Veterinary Anatomy
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Division of Cell Sciences
VETERINARY ANATOMY - BVMS II
CURRICULUM FOR THE DEGREE OF BVMS
COURSE INFORMATION
2005-2006
COURSE LEADER:
M.PURTON
QUALITY ASSURANCE OFFICER:
M.BAIN
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Course Information
INFORMATION FOR SECOND YEAR
COURSE IN VETERINARY ANATOMY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2005-2006
PLEASE NOTE
Items contained within this Course Information Document are sometimes unavoidably subject to
change. It is the student’s responsibility to ensure they are aware of the correct lecture, practical,
tutorial and examination schedules. Lecture venues may be changed during the Course. The Year
Notice boards and email should be checked daily.
In light of student feedback and External Examiner comments the following changes have been made:
Code of Professional Conduct to Fitness to Practice. You are reminded that you will be expected to
have read the above code, sign for it and implemented during your time in the course
CONTENTS
Page
1.
Place of the Course in the BVMS Degree Curriculum
1
2.
Aims of the Course in Veterinary Anatomy
1
3.
Learning Objectives for the Course
1
4.
Components of the Course (4.1 – 4.11)
2-27
5.
Course Content
27
6.
Course Texts and Required Reading
28
7.
Teaching Hours and Teaching Methods
29
8.
Methods of Assessment
8.1
Assessment of course
8.2
Assessment of student learning
8.3
External Examiner
8.4
Prizes
8.5
Appeal Against Result
8.6
General Information
29
30-35
35
36
36
36
9.
Policy on Exemptions and Course Certification
36
10.
Other Important Information
10.1 Student Notes
10.2 Protective Clothing
10.3 General Safety
10.4 Staff and Student Liaison
10.5 Lecturing and Anatomy Staff
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37
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38
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11.
Timetables
40-45
12.
Sample Examination Papers
46-54
13.
Sample Questionnaires
55-56
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Veterinary Anatomy
1.
PLACE OF THE COURSE IN THE BVMS DEGREE CURRICULUM
Veterinary Anatomy (including histology and embryology) is a major component of both 1st and 2nd Year
BVMS courses.
The aims, objectives and course content will be given in detail for the 2nd Year BVMS course.
2.
AIMS OF THE COURSE IN VETERINARY ANATOMY
It is intended that after completing the undergraduate course in Veterinary Anatomy the student will be
able to progress to the paraclinical and clinical years with a thorough understanding of the fundamentals
of veterinary anatomy, beginning with the development, and including ultrastructure and the microscopic
anatomy as well as the gross anatomy of the domestic animals.
3.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR THE SECOND YEAR COURSE
On completion of the whole two year course you should have an understanding of the development, and
functional gross and microscopic anatomy, of the cells, tissues, organs and body systems of both the
common domesticated mammalian species and other species of considered veterinary importance. An
understanding of the relevance and application of veterinary anatomy to the paraclinical and clinical years
of the course should also be apparent.
The veterinary anatomy course is integrated, as far as possible, with that of veterinary physiology.
4.
COMPONENTS OF THE COURSE
Introductory Session
Objectives
 To continue to develop those skills initiated in First Year, i.e.
 To be able to apply correct anatomical terms when giving topographical description of directional or
positional anatomical detail, and to understand the nomenclature for the planes used in anatomical
presentation of specimens.
 To be able to correctly use the surgical instrumentation to carry out cadaver dissection.
 To be able to understand the interpretation of a radiograph and an ultrasonograph.
 To be able to perform simple surgical suturing techniques.
Course Content
By means of lecture/demonstration, the anatomical nomenclature referring to directional and positional
topography will be given. The instruments for dissection will be demonstrated in use and there will be an
explanation of the images seen on both radiographs and ultrasonographs.
Suturing classes will be held later in the year (details of the relevant instructional classes will be posted
on the student noticeboards at the appropriate times).
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Course Information
4.1.
Skin & Skin Derivatives
Learning Objectives
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To be aware of the functional and clinical importance of skin as an organ.
To be able to name and describe the main tissue components of the skin, to understand its
development and know the processes by which it is continuously renewed.
To understand the principles of blood supply and innervation to the skin.
To be aware of how basic skin structure may be modified in different regions of the body, and thus
appreciate the regional differences in skin thickness that may be observed in the live animal.
To understand the structure of a hair, and be able to appreciate and distinguish its morphological
variations.
To understand the process of hair follicle development and degeneration.
To appreciate the relationships between sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair follicles, and
understand their respective functional roles.
To be able to identify histologically skin sections from the different domesticated mammalian species.
To appreciate that nails, claws, hooves and horns are all modified skin structures.
To be aware of the range of modified skin glands found in the different domesticated mammalian
species.
To understand the structure, distribution and attachment of the superficial fascia.
To be able to identify the main cutaneous muscle of the trunk, name its origin, insertion and motor
nerve supply, and realise its clinical significance.
Course Content
Lectures – The functional morphology and histology of the canine integument and its derivatives will be
described. Comparative details will be discussed where relevant.
Practicals – Histology laboratory classes will allow the examination of skin sections from a number of
domestic mammalian species. Labelled demonstration material will also be available for consultation.
The need to examine regional differences in skin morphology, and in the hair coat, in live animals as and
when the opportunity arises during the course, will be stressed
4.2
Respiratory System
4.2.1.
Introduction to the Respiratory System – The Nose, Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx of the Dog
Learning Objectives
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To understand the functions of the respiratory system.
To distinguish conducting and respiratory parts and to understand how the anatomical structures of
the former may regulate and modify the inspired air.
To be able to identify the bones of the skull which bound the nasal cavity and the important bony
landmarks on the intact head and on radiographs.
To be able to identify the contents and regions of the nasal cavity, including the paranasal sinuses and
to understand the functional anatomy of the nose and nasal cavity.
To be able to name the muscles which influence the nasal planum and give their motor nerve supply.
To be able to identify the nasopharynx and understand its functions and relationships with the nasal
cavity, the common pharynx, the larynx and the auditory tubes.
To be able to name the major nerves which carry sensory fibres to the skin and mucosa of the nose,
nasal cavity and nasopharynx and to name the blood vessels which supply the region.
To be able to identify the regional lymph nodes.
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Veterinary Anatomy
Course Content
Lectures – A brief introduction to the respiratory system and its functions will be given. The bony
boundaries of the nasal cavity will be discussed to include a description of the nasal planum followed by
the regions and contents of the nasal cavity and their functions, including the paranasal sinuses.
A brief description will be given of the nasolachrymal duct, the lateral nasal glands, the vomeronasal
organ and the incisive duct.
The boundaries and openings of the nasopharynx will be described along with their functional
significance. The blood and nerve supply and the lymphatic drainage of the region will be included.
Practicals - Each student will receive a laboratory guide with diagrams for use in the practical classes.
The nose, nasal cavity and nasopharynx will be dissected using fresh, sectioned dog heads.
Whole and sectioned skulls and dissected heads and radiographs will be available for study.
4.2.2.
Comparative Features of the Nose, Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx of the Ruminants, the Pig and
the Horse
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the major differences (from the dog) in the anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity and
nasopharynx of the ruminants and the pig.
 To be able to identify the paranasal sinuses of these animals and to be aware of their topography
particularly in relation to shooting for slaughter or euthanasia or for surgical procedures.
 To be able to identify the regional lymph nodes.
 To be able to identify important bony landmarks on the skull and intact head of the horse.
 To understand the anatomy of the nostrils, nasal conchae and nasal meatuses of the horse and be able
to visualise the path taken by a stomach tube or endoscope passed via the nasal cavity.
 To be able to identify and name the paranasal sinuses of the horse and to outline their anatomical and
surgical limits on the intact head.
 To understand the drainage pathways of the sinuses and to be aware of their clinical significance.
 To be able to identify the boundaries of the equine nasopharynx and to understand the anatomical
reasons for obligatory nasal breathing in the horse.
 To be able to describe the topography of the guttural pouches.
 To know the important nerves, blood vessels and lymph nodes, which are in close contact with its
walls, and to be aware of their clinical significance.
Course Content
Lectures – Comparative features of the nose, nasal cavity and nasopharynx in the ruminants and the pig
will be described, including the paranasal sinuses of each species in relation to their clinical significance.
Important features of the skull and intact horse head will be indicated with particular reference to the
nostrils of the horse. Comparative features of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx of the
horse will be given, stressing their clinical significance followed by a description of the anatomy of the
guttural pouches, including the topography.
Practicals – Demonstration specimens of whole and sectioned skulls, embalmed and fresh heads of the
ruminants and the pig will be available for study. Depending on supply, a limited number of sectioned
fresh heads may be provided for dissection. A video film of the head of the ox will be shown.
Fresh, sectioned horse heads will be dissected. Demonstration specimens of horse skulls and heads will
be available.
The class will be split into groups for examination of live animals. The head and neck of the dog, the
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Course Information
horse and possibly the ox will be studied in this session and in Session 3.
4.2.3.
The Larynx of the Dog and Comparative Features of the Larynx of the Horse, the Ruminants, the
Pig and the Cat
Learning Objectives
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To be able to understand the topography, structure and functions of the larynx.
To be able to identify the laryngeal cartilages, their articulations and ligaments, and the mucosal folds
of the larynx.
To be able to identify the important extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx and be aware of the
movements they produce which may influence the position of the larynx as a whole, or regulate the
calibre of the airway.
To be able to identify the nerves which supply the larynx and to understand their origins.
To be able to identify the laryngeal blood vessels.
To be able to identify the larynx of the cat, the ox, the sheep, the pig and the horse.
To know the specific features of the equine larynx which are of clinical significance.
Course Content
Lectures – The position, attachments, relations and functions of the larynx will be described.
Using the dog larynx as a model the following features will be described: the cartilages, articulations,
ligaments, mucosal folds and cavity of the larynx ie the airway.
A brief description of the extrinsic muscles, their motor nerve supply and their actions will be given while
the intrinsic muscles of the larynx will be described in more detail and their actions discussed. Also
included will be the blood and nerve supply to the larynx.
Comparative features of the larynx of other domestic species will be discussed with particular attention to
recognition of the larynx of the ox, the sheep and the pig. In addition the features of the horse larynx,
which are of clinical significance, will be highlighted.
Practicals – Embalmed dogs will be used for a dissection of the ventral aspect of the neck. The larynx
will be dissected using these dogs and sectioned dog heads. Features of the dog larynx and hyoid
apparatus will be demonstrated on dissected specimens and radiographs. Comparative features of the
larynx of the other domestic species will be demonstrated using fresh and embalmed specimens.
Examination of live animals in groups.
4.2.4.
The Thoracic Cavity, the Diaphragm and the Pleura. The Trachea, Bronchial Tree and the Lungs
of the Dog. Comparative Aspects in the Ruminants, Pig and the Horse. The Topographical
Anatomy of the Thorax of the Domestic Animals.
Learning Objectives
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To know which organs and structures are contained within the thorax.
To be able to describe the shape, boundaries and openings of the thoracic cavity of the domestic
animals.
To be able to describe the endothoracic fascia.
To understand how the mediastinum is formed and know which organs and structures are contained
therein.
To be able to describe the diaphragm, identify its parts, attachments and foramina, its blood and nerve
supply, and to understand its functions.
To be able to distinguish visceral and parietal pleura and to understand the pleural cavities.
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Veterinary Anatomy
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To be able to identify the reflections and recesses of the pleura and to be aware of any clinical
significance.
To be able to briefly describe the histology of the pleura.
To be able to describe the structure and topography of the trachea of the dog and to know the
important comparative features in the other domestic animals.
To be able to name the respiratory passages distal to the trachea.
To be able to describe the lungs, i.e. their various lobes, surfaces and borders.
To know which structures enter and leave each lung at the hilus.
To know the relationship of the lungs to other thoracic structures.
To understand the principles of bronchial and pulmonary circulation and identify the major blood
vessels.
To know the pathways of lymph drainage and the position of the regional lymph nodes.
To know the main distinguishing features of the lungs of the domestic animals and to be able to
recognise the lungs of the dog and cat, the horse, ox, sheep and pig.
To have an understanding of the topographical anatomy of the thorax, with particular reference to the
lungs in relation to clinical examination.
To be able to visualise the position of the diaphragm and to understand the diaphragmatic line of
pleural reflection.
Course Content
Lectures – The shape, boundaries, openings and contents of the thoracic cavity will be described to
include the endothoracic fascia, the mediastinum and its parts and contents.
The anatomy of the diaphragm will be described and its movements and those of the thoracic wall in
respiration discussed.
A description of the parietal and visceral pleura, including the histology, will be given.
The structure, including the histology, of the trachea and its course in the neck will be described and any
species differences highlighted.
The bronchial tree (based on the dog) along with the bronchial and pulmonary circulation will be
described.
Important comparative features of the lungs of the ruminants, the pig and the horse will be indicated,
followed by a description of the topographical anatomy of the thorax of the domestic animals.
Practicals – The thorax of embalmed dogs will be opened (revising the muscles which attach the forelimb
to the trunk and the muscles of the thoracic wall). The contents of the thoracic cavity will be examined
and the lungs dissected. Dissected fresh specimens and radiographs will be available for study. Fresh
trachea and lungs of the ox, the sheep and the pig will be dissected. Horse lungs will be demonstrated.
Two video films will be shown
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The anatomy of the thoracic cavity of the horse
Auscultation and percussion in the horse thorax
Note – The radiographic anatomy and clinical examination of the thorax will be covered later in the term.
4.2.5.
The Histology of the Respiratory System. Development of the Lungs
Learning Objectives
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Course Information
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To be able to describe the mucosa of the upper respiratory passages and identify the different types of
epithelium present.
To understand how the tissues of the lung are arranged and to distinguish conducting and respiratory
parts.
To know what is meant by the term “respiratory epithelium”, to be able to distinguish the major cell
types and know their functions.
To be able to describe the histology of the trachea, the bronchi and the bronchioles, clearly
distinguishing one from the other.
To be able to describe the structure of the alveolar membrane and its major cell types and to have an
understanding of the blood/air barrier.
To understand the basic principles of the defence mechanisms of the lungs.
To be able to describe briefly how the lungs develop.
Course Content
Lectures – The following will be described: the arrangement of tissues in the lung; the respiratory
epithelium, its cells and their functions; the histology of the bronchi and bronchioles; the histology,
including the fine structure, of the alveolar membrane; the major cell types and their functions; defence
mechanisms of the lung and a brief description of the development of the lung.
Practicals – Stained sections of bronchus and adult lung will be examined. Various aspects of respiratory
system histology will be demonstrated using light micrographs and transparencies, scanning and
transmission electron micrographs.
4.3.
Cardiovascular System
4.3.1.
Gross Anatomy of the Heart and Major Vessels
Learning Objectives
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To visualize the position and orientation of the heart in the thorax with reference to external
anatomical landmarks, the regional anatomy of the thorax and the mediastinum.
To visualize the orientation of the heart chambers, valves and great vessels with reference to right and
left sides and the long axis of the thorax.
To open the chambers of the heart systematically at post-mortem examination without losing
continuity with the great vessels and without destroying the valves.
To determine by percussion the area of absolute cardiac dullness in a normal animal.
To distinguish between first and second heart sounds and to understand the principles of auscultation
and the use of a stethoscope.
To recognise the position of the heart between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces and the relevant
positions of the valves.
To be able to place a needle in the ventricular cavities and minimize the chance of trauma and
pericardial haemorrhage.
To recognize the four chambers of the normal heart and the great arteries in lateral and dorsoventral
radiographs.
To know the position of the normal openings in the diaphragm, and its weak points.
To gain a general understanding of the foetal circulation, the changes that take place at birth and the
effect of various common anomalies on blood flow.
To understand the functional closure of the valve of the foramen ovale and of the ductus arteriosus,
and the significance of patency.
To be able to locate in the live animal those vessels from which blood samples may be obtained, or
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Veterinary Anatomy
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materials injected.
To obtain a general understanding of major arterial and venous vessels, their distribution and
functional significance.
To understand the basic histology of cardiac muscle and the various types of blood vessels.
To understand the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways which drive the heart and control the
calibre of blood vessels.
Finally, to relate the structure of the heart and blood vessels to physiological concepts.
Course Content
Lectures – The heart, its topographical features, species differences, internal anatomy, blood supply and
innervation, the pericardium and associated regional anatomy of the thorax (2 lectures). The organisation
of the major arterial and venous trunks (1 lecture). The development of the heart and vessels (2 lectures).
The histology of the heart and blood vessels (1 lecture).
Practicals – Dissection of the sheep’s heart. Dissection of the regional anatomy of the thorax of the dog.
Colour video programme on the anatomy of the ox heart. Guidance notes. Demonstration photographs.
4.3.2.
Histology of the Blood Vascular System
Learning Objectives
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To be able to describe the general structure of blood vessels and to understand how this basic plan is
modified in arteries, arterioles, vein, veinules and capillaries.
To be able to associate the structural differences between arteries, veins and capillaries with their
respective functional roles.
To be able to identify and differentiate between arteries,veins and lymphatic vessels in histological
sections.
To be able to name the component tissues of the heart, and to revise the basic features of cardiac
muscle.
Course Content
Lectures – The general structure and characteristic features of arteries, veins and capillaries will be
discussed, along with their respective functional roles.
Practicals – The component tissues of both major and minor blood vessels will be demonstrated using
histological sections along with transmission electron micrographs which will be used to illustrate the
characteristic features of capillaries. Cardiac muscle will also be revised.
4.4
Digestive System
4.4.1.
Head – The Dog
Learning Objectives
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To know the anatomical boundaries of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, and appreciate their normal
appearance.
To understand the principles of innervation of the facial musculature, and be able to appreciate the
clinical signs that may result from denervation of the facial nerve or its branches.
To understand the normal relationship of the soft palate to the epiglottis.
To be able to identify the palatine tonsils and know the topographical relationships of the tonsillar
fossae.
To be able to palpate the parotid and mandibular salivary glands, and differentiate the mandibular
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Course Information
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salivary gland from mandibular lymph nodes.
To be able to trace the ducts of the salivary glands and find their orifices.
To be able to locate and palpate the parotid duct.
To know the principles of lymphatic drainage of the head region, and be able to palpate the
mandibular and parotid lymph nodes and find them, along with the retropharyngeal lymph node, at
autopsy.
To understand the surgical anatomy of pharyngostomy in the dog, and be able to palpate the relevant
site.
To be able to palpate the temporomandibular joint.
To be able to name the muscles of mastication, give their origins, insertions and motor nerve supplies,
and diagnose mandibular nerve damage by its motor paralysis effects.
To be able to identify the individual bones of the hyoid apparatus on a radiograph, and be able to
palpate the basihyoid bone, in both the dog and cat.
To be able to recognise hypoglossal nerve paralysis.
Course Content
Lectures – Accounts will be given of the anatomy of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, the salivary glands
and the muscles of mastication in both the dog and cat. Relevant details of blood supply, lymphatic
drainage and innervation, as well as relevant clinical details, will also be discussed.
Practicals – The region will be dissected using fresh canine cadavers. Topographical details will be
demonstrated using prepared, labelled specimens, radiographs and live animals.
4.4.2
Head - Comparative Species
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the normal appearance of the oral cavity in each of the domestic species.
To understand the normal relationship of the soft palate to the epiglottis in the horse, and appreciate
how this relationship may be altered in cases of epiglottic entrapment.
To be able to palpate, where possible, the parotid and mandibular salivary glands.
To be able, where possible, to palpate the mandibular, parotid and retropharyngeal lymph nodes in the
different species, and find the nodes at autopsy.
To be able to palpate the temporomandibular joint in the domestic species, and appreciate the
relationship between joint morphology and feeding habits.
To understand the comparative aspects of the morphology of the muscles of mastication.
To be able to palpate the pulse in the facial artery of the horse and cow, and appreciate the route of the
parotid duct in these species.
To appreciate the danger of injury to the pharyngeal diverticulum when dosing pigs with a syringe.
Course Content
Lectures – Accounts of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, the salivary glands and the masticatory apparatus
in the different domestic species will be given. Details of blood supply, lymphatic drainage and
innervation will be discussed where relevant, along with points of practical or clinical significance.
Practicals – Fresh sheep heads will be available for dissection.
demonstrated using fresh and embalmed specimens, and live animals.
4.4.3.
Teeth
Learning Objectives
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Topographical details will be
Veterinary Anatomy
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To be able to identify any tooth in the mouth of any of the domestic species by name, number and
dental formula, and be able to tell deciduous from permanent teeth.
To be able to identify the three hard tissues of a tooth, and understand their arrangement in the
complex crown of the herbivore’s tooth.
To know the number of roots of the premolars and molars in the dog and cat, in order to avoid
unecessary difficulty in tooth extraction.
To recognise the radiographic features of the teeth in the dog, and be able to distinguish permanent
and deciduous teeth in the young dog and cat.
To appreciate the relationship between the roots of the cheek teeth and the maxillary sinus in young
and older horses.
To know the areas of sensory innervation of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal
nerve, and be able to use this knowledge to appreciate the sensory innervation of the teeth in all
species.
To be able to block the maxillary and mandibular nerves at the most effective sites for a desired
purpose.
To be able to palpate the infraorbital foramen in all species.
Course Content
Lectures – The dentition of the dog and the horse will be discussed, along with details of comparative
aspects of dentition in other species. Features of clinical relevance will also be noted.
Practicals – Topographical details will be demonstrated using fresh and skeletal preparations, and
radiographs.
4.4.4.
Histology of Oral Cavity and its Contents
Learning Objectives
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To be able to recognise and relate the histological appearance of the living epithelium of the oral
cavity to the feeding habits of the animal concerned.
To be able to recognise and differentiate the different types of salivary gland tissue, and recognise
their fundamental roles.
To recognise the basic histological components of a generalised mammalian tooth, and appreciate
how these are organised in the different species.
To be able to recognise and differentiate the different types of taste buds found in the tongue at the
level of the light microscope.
Course Content
Lectures – Accounts will be given of the basic functional histological features of the oral cavity and its
contents in the dog, and points of clinical or comparative significance highlighted.
Practicals – Selected comparative material will be studied by means of light microscopy and
demonstration material.
4.4.5.
Digestive Tract – Principles
Digestive Tract – Dog
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Course Information
Learning Objectives
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To know the course and relationships of the oesophagus in the cervical region, and be able to palpate
the oesophagus at the thoracic inlet.
To know the course and relationships of the oesophagus within the thorax, and appreciate the reasons
for specific surgical approaches to each oesophageal segment within the thoracic cavity.
To understand the basis of neuromuscular control of the oesophagus in the dog and cat.
To appreciate the normal relationship between the oesophagus and the aortic arch, and to understand
what structures form a constricting ring around the oesophagus in right aortic arch persistence.
To appreciate the principles of the blood supply to the oesophagus in both cervical and thoracic
regions.
To know the topographical relationships of the canine stomach in the adult and the puppy in various
stages of filling, with particular reference to the possibility of external examination.
To be able to interpret lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the canine stomach.
To know the principles of blood and nerve supply to the stomach, and understand the relevance of
such knowledge to gastrotomy in the dog.
To understand the principles of attachment of the greater and lesser omenta in all the domestic
species, and how to reflect the greater omentum to find the organ it covers. To understand the
hepatoduodenal ligament.
To be able to trace the course of the intestines in each of the domestic species with reference to the
cranial mesenteric artery.
To be able to locate each part of the intestinal tract by its position in the abdominal cavity and, where
relevant, by projection onto the body wall in the dog.
To understand the principles of lymphatic drainage of the tract, and be able to find the jejunal lymph
nodes at autopsy in the dog.
To be familiar with those structures involved in the formation of the pelvic diaphragm in the dog.
To be able to find the openings of the anal sacs in the dog, and to appreciate their relationship to the
external anal sphincter.
Course Content
Lectures – The topographical anatomy of the digestive tract in the dog will be described, and details of
the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and motor nerve supply will be discussed.
Practicals – Isolated digestive tracts from fresh canine cadavers will be studied. The tract will also be
dissected in situ in canine cadavers.
Fresh and embalmed demonstration material, along with
radiographs, will also be available.
4.4.6.
Histology of the Alimentary Tract
Learning Objectives
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To be able to recognise a histological section of the oesophagus, and relate both the nature of the
epithelial lining, and the arrangement and type of muscle in its wall, to the functional role of the
structure.
To be able to recognise a histological section of a simple stomach, identify the type of gland or glands
present in its wall, and relate this, together with the general structure of the epithelial lining and
muscular wall, to its functional role.
To be able to identify, precisely, a histological section from any compartment of the ruminant
stomach, and appreciate the functional significance of the epithelial lining.
To be able to recognise the serosa, where present, and appreciate its significance.
Course Content
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Veterinary Anatomy
Lectures – The comparative histological features of the oesophagus and stomach of the domestic
mammalian species will be described, and features of clinical or practical significance noted.
Practicals – Selected comparative material will be studied by means of light microscopy and
demonstration material.
4.4.7.
Digestive Tract - Horse
Learning Objectives

