Education
(O/L) (A/L) (Ordinary Level) (Advanced Level)
National Hydrocarbo Industry
Industrial Free Trade Zone (Cameroun)
Kamerun National Democratic Party
Kamerun United National Congress
Kamerun National Congress
Kamerun People's Party
Kamerun United Party
Soviet Intelligence Service.
North West Development Authority (Mission de Development du
Nord Ouest)
North American Free Trade Association
National Democratic Institute
National Democratic Party
National Union for Democracy and Progress
North West Cooperative Association Limited
National Produce Marketing Board
National Council of Nigeria and the Camerouns
One Kamerun
Organization of African Unity
Prime Minister
Presbyterian High School
Parents-Teachers Association
Product Marketing Organization
INSIDE CONTEMPORARY CAMEROUN POLITICS
PWD
RCC
RDPC
SDF
SO.NA.RA.
SATA
SNH
SASSE
SCB
TAC
UN
UC
UPC
USA
UNVDA
VOA
WADA
Public Works Department
Reynolds Construction Company
Ranssemblement Democratic des Peoples Camerounaise
Social Democratic Front
Cameroun Oil Corporation (Societe National de la Refinement)
Swiss Association for Technical Assistance
National Hydro-Carbons Corporation
Saint Augustine's Secondary School of Education
Societe Camerounaise des Banks
Teachers Association of Cameroun
United Nations
Union Camerounaise
Union des Populations du Cameroun
United States of America (US)
Upper Nunn Valley Development Authority
Voice of America
Wum Area Development Authority
LIST OF TREATIES
(TREATIES, CONVENTIONS, DECLARATIONS, RESOLUTIONS AND
REPORTS).
Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany, Relative to their respective spheres of
action in portions of Africa (Coast of Guinea; Cameroons; Victoria, Ambas Bay;
Santa Lucia Bay; Coast between Natal and Delagoa Bay; Customs; etc.), AprilJune, 1885. British and Foreign State papers (BFSP), Vol. 76, 1884-5, pp. 772778.
Agreement between Great Britain and Germany, respecting boundaries in Africa. Berlin,
November 15, 1893. BSFP, Vol. 85, 1892-93, pp. 41-43.
British Mandates for the Cameroons, Togoland and East Africa. January, 1923. United
Kingdom Command, 1994.
British Order in Council providing for the administration of the Mandated Territories of
British Cameroons. London, June 26, 1923. BFSP, Vol. 117, pp. 60-63.
Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco, June 26, 1945.
Charter of the Organization of African Unity, Addis Ababa, May 25, 1963.
Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, December 26, 1933.
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. UNGA,
December 14, 1960.
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and
Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,
October 24, 1974.
841
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Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind, 1954.
Fifth Report on the Law of Treaties. YBILC 2, 72-107, 1983.
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Geneva, Sept. 26,1928.
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, September 26, 1928.
General Assembly Resolution 1514, UN GAOR, 15th Session, Supp. No. 16, at 66, UN
Doc. A/4684, 1960.
Order in Council providing for the Administration of the Nigeria Protectorate and
Cameroons under British Mandate. London, August 2, 1946. BFSP, Vol. 146,
1946, pp. 298-303.
Resolution on the Definition of Aggression, December 14, 1974.
Resolution on the Definition of Aggression, December 14, 1974.
Report of the International Law Commission covering its 34th Session, UN Doc. A/37/10;
YBILC, 1982-II.
Statute of the ICJ, San Francisco, June 26, 1945.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, May 23, 1969.
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, April 18, 1964.
Treaty Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, Paris,
August 27,1928.
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide, December
14, 1948.
The Universal declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition, November 6,
1974.
The Anglo-German Treaty of March 11, 1913.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNGA, December 10, 1948.
UN Plebiscite Treaty, October 13, 1960
UNGA Resolution 2625 (xxv), October 24, 1970.
Uniting for Peace Resolution, November 3, 1950.
LIST OF CASES
Ambazonia versus Cameroun over the implementation of the Plebiscite Treaty of 1960.
Cameroun versus Nigeria in the Case concerning the delimitation of their Land and
Maritime boundary.
South Africa versus Namibia in the Repudiation of the Mandate.
842
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LIST OF DOCUMENTS & JOURNAL/ NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Gilly Rocard (1991) "A brief confession of President Dr. Paul Biya Bi-Mvondo to Bishop
Jean Zoa in Sangmelima on Tuesday, 5/14/91 at 4 a.m." French Journalist, Gilly
Rocard; Translated to English by Steven Whide and Geraldine Bloc of the United
States Agency for International Development (USAI.D.).
Africa Confidential, (1997) “Biya, Elections,” Vol. 38, No. 13, June 20, London.
---(1996) “Cameroon, Biya Goodboy,” Vol. 37, No. 16, London.
---(1995) “Cameroon: Private Privatization,” Vol.36, No. 7, March 31, London.
---(1995) “Cameroon: Political Pipeline,” Vol. 36, No. 6., March 17, London.
---(1994) “Cameroon: Under Biya’s Hat,” Vol. 35, No. 25, December 16,
London.
---(1994) “Nigeria Cameroon: Blundering into Battle,” Vol 35, No. 8., April 16
London.
---(1983) “Cameroon: To Biya Not to Be?” No. 16, Vol. 24, Aug. 3, London.
Africa Events. (1990, July). “ The State and Crisis in Africa”. A Second Gear.
English-Speaking Students of Yaounde University, “An Open Letter to English-Speaking
Parents of the North West and South West Provinces of Cameroun,” August 20,
1985.
Bennett, L. (1985, Feb.). “A living history: Voices of the past speak to the present.”
Ebony Magazine.
Brittan, Samuel (1975 April). “The Economic contradictions of Democracy”. British
Journal of political Science, London.
Dinka, G. (1985). The New Social Order. (March 20) Yaounde, Cameroon.
---(1985) Letter to the Etat-Major of Cameroun: Defuse the Time Bomb. (May 5),
Yaounde, Cameroun.
---(1985) The Rebellion of Ambazonia, July 11.
Declaration of the Cameroun Government on the Border Dispute with Nigeria, Yaounde,
October 19, 1998.
843
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Ebkour, Wantock. (1993). “The French drown with Africa.” Cameroon Post, No. 154.
Douala, Cameroon.
High Court of Cameroun Judgment in Ambazonia Versus Cameroun, Judgment No.
HCB/28/92, Bamenda, Cameroon.
Human Rights Defense Group: Letters from political detainees of the Yaounde Maximum
Security Prison, Kondengui, 10/13/98, signed by five of the leaders in Jail;
another signed on 8/22/1998 by Tete Philipe (for more details and originals, see
Albert Mukong of HRDG, Bamenda, Cameroun).
Hotline News, "Another Southern Cameroons Offensive," on the Interpleader of SCARM
to the ICJ, December 1998.
ICJ Reports, Application for Review of Judgment No. 158 of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal Advisory Opinion, 1973.
ICJ Press Communiqué, Cameroun versus Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea Request
Permission to Intervene in the Proceedings, June 30, 1999.
ICJ Registrar, Correspondence to Ambazonia, No. 91782, September 9, 1994.
Isaha'a Boh, (www.boh.org) Cameroun Politics: "Freed Kondengui detainees say they
were subjected to inhumane treatment". Sunday 24 October 1999.
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