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
To know the topographical relationships of the equine stomach, and to appreciate its inaccessibility
for external examination in the normal state. To know where to trocarise the distended equine
stomach.
To be able to identify the parts of the large intestine of the horse at autopsy, laparotomy or rectal
examination by palpation of taenial bands and sacculations, and know the potential sites of intestinal
obstruction in the horse.
To be able to locate each part of the intestinal tract by its position in the abdominal cavity and, where
relevant, by projection onto the body wall.
To be able to identify certain peritoneal folds (duodenocolic,ileocaecal and caecocolic) and use them
as landmarks.
To be able to identify the major arteries of the intestines, especially in the horse, at autopsy.
To be able to find the jejunal lymph nodes at autopsy.
Course Content
Lectures – A description of the gross topographical morphology of the equine digestive tract will be
given. Points of clinical relevance will be noted.
Practicals – Fresh and embalmed equine tracts will be available for examination.
4.4.8.
Digestive Tract – Pig
Digestive Tract – Associated Organs
Learning Objectives
 To be able to identify and trace the coils of the ascending colon in the pig.
 To be able to locate each part of the tract by its position within the abdominal cavity and by
projection, where relevant, onto the body wall.
 To be able to find the jejunal lymph nodes, and locate the ileocaecal junction, at autopsy in the pig.
 To be able to identify the isolated liver of each of the domestic species.
 To be able to project the liver onto the body wall for each of the domestic species, and appreciate the
use of such knowledge, in association with relevant skeletal landmarks, in determining biopsy sites.
 To be able to recognise the liver in radiographs.
 To be able to distinguish the portal and hepatic veins and the bile ducts in the liver at autopsy, and be
able to find the hepatic lymph nodes.
 To know the tributaries of the portal vein.
 To understand the relationships of the pancreas, its blood supply and its ducts.
 To be able to identify the isolated spleen of each of the domestic species.
 To be able to project the spleen onto the body wall for appreciation of biopsy sites in large animals.
 To be able to palpate the spleen and recognise it in radiographs in the dog.
Course Content
Lectures – The digestive tract of the pig will be described. Comparative features of organs associated
with the tract – liver, pancreas and spleen – will be discussed.
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Course Information
Practicals - Fresh and embalmed porcine tracts will be available for examination, along with appropriate
organs from the domestic species. Radiographs will also be available
4.4.9.
Histology of the Tubular Tract and Associated Organs (Liver and Pancreas)
Learning Objectives





To be able to identify a histological section of the intestinal tract, recognise the different layers
comprising the wall of the intestinal tract, and be able to relate their structure, especially of the lining
epithelium and of the glands, to their functional roles.
To be able to further identify a histological section of small intestine, differentiating duodenum from
jejunum and ileum, where appropriate.
To be able to distinguish, histologically, sections of small and large intestine, and relate structure to
function in the case of sections of the latter.
To be able to recognise a histological section of liver, and understand how its various functions are
used to interpret its structural organisation in differing ways.
To be able to recognise and interpret a histological section of the pancreas in relation to its functional
responsibilities.
Course Content
Lectures – Comparative histological features of the mammalian intestinal tract will be discussed, and
features of clinical or practical significance noted.
Practicals – Selected comparative material will be studied by means of light microscopy and by
demonstration material.
4.4.10. Digestive Tract – Ruminant
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the compartmentalised nature of the stomach in ruminants, and to know the
characteristic external and internal morphological features of the ruminant stomach.
To be able to relate the compartments of the bovine stomach to the abdominal wall.
To be able to recognise by palpation at rumenotomy the internal features of the rumen and be able to
palpate the omasum and abomasum through the rumen walls.
To understand the attachments and topography of the greater and lesser omenta in the bovine and
sheep.
To understand the normal attachments and relations of the abomasum.
To be able to interpret the functional significance of the movements of the rumen palpated in the left
paralumbar fossa.
To understand the functional innervation of the ruminant stomach.
To appreciate the functional morphology of the gastric groove in the ruminants.
To know where to trocarise the distended stomach in the ruminant.
To be able to identify and trace the coils of the ascending colon in the large and small ruminant.
To be able to locate each part of the intestinal tract by its position in the abdominal cavity, and project
the parts of the tract onto the body wall.
To be able to find the jejunal lymph nodes, and appreciate the difference in their location between
small and large ruminants.
Course Content
Lectures – The morphology and topography of the ruminant digestive tract will be described. Points of
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Veterinary Anatomy
clinical significance will be discussed where relevant.
Practicals – Embalmed and fresh specimens of the digestive tracts of both large and small ruminants will
be available for study. Live animals will also be available for examination.
4.5.
Female Reproductive System
4.5.1.
Female Reproductive System in the Bitch
Learning Objectives
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To enable the student to understand the structure and function of the reproductive system in the bitch.
To acquire a sound understanding of the anatomy of the ovary, the tubular tract and the external
genitalia.
To understand the histological changes in the ovary in the prepubertal, adult cycling and pregnant
animal.
To relate the above to the histology of the tubular tract at these different stages.
To relate the above to the changes in the external genitalia.
Course Content
Lectures – A series of lectures is used to familiarise the student.
Practicals – Classes are designed to allow the student to dissect fresh material and to examine histological
sections demonstrating the parts of the genital system. Practical classes are accompanied by extensive
demonstrations and videos. A comprehensive note accompanies the course.
4.5.2.
Female Reproductive System in the Ruminant, Mare and Sow
Learning Objectives

To enable the student to understand the reproductive tract in the main domestic species and point out
species differences.
Course Content
Lectures – A series of lectures covers the anatomy of the ruminant, mare and sow.
Practicals – Practical classes allows dissection of fresh specimens and demonstration material to be
examined. Videos are available and may be shown generally to the class or may be used for individual
revision. A comprehensive note is available.
4.5.3. The Pregnant Uterus
Learning Objectives
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

To understand the differences in the pregnant uterus in the domestic animals.
To understand the anatomical variations existing in the placenta of the domestic species.
To understand the relationship between the mother and foetus in the histology of the placenta.
Course Content
Lectures – A series of lectures covers the pregnant uterus and the species differences.
Practicals – Practical classes are used to dissect the pregnant uterus, demonstration material illustrates the
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Course Information
salient features.
cows.
Videos and notes are available.
Rectal examinations of pregnant and non-pregnant
4.5.4. Mammary Gland
General Features of the Mammary Gland
The Mammary Glands of the Bitch
Learning Objectives
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To understand the definition of a mammary gland.
To appreciate the development of the gland, and understand the basic histological structure of the
lactating and non-lactating mammary gland.
To know how many glands and how many duct systems are present in each of the domesticated
species.
To appreciate the variety of terms used in the consideration of mammary gland structure.
To understand the principles of blood supply to and from the mammary glands of the bitch.
To understand the lymphatic drainage of the mammary glands in the bitch, and be able to palpate
swollen superficial inguinal and axillary lymph nodes.
To know which mammary glands are drained by these lymph nodes in the bitch, and the clinical and
surgical significance of this knowledge.
Course Content
Lectures – The general features of the mammary gland will be described, together with the associated
terminology. Species differences will be discussed. The structure of the glands in the bitch will be
examined in detail, together with their blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation; points of clinical
significance will be discussed where relevant.
Practicals – N/A
4.5.5. The Bovine Udder
Learning Objectives

To understand the suspensory apparatus of the bovine udder, especially the relationship of the lateral
laminae to the superficial (external) inguinal ring and the external pudendal vessels.
 To know the surgical anatomy of the bovine teat; the layers of the wall, the vascular pattern, the
distribution of smooth muscle, and the annular fold and venous ring at the base.
 To appreciate the protective function of the lining of the teat canal.
 To be able to trace the blood vessels associated with the udder, and to know the direction of flow of
blood in the veins.
 To understand the pattern of lymphatic drainage, and be able to locate and palpate the superficial
inguinal (supramammary) lymph nodes in the cow.
 To be able to anaesthetise the whole udder, or one teat.
Course Content
Lectures – The anatomical and relevant histological features of the bovine udder will be described.
Particular attention will be paid to the vascular supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation of the udder.
The clinical significance of observed features will be noted where relevant.
Practicals – Labelled, fresh and embalmed demonstration material of the udders of all the domesticated
species will be available for examination, along with demonstration slides illustrating the essential
histological features of the mammary gland. The necessity of examining these structures in the live
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Veterinary Anatomy
animal, as and when the opportunity arises, will be emphasised.
4.5.6. The Male Genital System - External Genitalia, Canine and Feline
Learning Objectives
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

To be able to identify the structure of the scrotum and its contents including the testicle, vaginal tunic
and epididymis.
To be able to identify the contents of the spermatic cord and appreciate the topography of the inguinal
canal.
To be able to describe the regional blood and nerve supply of the scrotal region and testis.
Course Content
Lectures – The structure of the scrotal wall and the vaginal tunic will be described as they cover the
testicle and epididymis. The morphology of the testicle and the related tubular ducts will be explained
and attention paid to the vascular and nerve supply to the region. There will be reference to the process of
surgical castration and the anatomical relevance of the procedure.
Practicals – The region of the scrotum will be dissected to expose the testes using fresh specimens and
prepared demonstrations.
4.5.7. Male Reproductive Tract – Canine and Feline
Learning Objectives
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To be able to identify the name and component parts of the reproductive tracts of the dog and cat.
To be able to describe the composition of the penis and understand the vascular phenomenon of the
erectile process.
To be able to describe the accessory male reproductive organs and the extent of the urethra.
To be able to appreciate the structure and function of the prepuce including vascular and nerve supply.
To be able to understand the anatomical reasons for the problems of urethral obstruction in the two
species.
Course Content
Lectures – A description of the structure and function of the male reproductive tract of the dog and cat
will be given including detail of the vascular supply involved in the erectile process. The accessory
organs will be discussed and the topography of the area revealed including the peritoneal coverings of the
tract and the stucture and function of the prepuce. There will be discussion of the anatomical relevance to
the problems of urethral obstruction and prostatic disease.
Practicals – The intra-abdominal reproductive structures will be dissected before cutting into the
penileand prepucial regions. Radiographs and ultrasonograms will be demonstrated and the students will
carry out an examination of the region in the live animal.
4.5.8. Comparative Male Genitalia and Reproductive Tract
Learning Objectives


To be able to identify, giving anatomical reasons, the equine, bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine
external genitalia, accessory genital organs, scrotal sacs, spermatic cords and related blood and nerve
supplies.
To be able to appreciate the anatomical basis for non-surgical castration in the ruminants and
appreciate the difference between open and closed castration.
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Course Information

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
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
To be able to identify the significant differences in the fibro-elastic and musculo-cavernous type of
penile structure.
To be able to identify the comparative features of the penile structures in the larger domestic species
with relevance to catheterisation and possible urethral obstruction.
To be able to palpate and identify the external genitalia in the live animals of the different species.
To be able to name the reproductive structures identifiable on rectal palpation in the bovine male.
To be able to elaborate on the species differences in the preputial cavities of the larger male animals.
To be able to make comparisons between the genitalia of the immature, castrate and entire male
animal.
To be able to appreciate the significance of the structure of the inguinal canal in the stallion with
relevance to herniation and cryptorchidism.
Course Content
Lectures – The details of the comparative anatomy of the external genitalia and accessory genital organs
of the various domestic species, bovine, equine, ovine, caprine and porcine, will be given including
relevant information of vascular and nerve supply. There will be discussion of the various techniques of
castration and methods of anaesthesia will be discussed. The male genital tracts of the various species
will be elaborated upon with emphasis on the difference between fibro-elastic and musculocavernous
types of penile structure. There will be reference to surgical problems of catheterisation and urethral
obstruction. The prepucial cavities and their species modifications will be compared with that of the dog.
Practicals – External genitalia and reproductive tracts of both immature and adult equine, bovine, ovine,
caprine and porcine males will be dissected by the students as well as examining fresh demonstration
material. Live animals will be available for palpation of the region supplemented by videos of post
mortem specimens.
4.5.9. Histology of the Male Genital System
Learning Objectives
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

To understand the histology of the testis, spermatogenesis and the structure of the spermatozoon.
To understand the histology of the tubular tract and the accessory sex glands.
To be aware of artificial insemination and use of this procedure in the domestic species.
Course Content
Lectures – A series of lectures accompanied by practical classes with demonstration material and notes.
Practicals – One practical devoted to a demonstration of semen collection from the bull, the use of
artificial insemenation in domestic animals and assessment of semen for fertility.
4.5.10. Embryology of the Urogenital System
Learning Objectives

To enable the student to understand the development of this system with special
common anomalies possibly leading to clinical problems.
Course Content
reference to any
Lectures – Two lectures describe the development of the male and female genital system. Practical class
includes histological sections of the 10 m.m. sheep embryo accompanied by photographs and
transparencies. Embryology notes.
Practicals – N/A
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Veterinary Anatomy
4.6.
Urinary System
Learning Objectives
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To understand the development of the mammalian kidney from the primitive nephrogenic cord, the
sequential changes of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros and the role of the ureteric bud.
To learn the important species differences in shape, size, internal anatomy and abdominal position.
To understand the detailed structure of the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, its constituent
parts and the functional significance of each.
To understand the microcirculation of the kidney and its relationships with the nephron.
To understand the concept of the glomerular filter and its functional significance.
To clearly establish the mechanisms whereby the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate.
To recognise the kidney as an important endocrine gland, and its role in control of blood pressure,
blood sodium levels and erythropoiesis.
To study the histological features of the ureters and urinary bladder.
To understand the nerve pathways to the urinary bladder that control the micturition reflex.
To study the anatomical relationships of the urinary bladder and its blood supply.
Course Content
Lectures – Development of the kidney and organisation of the nephron (1 lecture). Topographical
anatomy of comparative mammalian kidneys (1 lecture). Histology of the nephron including
ultrastructure of the glomerular filter (1 lecture). Histology of the collecting duct system, ureters and
urinary bladder, anatomical relationships of the bladder, nerve pathways and the micturition reflex (1
lecture).
Practicals – Comparative features of mammalian kidneys will be demonstrated. Histology of the kidney,
ureter and urinary bladder (see Histology practical notes). Video of the anatomy of the urogenital system
of the dog.
4.7.
Special Senses – The Eye and Ear
4.7.1.
The Orbit
Learning Objectives
 To be able to define the bony and soft tissue boundaries of the orbit in the domesticated mammalian
species.
 To appreciate the relationship between the orbital cavity, periorbita, and periorbital and orbital fat
deposits.
 To appreciate the relationship between orbital contents and the surrounding soft tissue structures.
 To be able to distinguish the radiographic features of the orbit in the dog and cat.
 To appreciate the directional terms used in relation to the eyeball, and be able to locate and identify
the insertion points of the extraocular muscles associated with the eyeball.
 To understand the fascial structures surrounding and enclosing the orbital contents.
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Course Information
Course Content
Lectures – The bony and soft tissue structures defining the boundary of the orbit will be described on a
comparative basis. The topographical relationships between the orbit, the orbital contents and the
surrounding soft tissue structures will be discussed.
Practicals – N/A
4.7.2. The Ocular Adnexa - (Eyelids, Third Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System)
Learning Objectives
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
To understand the functional structure of the eyelids.
To understand the functional disposition of the conjunctiva, the third eyelid and the gland of the third
eyelid, and to know the principles of vascular supply to the conjunctiva and appreciate its clinical
significance.
To understand the structure of the lacrimal system, and be able to locate and identify the lacrimal
gland.
To be familiar with the production, composition and importance of the tear film.
To be able to locate and cannulate the puncta lacrimalia in order to flush the nasolacrimal duct.
To appreciate the route taken by the nasolacrimal duct on both radiographic and live animal
examination.
Course Content
Lectures – The structure of the eyelids and third eyelid will be discussed, together with the conjunctiva
and its relationship to the eyeball. A description of the nasolacrimal system, to include the formation and
functions of the tear film, will also be given.
Practicals – N/A
4.7.3. The Eyeball
Learning Objectives
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To understand the basic anatomical and histological features of the mammalian eyeball.
To understand the basic stages in the development of the eyeball.
To understand the irideocorneal (filtration) angle and its relation to the drainage of aqueous humor
and to the maintenance of intraocular pressure.
To appreciate the structure, growth and attachment of the lens.
To be able to recognise, by ophthalmoscopy in the normal, live animal, the tapetum lucidum, optic
disc and retinal vasculature and to appreciate the species differences.
Course Content
Lectures – The histology of the eyeball and its component parts will be described. Features of particular
functional or clinical relevance will be discussed.
Practicals – The histological features of the eyeball and ocular adnexa will be examined. Demonstration
slides, together with accompanying notes, will also be available.
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Veterinary Anatomy
4.7.4.
Vascular Supply, Lymphatic Drainage and Innervation of the Orbit, Orbital Contents
and Ocular Adnexa
Learning Objectives
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To understand the principles of cranial nerve innervation of the orbital contents and ocular adnexa.
To understand the neuroanatomical pathways involved in the visual process.
To appreciate the neuroanatomical basis of the pupillary, corneal, palpebral and menace reflexes, and
thus be able to diagnose nervous and ocular disorders by abnormal movements of these structures.
To understand how to desensitise the eye for examination purposes.
To understand the principles of blood supply to and from the orbit and its contents.
To be able to locate v. angularis oculi in order to inject radiopaque dye into the ophthalmic venous
plexus and the venous sinus system of the brain.
To understand the principles of lymphatic drainage from the orbital region, and interpret this in
relation to lymphatic drainage from the head region as a whole.
Course Content
Lectures – The principles of vascular and lymphatic supply, and of innervation, to the orbit, orbital
contents and ocular adnexa will be discussed, together with a consideration of the relevant
neuroanatomical connections to the brain, and the neurological basis of selected clinical ocular reflexes.
Practicals – N/A
4.7.5. External and Middle Ear
Learning Objectives
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To be able to identify the surgical landmarks of the external ear of the dog.
To be able to trace the major arteries and veins of the canine ear.
To appreciate how to perform a venipuncture on the ear of the pig.
To be able to pass the auriscope (otoscope) tube along the external auditory meatus and recognise the
eardrum, when and if it can be seen.
To be able to recognise the parts of the temporal bone, including the tympanic bulla, on a radiograph.
To know the relationships of the parotid salivary gland, and the major vessels and nerves, to the
tympanic bulla, in order to be able to avoid them during surgical drainage operations.
To be able to palpate the tympanic bulla externally in the cat, and through the mouth in the cat and
dog.
To know which nerves and groups of nerve fibres pass through the middle ear cavity, and appreciate
the clinical implications.
To understand the functional anatomy of the auditory tube in any species, and, in particular, its
relationship to the guttural pouch in the horse.
Course Content
Lectures – The anatomical and topographical features of the external ear and middle ear of the dog and
cat will be described, and comparative details discussed where relevant. The principles of vascular and
lymphatic supply, and innervation, will also be discussed, and points of clinical or surgical relevance
noted.
Practicals – N/A
21
Course Information
4.7.6. Inner Ear
Learning Objectives



To have an appreciation of the functional morphology of the mammalian inner ear.
To appreciate the neuroanatomical basis of the auditory and vestibular pathways in the normal animal,
and be able to diagnose a lesion of the vestibular apparatus.
To be able to recognise the clinical signs of a lesion of the facial nerve or its major branches, and to
relate thses signs to the location of the lesion.
Course Content
Lectures – The basic structure of the mammalian inner ear will be described, and the neurological
pathways between the inner ear and the central nervous system discussed.
Practicals – An examination of the external ear, and a dissection of the orbit and associated structures,
will be carried out on fresh dog cadavers. Attention will also be paid to the soft tissue structures
surrounding the external ear and the orbit, and to the blood vessels and nerves associated with these
structures. Labelled, fresh and embalmed demonstration material will be available for examination,
along with radiographs and live animals.
4.8.
Avian Anatomy
4.8.1.
Introduction to Avian Anatomy and Avian Skeletomuscular System
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the evolutionary position of birds, and be aware of the major groups (orders) of birds, in
particular those of veterinary importance.
To know the characteristic features identifying a bird.
To understand the adaptations and restrictions imposed on the avian body plan by the requirements of
flight.
To be able to identify and name the major topographical regions of the avian body on external
examination.
To be able to identify specific bones (with the exception of individual skull bones) either individually,
on mounted skeletons or in radiographs.
To appreciate the significance of cervical vertebral flexibility and of the T4 articulation of the
vertebral column in domestic poultry.
To appreciate the difference in long bone development between birds and mammals.
To recognise the significance of bone pneumatisation in the avian skeleton.
To know how to pinion a bird’s wing to prevent flight and appreciate that this is a permanent
procedure.
To be able to identify m.pectoralis and m.supracoracoideus and understand the functions performed
by each muscle.
To be able to locate m.extensor carpi radialis in order to cut its tendon to prevent flight if necessary.
To appreciate which muscles can be used as sites for intramuscular injections in birds.
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Veterinary Anatomy
Course Content
Lectures – An introduction to avian anatomy will deal with the evolutionary position of birds, and discuss
those features unique to the Class Aves. The basic structure of the avian skeletomuscular system will be
described.
Practicals – N/A
4.8.2.
Avian Integumentary System
Learning Objectives
 To understand the functional importance of the feather.
 To be able to identify the component parts of a contour feather and to know how this structure is
adapted to give different feather types.
 To understand the functional relationship between the feather and feather follicle.
 To be able to identify primary and secondary flight feathers in the wing, and appreciate that this
knowledge may be used to temporarily deflight a bird by clipping.
 To appreciate that feathers are moulted periodically and be able to recognise new developing pin
feathers as normal structures.
 To know that feathers are organised into well defined feather tracts.
 To understand how the structure of avian skin differs from that of a mammal and appreciate the
clinical significance of these differences.
 To realise the secretory nature of the avian integument as a whole and understand the functional
implications of a lack of sweat glands in the avian integument.
 To be able to recognise the uropygial gland, when present, as a normal skin structure.
Course Content
Lectures – The histological structure of avian skin will be described and compared to that of the mammal.
The structure, organisation and functions of feathers will be discussed. Features of practical or clinical
significance will be noted.
Practicals – N/A
4.8.3.
Avian Respiratory System
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the normal appearance of the external nares in different orders of birds.
To appreciate the extent of the paranasal sinus system in many species, and in the parrots in particular.
To be able to locate the infraorbital sinus and appreciate its clinical significance.
To be able to identify the internal nares and laryngeal mound on examination of the oropharynx, and
appreciate the clinical application of this knowledge.
To understand the basic functional morphology of the avian syrinx, to appreciate the morphological
variations in syringeal structure that occur in different orders of birds, and be able to identify the
syrinx and some of these variations radiographically.
To understand and be able to describe the basic structure of the avian lung-air sac system, and discuss
the pattern of airflow through it during breathing.
To be able to identify and locate the lungs at autopsy and in radiographs.
To understand the distribution of the pleura and peritoneum in birds.
To be able to identify individual air sacs at post-mortem examination.
23
Course Information
Course Content
Lectures – The functional anatomy of the respiratory system in the bird will be discussed. The unique
nature of this system, and its significance to the life style of the bird, will be stressed. Points of clinical
or practical importance will be dealt with where relevant.
Practicals – N/A
4.8.4.
Avian Alimentary Tract
Learning Objectives
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To appreciate the variations in beak structure are related to feeding methods, and be aware of the
practical application of such knowledge to beak trimming.
To be aware of the functional morphology of the food selection apparatus.
To be able to pass a tube into the oesophagus.
To be able to recognise the component parts of the avian digestive tract on postmortem examination.
To be aware of the great variety of functional adaptations to this basic pattern found within different
orders of birds.
To know the basic histological features of the avian alimentary sytem.
To appreciate the variations in functional caecal morphology in birds.
To be able to identify the regions of the cloaca and the openings of the ureters and genital ducts within
the cloaca.
To be able to recognise the phallic region in the male.
To appreciate the position of the cloacal bursa when present.
To have a knowledge of the topographical relationships of the component parts of the digestive tract
within the body cavity.
To be able to locate and identify the gizzard in a radiograph.
Course Content
Lectures – The basic morphology of the alimentary tract in the bird, together with the relevant
histological features, will be described. Comparative aspects will be discussed where appropriate, along
with relevant practical or clinical features.
4.8.5.
Avian Reproduction System
Learning Objectives
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
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

To be able to identify and name the main structures of the male reproductive system and describe their
functional significance.
To be able to describe the process of spermatogenesis and sperm storage in the male and appreciate
the differences which exist between the avian and mammalian systems in this respect.
To be able to describe the ovulatory cycle in the female and appreciate how this differs from the
mammalian oestrus cycle.
To be able to understand follicular structure and function, including the endocrine control of follicular
development.
To appreciate the structure of the eggshell and understand how the changes that take place during
development affect hatching.
Course Content
Lectures - The basic morphology of the reproductive tract in both the male and female bird will be
24
Veterinary Anatomy
discussed, along with a brief review of eggshell structure.
Practicals - Points of practical or clinical significance will be discussed where appropriate.
4.8.6. The Avian Body Plan and its Practical Implications
Learning Objectives






To be able to recognise all major organs and structures within each region of the body on postmortem
examination, and, where possible, on radiographs.
To recognise that birds have a higher general metabolic rate than mammals and appreciate the
functional morphological, clinical and practical significance of this fact.
To know the sites at which different types of injections may be given and from which blood samples
may be taken.
To know the anatomical procedure used in carrying out a postmortem examination.
To be familiar with the various methods of sexing birds and be aware of the anatomical basis
underlying the procedure of sexing by surgical endoscopy in birds.
To appreciate the expanding role of ultrasonography as an examination procedure in avian studies.
Course Content
Lectures - A brief account of selected aspects of those body systems not previously discussed will be
given. An overall summary of the avian body plan, including those points of particular practical or
clinical significance, will be presented.
Practicals - Postmortem dissection procedures will be used to study the topographical details of avian
morphology using fresh cadavers. Labelled skeletal, embalmed and fresh demonstration material will be
used, along with radiographs, to illustrate comparative and practical points. Live animals may be
available for examination.
Practicals – Dissection practical during which the oviduct is exposed, opened and its various regions
identified.
4.9.
Fish
Introduction to the Anatomy of the Teleost (Bony) Fish
Learning Objectives







To be able to identify the external features of a typical teleost.
To have a knowledge of the histological structure of teleostean skin.
To know the general morphological features of a teleost, including features of the internal body
systems.
To appreciate the functional morphology of the respiratory apparatus in the bony fish.
To have a general understanding of the sensory systems of a bony fish, with particular reference to the
visual and lateral line systems.
To know those sites suitable for injection purposes or for blood sampling.
To be able to carry out humane euthanasia of a fish if necessary.
Course Content
Lectures – The general external and internal features of teleostean morphology will be described.
Particular attention will be focused on those areas of practical or clinical significance. Together with
25
Course Information
concurrent physiological discussions, these lectures are intended to provide an introduction to the
functional anatomy of a typical bony fish.
Practicals – The dissection of a fresh bony fish will be undertaken. Labelled fresh demonstration
material will highlight the essential features of piscine anatomy. Slide demonstrations of relevant
structures will also be available.
4.10.
Amphibians & Reptiles
4.10.1.
Introduction to Amphibians and Reptiles
Learning Objectives








To appreciate the evolutionary position of amphibians and reptiles. To appreciate the evolutionary
position of amphibians and reptiles.
To know the three major groups (orders) of living amphibians.
To have a general knowledge of the basic amphibian body plan and an appreciation of those features
characterising amphibians.
To know the histological structure of amphibian skin and appreciate the handling problems associated
with skin structure.
To know the possible sites available for injection or blood sampling purposes.
To be able to carry out humane destruction of an amphibian if necessary.
To know the characteristic features defining a reptile.
To know the major orders of living reptiles and the characteristic features of each order.
Course Content
Lectures – The position of amphibians and reptiles in the general evolution of the vertebrates will be
discussed.
The characteristic features and general body plan of amphibians will be described,
highlighting those points of functional, practical or clinical significance. A general introduction to the
reptiles will define the characeristics of this class of vertebrates and discuss the identifying features of
individual orders.
Practicals – N/A
4.10.2. The Reptilian Body Plan
Learning Objectives









To have a general knowledge of the basic reptilian body plan as presented by the snake.
To be aware of how this basic pattern is altered in the case of the lizard and the tortoise.
To know the histological structure of the integument in the snake and understand the basis of ecdysis
(shedding) of the skin.
To have a knowledge of selected bones of the skull in the snake, their connections, and how they
relate to the feeding process.
To appreciate which groups of snakes possess pelvic girdle remnants and be able to identify these
radiographically and on external examination.
To appreciate the difference between oviparous and viviparous snake species.
To have a knowledge of the sensory systems possessed by a snake and know how these may affect
feeding procedures.
To know the sites available for injection purposes or for blood sampling purposes in the snake, lizard
and tortoise.
To be able to identify lung fields radiographically in the snake and tortoise.
26
Veterinary Anatomy




To be aware of the relationship between dermal plates and scutes in the tortoise and be able to identify
the latter individually.
To be able to sex a tortoise and identify, where appropriate, the extruded penile structure.
To be able to humanely destroy a reptile when necessary.
To appreciate the expanding use of ultrasonography in examining reptiles.
Course Content
Lectures – The general body plan of the snake will be described and, where relevant, comparisons with
the lizard will be discussed. A brief account of chelonian (tortoise) anatomy will also be given. Those
morphological features relevant to an understanding of functional, practical or clinical aspects of reptilian
care will be emphasised.
Practicals – Labelled, embalmed or fresh demonstration material will be used to illustrate the basic
features of amphibian and reptilian morphology. Histological material illustrating relevant points will
also be available for examination, along with radiographs. Live animals will be available for examination
and handling. Students who are particularly interested can examine husbandry techniques in the on-site
reptile room in which many of these animals are housed.
Additional Content of Reptile Course (Non Examinable)
Learning Objectives and Lecture Content
This one lecture is designed to give the undergraduates a short introduction to the trials of field work
involving marine turtles and farm reared crocodiles. It outlines the reproductive effort of these species
and underlines the difficulties associated with rearing animals in captivity. As such it is used to stimulate
students to become involved in the summer vacation field trips abroad.
4.11.
Anatomy of Small Mammals
Learning Objectives




To become familiar with the normal external features of the small rodents and lagomorphs which may
be used in laboratories, kept as pets or show animals, or for meat and fur production so that
examination of live animals may be carried out with confidence.
To appreciate that these animals generally conform to mammalian structure but that there are some
important differences in their anatomy compared with domestic species already studied.
To recognise specific rodent and lagomorph features of the skin and digestive and reproductive
systems.
To be able to apply the knowledge of rodent and lagomorph anatomy in sexing of individual animals
and in locating sites for administration of injections and collection of blood samples.
Course Content
Lectures – A lecture will be given on the comparative anatomy of the small rodents and lagomorphs of
veterinary importance during which some external features, including skin glands will be discussed.
Specific features of the gastrointestinal tract will be described, particularly in relation to the dietary habits
of these animals. The urogenital organs of both sexes will be described, also the breeding cycle, some
features of the pregnant female and sexing of individual animals. Various sites for collection of blood
samples and administration of injections will be discussed.
Practicals - Unembalmed rats will be dissected with particular attention to the gastrointestinal and
urogenital systems. Demonstration dissections of rabbits and small rodents eg guinea pigs, hamsters or
mice (if available) will be displayed for study. Selected aspects of the osteology of rodents and
lagomorphs will be studied using bone specimens and radiographs.
27
Course Information
Live animals – A selection of animals in common use in laboratories and kept as pets will be available for
observation. Handling and sexing techniques will be demonstrated. Students will be invited to
participate. A list of appropriate textbooks, which are obtainable from the library, will be available for
those who wish to pursue the study of these small animals further.
5.
COURSE CONTENT
The content of the courses will be given in the form of lectures. To accompany the lectures there will be
a series of practical laboratory sessions in gross anatomy, histology and embryology. Further instruction
will be given by demonstrators during these practical labs. The gross anatomy practicals will be in the
form of dissection periods using both embalmed and fresh cadavers. Demonstration material will be
available during these classes and there will be live animals present where appropriate. Live animal
ultrasonography classes will also be held when appropriate. The histological practical classes will involve
the students using light microscopes to examine prepared slides of various tissues and the topics will be
demonstrated with prepared displays and close circuit TV. Similar methods will be used in the
presentation of embryology and will also include the use of CD Rom and computer based aids.
Additional Teaching Facilities



Audio Visual Aids - The Department holds a library of VHS video tape programmes which are used
during formal instruction and are available to students for revision. There are a number of computer
based teaching programmes for anatomy available for use in the computer cluster.
There is an extensive bone collection, plus a library of radiographs and ultrasonographs which the
students can consult during their study periods.
Moodle
Moodle is the University's centrally supported Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The
Faculty Moodle site can be accessed from on- or off-campus at:
http://moodle.gla.ac.uk/vet/moodle/
Users should log in with their Novell username and password. After a successful login you
will be asked to update your profile.
Once you have logged on, you will be able to access individual courses within Moodle, as
well as general information, and information relating to EMS, summer vacation scholarships,
and career opportunities. Many of the courses require a one-time enrolment key. Your course
tutors will provide these at the start of term. Within individual courses, you will find links to
lecture notes and presentations, past papers, timetables, and links to relevant websites that
have been reviewed by your tutors. Throughout the year your tutors may also add additional
Moodle ‘activities’ such as self-test material, assignments, surveys and discussion forums.
Within ‘General resources and links for students’, you will find links to courses designed to
help you start using Moodle.
Moodle replaces the Student Web Server, a 2004-5 archive version of which is still available
on- or off-campus at: http://www.gla.ac.uk/faculties/vet/teaching/sws/
You will need to username 'vetstudent' and the password 'jamesherriot' to access this.
For any problems with Moodle please email Vicki Dale (v.dale@vet.gla.ac.uk).
28
Veterinary Anatomy
6.
COURSE TEXTS AND REQUIRED READING
Recommended for Purchase

Guide to the Dissection of the Dog, Evans and de Lahunta, WB Saunders, 5th edition preferred
Recommended for further reading and purchase if possible
(In case of restricted funds priority should be given to Dyce)
Anatomy


Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, K M Dyce, WB Saunders, 2nd Edition
A Colour Atlas of Clinical Anatomy of the Dog & Cat, J S Boyd, Moseby-Wolfe, 2nd edition if
available
Histology


Colour Atlas of Veterinary Histology, W J Bacha, Lea and Febiger
Textbook of Veterinary Histology, Dellman, Williams & Wilkens
Embryology

*Langman’s Medical Embryology, TW Sadler, Williams & Wilkins, 7th edition
An extremely good text book for new or second hand purchase or Library use:
Viscera of the Domestic Mammals, Nickel, Schummer & Seiferle, Verlarg Paul Parey
Revision

Self Assessment Picture Tests in Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Anatomy, J.S. Boyd, Moseby & Wolfe
The following books are out of print but if they are available second hand they are
strongly recommended as a substitute for*


The Embryology of Domestic Animals, D M Noden & A de Lahunta, Williams & Wilkens, NY
Veterinary Developmental Anatomy, W K Latshaw, Decker, Toronto
Library Reading



Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog, H E Evans, W B Saunders, 3rd edition preferred
Sisson & Grossman’s The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Getty, W B Saunders, Vols. I & II.
The CardioRespiratory System, A S King, Blackwell
29
Course Information
7.
TEACHING HOURS AND TEACHING METHODS
SECOND YEAR
TERM I
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
Lectures
42
Practicals
72½
Totals
114½
(42)
(217½)
(259½)
TERM II
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
TERM III
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
30½
(30½)
16
69
(207)
20½
(237½)
36½
99½
(16)
TOTALS
Total
Hours/
Hours
Student Staff
88½
(88½)
(61½)
162
(486)
(77½)
(250½)
(574½)
Each student requires some 250½ hours of work for the whole of the Second Year course (excluding
examinations).
The academic staff require some 574½ hours of teaching time to provide the Second Year course,
excluding the time required for Class Exams and Professional Examinations.
Lectures and practical classes - the provision of comprehensive lecture and/or practical course notes,
demonstrations of relevant materials, the study of live animals and a number of video and computerassisted learning programmes are used to present the course to students. In addition, input into the second
year of the course by members of the clinical departments is scheduled at intervals.
All staff are not routinely made aware of Students with Disabilities. This information is
considered confidential unless such a person agrees to complete disclosure. Consequently, the
onus is on you to make individual staff aware of special needs you may have that impact on a
particular method of teaching; staff will attempt to make reasonable adjustments. E.g. you may
have a degree of red-green colour blindness and have difficulty distinguishing tissues or cells
during microscopy.
8.
8.1
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
Assessment of course.
The content and presentation of the course, and the effectiveness of the teaching, is assessed by a number
of procedures.

Student questionnaires are distributed to undergraduates during the academic session. These are
filled in by students during class time and returned to the Head of the Division for analysis. The
results are made available to all members of divisional lecturing staff and any changes that are made
to the course as a result are intimated to the student body. A sample copy of the questionnaires can
be found in the Appendices.
At the end of each subject block, the member of lecturing staff responsible for co-ordinating that block
will interview a sample group of students and send a written report of the findings to the Head of
Division.
Results of these systems of student evaluation are discussed fully at divisional and departmental meetings
and relevant action taken when necessary. During term time, notices are displayed with current
30
Veterinary Anatomy
information regarding divisional activities. It is the responsibility of each student to make themselves
aware of the position of the divisional notice board outside the Gross Anatomy Practical Laboratory
and to regularly read the notices displayed there. Second Year information is displayed on yellow
notepaper.
Assessment results arising from the evaluation procedures listed above are presented in the Divisional
Annual Course Monitoring Report to the Faculty Board of Studies for consideration, along with
feedback comments on assessment methods and information from the External Examiner. Such
assessment documentation may, where necessary, be progressed from Board of Studies to Faculty and
on to the Academic Regulation Committee (a sub-committee of the University Education Committee),
and ultimately to Senate.
Any proposed modifications to the course are presented through the Course Approval process to the
Board of Studies and Faculty, and, if major, the Academic Regulation Committee. Comments on any
such modifications are solicited from the appropriate External Examiner(s).
8.2
Assessment of student learning
8.2.1.
Examination instructions

Students with Disabilities. Because of the level of confidentiality involved, the Teaching Unit is not
always aware of the currency of special need assessments. Therefore it is the responsibility of special
needs students to ensure that the Teaching Unit is informed in adequate time of any new special needs
evaluation prior to any summative assessment.
Where appropriate students will be given additional time for written examinations, but no extra time
will be given for the completion of oral examinations or practical/clinical assessments.

You are urged to read all examination papers carefully and plan your answers. Class exam papers
show the breakdown of marks awarded for each section. You must note the instructions given to
candidates.
Written papers are anonymous, only your Matriculation Number or Exam Number is to be put
on the answer books. Write ONLY on the right hand side page and leave the margin clear for
advisory comments from the examiner. Anything not to be considered by the examiner must be
clearly stroked out.
Should you have any difficulties in an examination you must alert the invigilator immediately.


8.2.2.
General Examination Structure
All the examinations in Veterinary Anatomy in 2003/2004 will be considered as a summative
assessment for the BVMS II Degree Examination.
These examinations are :
Class Examination (Term 1)
Examination worth 7.5%
Class Examination (Term 2)
Examination worth 7.5%
Second Professional (Whitsun) Degree
Examination (First Diet)
(written, practicals and oral)
Examination worth 85%
The class examinations in Term 1 (Martinmas Term) and Term 2 (Candlemas Term) will be marked
internally and the results will be available to the students as provisional Grades.
The final Grades will be assessed, and if necessary, modified after consultation with the External
Examiner, at the time of the Whitsun examination.
The External Examiner will attend in Whitsun and August/September to oversee the Second Professional
Degree Examination and the completion of the Grades, and to conduct Pass/Fail and Distinction Orals.
31
Course Information
If a student fails to complete any of the Examinations, then the Code of Practice on incomplete assessment
and good cause (University of Glasgow Calendar 2003-2004 available in the Library or from the
Department) will apply. Relevant extracts are reproduced below.
“XXII CODE OF PRACTICE ON INCOMPLETE ASSESSMENT AND GOOD CAUSE
22.1
This section sets out the rules covering the treatment of students prevented by good
cause from completing an assessment or performing adequately therein.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
For the purposes of this section ‘good cause’ shall mean illness or other adverse personal
circumstances serious enough to prevent a candidate from completing a summative assessment
at or by the due time; ‘evidence’ shall mean a full medical report, not merely a medical
certificate, or a written report detailing the adverse personal circumstances including
independent written evidence as appropriate.
If a candidate believes that good cause has prevented a piece of summative assessment,
including an examination script, being completed at or by the due time or has seriously
prejudiced his or her performance in a summative assessment, then he or she must promptly
notify the Head of Registry and submit appropriate evidence. Notification later than a week
after the due date for completion of the assessment will not normally be taken into account
except where circumstances prevented the student from notifying the Head of Registry within
this time. The Head of Registry will notify the relevant Head(s) of Department.
The Head of Department shall have discretion to set a later completion date for the assessment
in question including a special sitting of an examination. The candidate shall have the right to
decline such an alternative unless the assessment has been designated as compulsory in the
assessment scheme approved by Senate in respect of the course or programme concerned and
published in the course data base. Where the Head of Department does not exercise discretion
to set a later completion date, or where the candidate declines such an alternative, the
candidate may pursue the claim for good cause.
Where the claim for good cause is pursued the evidence submitted shall be considered by the
Board of Examiners which shall determine.
(a) if the evidence is of sufficient weight to constitute evidence of good cause;
(b) if sufficient material has been presented in respect of the summative assessment in question
for it to be regarded as completed, rather than merely attempted; in the latter case the
assessment shall be treated as though it had been prevented by good cause from being
completed.
22.2
If a candidate fails to complete a summative assessment required by a course without adequate
evidence of good cause then he or she shall be awarded zero marks or equivalent for that
assessment, and his or her mark or grade for the course shall be calculated accordingly.
22.4
If a candidate is adjudged by the Board of Examiners to have been prevented by good cause
from completing the assessment of the course, then the following arrangement shall apply;
(i)
The extent of the completion of the assessment shall be determined as a percentage of
the totality of summatively assessed work, based on assessment weightings published in
the course data-base, required by the assessment scheme approved by the Senate.
(ii)
The Board of Examiners shall make an overall judgement of the standard reached in the
completed part of the assessment, using as far as possible the same procedures as apply
to candidates who have completed the assessment.
(iii)
If the candidate has completed 85 per cent or more of the assessment the Board of
Examiners shall recommend the award of an appropriate grade (or no credit) on the
basis of the completed proportion.
(iv)
If the candidate has not completed 85 per cent of the assessment then the candidate
shall be regarded as not having attempted the assessment.”
32
Veterinary Anatomy
8.2.3.
Class (Terms 1 & 2) Examinations
There is a Class Examination held at the end of each of the Martinmas (Term 1) and Candlemas (Term 2)
terms during the second year of the course in Veterinary Anatomy. Each examination is structured as
detailed below:
Written Examination.
Duration 3 hours. Section A weighting 30% and Section B 40% of total.
This will be comprised of:
Section A
Section B
Student to answer three out of five essay-type questions.
Student to answer 50 compulsory short questions.
SPOT Practical Examinations. Weighting 30% of total.
This will be comprised of a combination of gross anatomical and histological spot questions.
A proportional mark from the combined Class Examinations taken in Martinmas and Candlemas
terms (Continuous Assessment) will account for 15% of the final Second Professional Degree
Examination mark at the end of the year.
8.2.4.
Second Professional Degree Examination (BVMS II) (First Diet) .
The Professional Examination in Veterinary Anatomy is taken after the second year of the course (BVMS
II) and may include subject matter given during the entire content of the two years of the Course.
The Second Professional Examination is the principal examination of the course in Veterinary Anatomy,
Animal Husbandry, Physiology and Biomolecular Science. The examination dates are given in the
current notice ‘University of Glasgow – Final Dates Degree Examinations’ and Course timetables. The
Rules and Regulations governing these examinations are contained in the current University Calendar, the
document ‘University of Glasgow Code for Degree Examinations’. Copies of these papers can be seen in
the Library or at the Veterinary Faculty Office.
Additional important information is displayed on the Noticeboards relating to the Course.
The Second Professional Examination in Veterinary Anatomy taken in the Whitsun (Third) Term
consists of the following components:
Written Examination (Section A weighting 10%, Section B 30% and Section C 20% of final degree
examination mark).
Duration 3 hours.
This will be comprised of:Section A
Student must answer one out of three essay type questions taken from first year subject
content.
Section B
Student must answer three out of five essay type questions taken from second year
subject content.
Section C
Student to answer 40 compulsory short questions taken from first and second year
subject content.
33
Course Information
A typical example of a Degree examination paper can be found in Appendix A.
Spot Practical Examination ( Weighting 25% of final mark).
This will be comprised of a combination of gross anatomical and histological spot questions.
The final degree examination mark is obtained by summing the marks from the Second
Professional Degree Examination written and practical examinations (as given above) with the
(continuous assessment) combined class examination mark (15%).
The Final Mark is therefore the total combined mark of:
Written 60 + Practical 25 + Continuous Assessment 15 = Total marks 100.
The Final Mark is converted to a Grade according to the system approved by The University (see
Schedule A). Candidates can pass the examination with Distinction, Commendation or Pass depending
on the grade achieved. A pass with Distinction can only be awarded on the decision of the External
Examiner after attendance by the candidate at an Oral Examination.
The aggregation score is used only for the calculation of honours and commendations, which are
determined at the end of the five year course.
8.2.5.
Resit Examination (Second Professional Degree Examination, Second Diet)
If the candidates fail the examination in June they may take the resit (2nd Diet) examinations in
September. Grades awarded at the second diet of the professional examination will in accordance with
university policy be capped at Grade D.
The Grades for the second diet will be based on the resit examination unless the student has missed the
First Diet examination with good cause. In such a case the total assessment will be as for the
First Diet of the examination.
The resit examination will have the following format:
A Written Examination of the same form and weighting as that in the First Diet.
There is no spot practical examination component in the resit diet of examinations. An extended
Oral/Practical Examination will accommodate the practical element of the exam, and will carry a
weighting of 40%.
The Final Mark is the total combined mark of:
Written 60 + Oral/Practical 40 = Total marks 100
The Final Mark is converted to a Grade according to the system approved by the The University (see
Schedule A).
All other conditions are as described for the first diet of the Examination.
8.2.6.
Marking and Oral Examination Procedures for the Second Year Professional Examination in Veterinary
Anatomy
Anonymity of marking and reporting
Examination answer books can only be identified to staff by matriculation number or examination
number thus ensuring student anonymity. Examination results are reported anonymously by
matriculation number or examination number. Under the Data Protection Act students are entitled to see
their examination scripts but staff will not discuss individual scripts in detail.
34
Veterinary Anatomy
Procedures
The Written and Practical Examination answers are marked by academic members of staff who are the
Internal Examiners and the Total Combined Mark for each candidate is calculated. The marks are
reviewed by a panel of Internal Examiners who may adjust the Written and Practical Marks. All papers
are made available to the External Examiner. The External Examiner is specifically requested to examine
papers of those candidates with a provisional grade of less than Grade D and those with provisional
marks above or just below Grade A. The External Examiner has the discretion to adjust the marks
awarded in the Written and Practical Examinations.
Candidates with less than Grade D are required to attend a Pass/Fail Oral Examination conducted
by the External Examiner with at least one of the Internal Examiners in attendance.
Notification will be anonymously by Examination or Matriculation number. The External Examiner will
have the discretionary power to modify marks if deemed appropriate. No student will be awarded a fail
grade without being examined by the External Examiner.
In addition, candidates with Grade A at the first attempt at the Examination are invited to attend a
Distinction Oral Examination conducted by the External Examiner with at least one of the Internal
Examiners in attendance. A Pass with Distinction may be awarded at the discretion of the External
Examiner.
35
Course Information
8.2.7.
8.3
Grading
The University has decided to use grading for all examinations.
The University policy on grading has changed and is now shown in Schedule A (University Calendar
2002-2003) with only grades A-D representing passes. There shall be three categories of award; honours,
commendation and pass. A candidate who is not placed in one of the three categories shall have failed the
programme.
SCHEDULE A
Non-honours Courses Primary verbal descriptors for attainment of
BVMS
Intended Learning Outcomes
Primary
Gloss
Grade
Exemplary range and depth of attainment of intended
A
Excellent learning outcomes, secured by discriminating
Honours
command of a comprehensive range of relevant
materials and analyses, and by deployment of
considered judgement relating to key issues, concepts
and procedures
Conclusive attainment of virtually all intended
B
Very Good learning outcomes, clearly grounded on a close
Commendation
familiarity with a wide range of supporting evidence,
constructively utilised to reveal appreciable depth of
understanding
Clear attainment of most of the intended learning
C
Good
outcomes, some more securely grasped than others,
Pass
resting on a circumscribed range of evidence and
displaying a variable depth of understanding
Acceptable attainment of intended learning
D
Satisfactory outcomes, displaying a qualified familiarity with a
minimally sufficient range of relevant materials, and
a grasp of the analytical issues and concepts which is
generally reasonable, albeit insecure
Attainment deficient in respect of specific intended
E
Weak
learning outcomes, with mixed evidence as to the
Fail
depth of knowledge and weak deployment of
arguments or deficient manipulations
Attainment of intended learning outcomes
F
Poor
appreciably deficient in critical respects, lacking
secure basis in relevant factual and analytical
dimensions
Attainment of intended learning outcomes markedly
G
Very Poor deficient in respect of nearly all intended learning
outcomes, with irrelevant use of materials and
incomplete and flawed explanation
No convincing evidence of attainment of intended
N
No Credit learning outcomes, such treatment of the subject as is
in evidence being directionless and fragmentary
CREDIT
Failure to comply, in the absence of good cause, with
CR
REFUSED the published requirements of the course or
programme.
External Examiner
For the session 2004-2005, the External Examiner for the Course in Veterinary Anatomy is Professor
David Hogg, Dean of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Grenada.
36
Veterinary Anatomy
8.4
Prizes
The Division of Veterinary Anatomy makes two awards based on the results of the Second Professional
Degree Examination.


The Royal Highland Agricultural Society of Scotland Silver Medal
The Aitken/Smith Prize
These are awarded to the top student or students based on the degree examination result and on best
performance over the two years of the course.
8.5
Appeal Against Result
Any student who feels that they have been unfairly treated should communicate with the Faculty
Secretary (Ms. Sarah Chiodetto) who will advise on the necessary procedure.
8.6
General Information









9.
Written examinations are held in one of the examination halls in the main university campus at
Gilmorehill. The name of the examination room will be posted.
Students are advised to read the instructions on the examination books carefully.
Students are not allowed to leave the examination hall until after the first hour has elapsed.
Any student experiencing difficulty should immediately communicate their problem to the invigilator.
No calculators will be permitted to be taken into the examination rooms for the subject of Veterinary
Anatomy. Overseas students who wish to use a language dictionary must present this for approval to
the Head of Division prior to the examination.
Practical examinations are necessarily held in the department. The nature of these examinations will
be communicated to students by the Head of Division. These examinations follow the formula
already established in the class examinations.
The weighting for each component examination is posted in the department at the beginning of the
session.
Students experiencing problems in their preparation for the examinations should contact a member of
staff, their Regent, their Adviser of Studies, the Faculty Secretary or the Dean.
It is customary for the Head of Division to interview students whose class exam results demonstrate
problems in dealing with the work of the course.
POLICY ON EXEMPTIONS AND COURSE CERTIFICATION.
Exemptions are not given. However, a student entering the Veterinary Course directly into second year is
deemed to have been exempt from the First Year Professional Examination held in BVMS I. All students
must attempt the Veterinary Anatomy component of the 2nd Professional Examination and obtain a Pass
in order to proceed to the 3rd Year of the BVMS Degree Course.
Course Certificates
A candidate may not be admitted to a Professional Examination in any subject unless his attendance and
work in that course has been assessed as being satisfactory by the Course Leader (Supplementary
Regulation 12, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow University Calendar).
Special provision will be made for those students who are ill at the time of examinations (providing a
medical certificate is available).
37
Course Information
10.
OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION
STUDENT REQUIREMENTS (Notes, Protective Clothing, Instruments)
10.1
Student Notes
Printed notes will be made available for second year study (> 1000 pages pre-paid). The notes will be
distributed throughout the duration of the course. These notes are to be used in addition to textbooks but
some sections are not available elsewhere and are necessary for carrying out the work of many parts of the
course.
Moodle
Moodle is the University's centrally supported Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The Faculty
Moodle site can be accessed from on- or off-campus at: http://moodle.gla.ac.uk/vet/moodle/
Users should log in with their Novell username and password. After a successful login you will
be asked to update your profile.
Once you have logged on, you will be able to access individual courses within Moodle, as well as
general information, and information relating to EMS, summer vacation scholarships, and career
opportunities. Many of the courses require a one-time enrolment key. Your course tutors will
provide these at the start of term. Within individual courses, you will find links to lecture notes
and presentations, past papers, timetables, and links to relevant websites that have been reviewed
by your tutors. Throughout the year your tutors may also add additional Moodle ‘activities’ such
as self-test material, assignments, surveys and discussion forums.
Within ‘General resources and links for students’, you will find links to courses designed to help
you start using Moodle.
Moodle replaces the Student Web Server, a 2004-5 archive version of which is still available onor off-campus at: http://www.gla.ac.uk/faculties/vet/teaching/sws/
You will need to username 'vetstudent' and the password 'jamesherriot' to access this.
For any problems with Moodle please email Vicki Dale (v.dale@vet.gla.ac.uk).
10.2
Protective Clothing






10.3
All students MUST at all times, when working in the laboratory, wear protective clothing.
Protective clothing must be changed when contaminated.
Protective clothing worn in the laboratory must be taken off before visiting canteen, common rooms,
library or lecture theatre.
When taken off, protective clothing must not be placed in lockers adjacent to normal outer clothing.
Boots must be worn when working with fresh material and when handling live animals, and washed
thoroughly after use.
Hands must be washed after removing protective clothing and gloves.
General Safety




FOOD and DRINK is not permitted in laboratories or lecture theatres.
SMOKING is not permitted.
COSMETICS (other than hand creams used after washing) must not be applied in any laboratory.
You are advised to wash hands often during work periods and ALWAYS before you leave the work
38
Veterinary Anatomy










area.
Cuts and grazes must be covered with a waterproof dressing.
Paper towels are supplied for use in all laboratories.
ALL INJURIES, no matter how minor, are to be reported at once to staff members on duty or the
Chief Technician. The incidents will then be noted on an official pro-forma.
Clean up work areas. Do not leave it for someone else to do for you.
Do not leave SHARPS lying around. Put them in receptacles provided for that use.
Unpack specimens carefully from plastic bags.
NO plastic gloves or bags to be put in the buckets under the tables. Put in black rubbish bags.
No bags, clothes etcetera to be left lying in dissection room. Leave outside.
There is a strict CODE OF PRACTICE for disposal of biological waste. Close attention should be
paid to the instructions posted in the laboratories for systems of disposal.
The departmental instructions for “Handling & Demonstration of Bovine Heads/CNS Material”
MUST be adhered to. The specific instructions are posted in the Dissection laboratory.
A laboratory coat must be worn at all times during practical classes and wellington boots (black or green)
are compulsory wear when working with live large animals. Students must have purchased these by the
start of each session.
Instruments - Instruments will be necessary for the start of the first term. A set of instruments and
disposable gloves will be available for purchase in the department at the start of first term, first year.
Approximate cost, instruments £20.00, gloves £5.50 and new students may purchase them on arrival.
10.4
Staff And Student Liaison
All teaching staff wish to stress the importance of quickly identifying problems associated with the
course, and seek to encourage concerned students to discuss any such problems with staff as soon as
possible. It has been found useful, however, to have a member of staff to pay attention specifically to such
matters, and for the Veterinary Anatomy course this is Dr.Mike Purton.
There is also an avenue for some difficulties to be more usefully dealt with by the Faculty Staff/Student
Liaison Committee, via the Second Year Class representatives or the designated member of staff.
10.5
Lecturing Staff presenting the Anatomy course:
Dr M Bain, Lecturer, Division of Cell Sciences
Teaching Responsibilities – Cells & Tissues. Cardiovascular, Respiratory & Urinary Systems. Skin &
Mammary Glands. Poultry MSc.
Research Interests - Egg Shell Quality.
Divisional Responsibilities - Demonstrator Co-ordinator, Quality Assurance Officer.
Mrs A King, Lecturer, Clinical Services Unit
Teaching Responsibilities – Locomotion. Body Wall. Cardiac, abdominal, reproductive and
musculoskeletal ultrasound in small and large animals.
Research Interests - Reproductive ultrasound in sheep and horses, internet-based distance learning.
Mr C Paterson, Supervisor of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Clinical Services Unit
Teaching Responsibilities - Small and large animal ultrasound, including locomotion, cardiology and
39
Course Information
abdominal systems.
Research Interests - Ultrasound reproduction in cattle, horses and sheep. Echocardiology in small and
large animals.
Professor J S Boyd, Tutor
Teaching Responsibilities - Practical classes and tutorials.
Dr M E S Pirie, Tutor
Teaching Responsibilities - Practical classes and tutorials.
Dr M D Purton, Lecturer, Division of Cell Sciences
Primary Teaching Responsibilities – Digestive & Reproductive Systems. Nervous System. Special
Senses. Endocrine & Lymphatic Systems. Avian Anatomy. Biology of Reptilia, Amphibia and Fish.
Laboratory animals.
Research Interests - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy.
Divisional Responsibilities (for Anatomy)- Examinations Officer, Timetable Officer and Course Leader.
In charge of the Reptile Unit.
Faculty Responsibilities – First Year Student Adviser.
Anatomy Technical Staff
Mr David Newham
Mr Alan Purvis
Mr Ian McNaught
Anatomy Laboratory Assistants
Ms Pat Wilson
Mrs Frances Watterson
Mrs Barbara Lambie
Divisional Secretary
Mrs Linda Bellingham.
40
Veterinary Anatomy
TIMETABLES
PLEASE NOTE IN THE FOLLOWING TIMETABLES:
1.
GILMOREHILL LECTURE VENUES FOR MARTINMAS TERM ARE TO BE CONFIRMED*. DETAILS AND/OR
CHANGES WILL BE POSTED ON THE SECOND YEAR NOTICE BOARD OUTSIDE THE GROSS ANATOMY
DISSECTION LABORATORY. *NOW CONFIRMED.
LAST YEAR’S TIMETABLES ARE SHOWN TO INDICATE TOPICS COVERED IN CANDLEMAS AND WHITSUN
TERMS. THIS YEAR’S CANDLEMAS AND WHITSUN TIMETABLES WILL BE POSTED ON THE SECOND YEAR
NOTICE BOARD OUTSIDE THE GROSS ANATOMY DISSECTION LABORATORY AS SOON AS THEY HAVE BEEN
FINALISED.
2.
STUDENTS WOULD BE WELL ADVISED TO CHECK FOR ANY CHANGES ON A REGULAR BASIS.
WK
1
2
DATE
Wed 29 Sep
Thur 30 Sep
Mon 4 Oct
Tues 5 Oct
Wed 6 Oct
Thur 7 Oct
3
Mon 11 Oct
Tues 12 Oct
Wed 13 Oct
Thur 14 Oct
4
Department of Pre-Clinical Studies
Second Year BVMS Course (Anatomy & Physiology)
Term I (Martinmas) 2004/2005
TIME
LECTURE
STAFF
TIME
10.00-12.00
Respiration
IAJ
09.00-10.00
Skin
MB
10.30-11.30
Skin
MB
11.30-1.00
1.30-3.00
10.00-12.00
Respiration
MP
09.00.10.00
Respiration
MP
10.30-12.30
1.30-2.30
Respiration
MP
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
Respiration
IAJ
09.00-10.00
Respiration
MP
10.30-12.30
1.30-2.30
Respiration
MP
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
Respiration
MP
09.00.10.00
Respiration
IAJ
10.30-11.30
Respiration
IAJ
11.30-12.30
1.30-2.30
Respiration
MP
2.30-5.00
09.00-1.00
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-12.00
Respiration
Respiration
Respiration
MP
IAJ
IAJ
09.00.10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Cardiovasc.
Respiration
Respiration
CL
MP
IAJ
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Respiration
Respiration
MP
MP
Mon 25 Oct
10.00-12.00
Cardiovasc
MB
Tues 26 Oct
09.00.10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Cardiovasc.
Cardiovasc.
Cardiovasc.
MB
POS
POS
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Cardiovasc.
Cardiovasc.
MB
MB
Embryo Images
MB
Mon 18 Oct
Tues 19 Oct
Wed 20 Oct
Thur 21 Oct
5
Wed 27 Oct
Thur 28 Oct
3.00-4.00
41
PRACTICAL
STAFF
Skin (Gp A)
Skin (Gp B)
MB
MB
Respiration
Respiration
MP
MP
Respiration
Respiration
MP
MP
Respiration
Respiration
Respiration CAL
(Gps C&D)
Respiration
Respiration
Respiration CAL
(Gps E&F)
MP
MP
IAJ
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
09.00- 1.00
Respiration
Respiration
Circulation I Lab.
(Gps A&B)
MP
MP
IAJ
11.30-1.00
1.30-3.00
3.00-5.00
Respiration(GpB)
Respiration(GpA)
Respiration CAL
(Gps A&B)
MP
MP
IAJ
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
9.00-1.00
Cardiovasc.
Cardiovasc.
Circulation I Lab
(Gps C&D)
MB
MB
IAJ
11.30-1.00
1.30-3.00
Cardiovasc(Gp A)
Cardiovasc(Gp B)
MB
MB
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
3.00-5.00
MP
MP
IAJ
Course Information
WK
6
DATE
Mon 1 Nov
TIME
10.00-12.00
LECTURE
Cardiovascular
STAFF
MB
Tues 2 Nov
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
POS
POS
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
10.00-12.00
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
POS
POS
LR
LR
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Digestive Sys
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
LR
POS
POS
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
Cardiovascular
Digestive Sys
POS
LR
10.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
Digestion
Digestive Sys
LR
LR
IAJ
LR
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
MP
MP
Mon 22 Nov
10.00-12.00
Digestion
IAJ
Tues 23 Nov
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Digestion
Digestion
Digestive Sys
IAJ
IAJ
LR
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-12.00
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
LR
LR
LR
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Digestion
Digestion
Digestion
IAJ
IAJ
IAJ
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
10.00-12.00
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
Endocrines
MP
MP
IAJ
Wed 3 Nov
Thur 4 Nov
7
Mon 8 Nov
Tues 9 Nov
Wed 10 Nov
Thur 11 Nov
8
AVS Weekend
Mon 15 Nov
Tues 16 Nov
Wed 17 Nov
Thur 18 Nov
9
Wed 24 Nov
Thur 25 Nov
10
Mon 29 Nov
Tues 30 Nov
Wed 1 Dec
Thur 2 Dec
11
Mon 6 Dec
Tues 7 Dec
Thurs 9 Dec
12
Mon 13 Dec
Tues 14 Dec
Thurs 16 Dec
TIME
3.00-5.00
11.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
9.00-1.00
STAFF
IAJ
Cardiov/U-sound
Cardiov/U-sound
Circulation I Lab
(Gps E&F)
MB/CP
MB/CP
IAJ
2.30-5.00
3.00-5.00
Revisions
Circulation II CAL
(Gps C&D)
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
09.00- 1.00
Digestive Sys.
Digestive Sys.
Resp./Exercise Lab
(Gps E&F)
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
LR
LR
IAJ
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
09.00- 1.00
Digestive Sys.
Digestive Sys.
Resp./Exercise Lab
(Gps C&D)
LR
LR
IAJ
11.30-1.00
1.30-3.00
3.00-5.00
Digestive Sys (Gp B)
Digestive Sys (Gp A)
Circulation II CAL
(Gps E&F)
MP
MP
IAJ
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
09.00- 1.00
LR
LR
IAJ
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Digestive Sys.
Digestive Sys.
Resp./Exercise Lab
(Gps A&B)
Digestive Sys
Digestive Sys
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-1.00
11.30-1.00
1.30-3.00
Clin Anat./U-sound
Clin Anat./U-sound
Ruminant Dig
Digestive Sys (Gp A)
Digestive Sys (Gp B)
(tba)/CP
IAJ
MP
MP
Endo /Lymph (Gp B)
Endo /Lymph (Gp A)
MP
MP
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
09.00-10.00
Endocrines
MP
10.30-11.30
Endocrines
MP
09.00-10.00
Lymphatic Sys
MP
11.30-1.00
10.30-11.30
Lymphatic Sys
MP
1.30-3.00
Veterinary Anatomy Written Class Examination
Veterinary Anatomy Gross Practical Class Examination
Veterinary Physiology Class Examination
Veterinary Anatomy Histology Practical Class Examination
42
PRACTICAL
Circulation II CAL
(Gps A&B)
IAJ
LR
LR
LR
LR
Veterinary Anatomy
Lectures:
Mondays mornings (10.00-12.00) – Davidson Building, LT208, Gilmorehill
Wednesday 29 September ) 10.00 – 12.00 Adam Smith Building 1115 (T415)
Wednesday 6 October
)
Tuesdays:
Assembly Hall (am), LADT (pm)
Thursdays:
LADT (am), Assembly Hall (pm)
Anatomy Practicals:
Tuesdays & Thursdays:
Physiology Practicals:
Practical class groups are the same as for Animal Husbandry Division and will be
displayed on notice boards:
Anatomy Dissection Lab/Histopathology Lab, Garscube
CAL classes
Circulation Labs &
Respiration Labs
Staff:
MB
IAJ
POS
MP
CP
Computer Cluster, Garscube
Anatomy Lab, Garscube
Note: Bring Lab Coats
Dr. M. Bain
Dr. I.A. Jeffcoate
Prof. P. O’Shaughnessy
Dr. M. Purton
Mr C. Paterson
43
Course Information
Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies
Second Year BVMS Course
Term II (Candlemas) 2003/2004
WK
1
DATE
Mon 12 Jan
Tue 13 Jan
Wed 14 Jan
Thur 15 Jan
2
Mon 19 Jan
Tue 20 Jan
TIME
LECTURE
STAFF
10.00-11.00
11.00-12.00
*2.00-4.00
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
Fish
Fish
Endocrinology
Reproduction
Reproduction
MP
MP
IAJ
IAJ
IAJ
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-11.00
11.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-11.00
11.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
3
Mon 26 Jan
Tue 27 Jan
4
Mon 2 Feb
Tue 3 Feb
MP
MP
LR
LR
IAJ
IAJ
LR
IAJ
LR
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
t.b.a.
t.b.a.
MP
MP
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
LR
LR
*
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
IAJ
IAJ
LR
IAJ
LR
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Reproduction
Reproduction
*Tutorials
(Group A&B)
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
*
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-11.00
11.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Reproduction
Reproduction
Mammary
Gland
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
MB
MB
IAJ
IAJ
CK
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Reproduction
Reproduction
*Tutorials
(Group C&D)
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
*
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
10.00-11.00
11.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Male Repro.
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
LR
LR
POS
POS
LR
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Reproduction
Reproduction
*Tutorials
(Group E&F)
Reproduction
Mammary Gland
LR
LR
*
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
POS
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Reproduction
Reproduction
*Tutorials
(Group A&B)
Reproduction
Reproduction
Wed 4 Feb
Thur 5 Feb
5
Mon 9 Feb
Tue 10 Feb
Wed 11 Feb
Thur 12 Feb
STAFF
Fish
Fish
Wed 28 Jan
Thur 29 Jan
PRACTICAL
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Wed 21 Jan
Thur 22 Jan
TIME
44
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
LR
LR
LR
LR
LR
MB
LR
LR
Veterinary Anatomy
WK
6
DATE
TIME
Mon 16Feb
LECTURE
STAFF
09.00-10.00
10.00-11.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Renal
Renal
Reproduction
Reproduction
Renal
MB
MB
LR
LR
MB
Thur 19 Feb
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
Reproduction
Reproduction
LR
LR
Mon 23 Feb
Tue 24 Feb
10.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
1.30-2.30
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
MB
MB
IAJ
IAJ
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
10.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Renal
Renal
Renal
Amphib/
Reptiles
IAJ
IAJ
IAJ
MP
MP
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
10.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
Small Mammals
Small Mammals
Acid Base
Fetal
MP
MP
IAJ
IAJ
Tue 17 Feb
Wed 18 Feb
7
8
Mon 1 Mar
Tue 2 Mar
Wed 3 Mar
Thur 4 Mar
9
Mon 8 Mar
Tue 9 Mar
Wed 10 Mar
Thur 11Mar
11.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
PRACTICAL
STAFF
Reproduction
Reproduction
*Tutorials
(Group C&D)
Reproduction
Reproduction/
Ultrasound
LR
LR
*
Renal
*Tutorials
(Group E&F)
Renal
Renal
MB
*
1.00-5.00
Amphib/
Reptiles
MP
1.00-5.00
Small Mammals
MP
10.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
Mock Orals
Mock Orals
10.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
Mock Orals
Mock Orals
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Wed 25 Feb
Thur 26 Feb
TIME
2.30-5.00
10.00-12.00
10.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
LR
JSB/
CP
MB
MB
10
Mon 15 Mar
Tue 16 Mar
Wed 17 Mar
Examination Week (see Departmental Notice Boards)
Thur 18Mar
Fri 19 Mar
Lectures a.m. Davidson Building LT (208)
Mondays:
*WEEK 1 - 12.1.04, 2.00 - 4.00 p.m. Graham Kerr Building LT1(224)
Assembly Hall
Tuesdays:
Vet Physio Tutorials – see separate notice.
Wednesdays:
LADT (a.m.), Assembly Hall (p.m.)
Thursdays:
Practicals
Anatomy Dissection/Histopathology Laboratory, Garscube

Please Note: Details of assessment tests will be provided on the Anatomy 1st Year Student Notice Board
nearer the appropriate time.
Staff
POS:
JSB:
IAJ:
Professor P.J. O’Shaughnessy
Professor J.S Boyd
Dr I Jeffcoate
LR:
MP:
MB:
45
Dr L.Robertson
Dr M. Purton
Dr M.Bain
CP:
CK:
Mr C. Paterson
Dr C. Knight
(Hannah Research Institute)
Course Information
Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies
Second Year BVMS Course
Term III (Whitsun) 2003/2004
WK
DATE
1
2
TIME
LECTURE
STAFF
10.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Special Senses
Special Senses
Special Senses
MP
MP
MP
1.30-5.00
Wed 21 Apr
09.00-10.00
Special Senses
MP
10.30-12.30
Thur 22 Apr
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Special Senses
Special Senses
MP
MP
Mon 19 Apr
Tue 20 Apr
Mon 26 Apr
10.00-12.00
Avian Anatomy
MP
Tue 27 Apr
09.00-10.00
10.30-11.30
Avian Anatomy
Avian Anatomy
MP
MP
Wed 28 Apr
Thur 29 Apr
3
Mon 3 May
Tue 4 May
PRACTICAL
STAFF
Abd. Ultrasound
Review
Renal Revision
Tutorials*
(Groups D,E,F)
CP/JSB
11.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
2.00-5.00
Special Senses
Special Senses
Renal Revision
Tutorials*
(Groups A,B,C)
MP
11.30-12.30
1.30-5.00
09.00-12.00
Special Senses
Special Senses
Endo/Repro
Rev. Tutorials*
(Groups D,E,F)
MP
MP
IAJ
2.00-5.00
Avian Anatomy
MP
Locom. Review
Locom. Review
Endo/Repro
Rev. Tutorials*
(Groups A,B,C)
Locom. Review
Locom. Review
AK
AK
IAJ
09.00-10.00 Avian Anatomy
10.30-11.30 Avian Physiology
1.00-2.00
Avian Physiology
University Holiday
09.00-10.00 Locom. Review
10.30-11.30 Locom. Review
MP
IAJ
IAJ
AK
AK
10.30-12.30
2.00-5.00
09.00-12.00
09.00-10.00
1.30-2.30
AK
AK
10.30-12.30
2.30-5.00
Wed 5 May
Thur 6 May
TIME
Locom. Review
Locom. Review
4
Lectures
Mondays: am
*Mon 26.04.04*
Anatomy Large LT, Gilmorehill
Pre-Paraclinical LT, Vet. Anatomy
Tuesdays:
Assembly Hall (a.m.), Assembly Hall (p.m.)
Wednesdays:
21.04.04
26.04.04,
28.04.04
5.05.04
Thursdays:
*Physiology Revision Tutorials
Assembly Hall
Pre-Paraclinical LT, Vet Anatomy
Practicals
Staff
IAJ:
LADT (a.m.), Assembly Hall (p.m.)
Anatomy Dissection/Histopathology Laboratory, Garscube
Dr I.A. Jeffcoate
MP: Dr M Purton
46
AK: Mrs A King
IAJ
MP
IAJ
AK
AK
Veterinary Anatomy
12.
SAMPLE EXAMINATION PAPERS
SECOND YEAR B.V.M.S.
Term 1: Monday 8th December 2003
Veterinary Anatomy Written Examination
Martinmas Term
Time: 1.30 p.m. - 4.30 p.m.
SECTION A
Answer any THREE of the following questions.
Each answer is to be written in a separate book.
Mark the book with SECTION A and question number.
Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever possible.
WEIGHTING 30%
1.
Give an overview of the histological appearance of a section of skin taken from the ventral
abdomen of a dog, and then compare this to a histological section of skin obtained from the
foot pad. Comment on the functional significance of the differences you have highlighted.
2.
Describe the topography of the canine heart, making reference to both external landmarks
and surrounding structures and organs.
3.
Giving anatomical detail, explain the mechanisms involved in controlling the flow of air
through the upper respiratory tract of a horse at rest and during exercise.
4.
Give a topographical account of the gastrointestinal tract of the adult dog.
5.
Compare and contrast the adult dentition of the dog and the horse.
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in this section using the large book.
Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever possible.
WEIGHTING 40%
1.
2.
Where would you expect to find a melanocyte, and what is its function?
What type of
b) bovine skin?
hair
follicles
are
typically
found
in
a)
horse
skin
3.
What is a sinus hair?
4.
What name is given to the commonest type of cell associated with the basal layer of the
epidermis?
5.
Illustrate how the skin is vascularised.
6.
What is the difference between a continuous and a fenestrated type of capillary? Give an
example of where you might find each type.
7.
Name two features that would enable you to differentiate between cardiac, smooth and
skeletal muscle in histological section.
47
and
Course Information
8.
With reference to the established foetal circulation, draw a labelled sketch to show two ways
in which blood entering the right atrium is able to bypass the high resistance pulmonary
circuit.
9.
From which aortic arch does the definitive aorta normally develop in mammals.
10.
What arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog?
11.
Where would you find chordae tendinae in the heart, and what is their function?
12.
The closure of which heart valves give rise to the first heart sound (Lub)?
13.
In which chamber of the heart would you find the sinuatrial node, and what is its function?
14.
In a dog, name two veins that could be commonly used to obtain a blood sample.
15.
Name four types of papillae found on the bovine tongue.
16.
Name the four major pairs of salivary glands in the dog.
17.
What is the dental formula of an adult cow?
18.
Name the three main cell types found in the fundic glands of the canine simple stomach.
19.
Where, precisely, are the anal sacs and their openings located in the dog?
20.
Which vessel, arising from the abdominal aorta, provides the main arterial supply to the
equine small intestine?
21.
Name four structures contributing to the periodontium of a mammalian tooth.
22.
Name the three vessels supplying the digestive system of the developing embryo.
23.
Name the structures formed from the dorsal mesogastrium and ventral mesogastrium of the embryo.
24.
Which cranial nerve provides a motor innervation to:
a) the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
b) the muscles of facial expression?
25.
Where would you locate the descending duodenum in a dog?
26.
The lesser omentum runs between which structures?
27.
Name the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm in the dog. Which lies most medially?
28.
Name, in proximal to distal order, the four main sections of the equine ascending colon,
including the names of the intervening flexures.
29.
By means of a diagram, illustrate two major distinguishing features of the canine spleen.
30.
Which lies most rostral in the lower equine incisor tooth, the infundibulum or the dental star?
31.
Illustrate the lobes of the bovine liver.
48
Veterinary Anatomy
32.
A puppy is born with teeth. True or false?
A piglet is born with teeth. True or false?
33.
Name the cranial nerve which provides the sensory nerve supply to the teeth.
34.
Describe a major distinguishing gross anatomical feature of a) the reticulum
b) the omasum in the ruminant stomach.
35.
Illustrate a serous demilune in a mixed salivary gland.
36.
In an abattoir examination room, how would you differentiate between the larynx and trachea
of a large sow and a calf?
37.
Excluding size, when examined in a post-mortem room, how would you differentiate between
the lungs of a cow and a horse?
38.
What tubular structures pass through the region known as the root of the lung?
39.
Explain why the recurrent laryngeal nerve is so named. What major mechanical function
would be impaired if it were damaged?
40.
Name the bones which make up the hard palate in the dog.
41.
How does the conchofrontal sinus of the horse drain into the nasal cavity?
42.
The frontal sinus extends into the cornual process in horned ruminants. True or false?
43.
Using a lateral view diagram, indicate the relative position of the soft palate to the entrance
to the larynx in a cow during a) normal inspiration at rest and b) swallowing.
44.
A normal healthy dog has a cool, wet nasal planum. What provides this moisturising effect?
45.
Name, in order from cranial to caudal, the major cartilages of the larynx of a dog, and indicate
which are single and which are paired.
46.
By means of a diagram, illustrate the borders of the area of auscultation of the lung in the
cow in relation to the thoracic wall.
47.
Which cranial nerve provides a sensory innervation to the mucosa of the laryngeal vestibule in
the cat?
48.
By means of a labelled diagram only, illustrate the main histological features of a typical
respiratory epithelium, as found lining the mammalian trachea.
49.
Name two functions performed by the alveolar Type II cell.
50.
By means of a labelled diagram only, illustrate the structural components of the blood/air
barrier in the mammalian lung.
49
Course Information
SECOND YEAR B.V.M.S.
Term 2: Monday 15th March 2004
Veterinary Anatomy Written Examination
Time: 9.00a.m. – 12.00p.m.
Candlemas Term
SECTION A
Answer any THREE of the following questions.
Each answer is to be written in a separate book.
Mark the book with SECTION A and question number.
Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever possible.
WEIGHTING 30%
1. Compare the gross external and internal anatomical features of the lactating bovine udder with
that of the mare.
2. Describe the histology of the dog’s kidney.
3. Describe the tubular genital tract of the late pregnant sow including a description of the placenta
and foetuses.
4. Discuss the gross anatomy of the ovary of the adult cow and the changes which occur during the
oestrous cycle.
5. Give an account of the scrotum and its contents in the adult bull.
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions in this section using the large book.
Illustrate your answers with diagrams wherever possible.
WEIGHTING 40%
1. Which vessel provides the main arterial supply to the bovine udder?
2. What is colostrum and what is its significance?
3. Which lymph nodes are directly associated with the lymphatic drainage of the mammary
glands in the bitch?
4. What name is given to the contractile cells which surround the secretory alveoli in the fully
lactating mammary gland?
5. What type of epithelium lines the ureter? Illustrate its typical appearance.
6. Where would you find the detruser muscle and what is its function?
7.
Which nerve(s) innervate(s) the bladder wall?
8. The renal lobe is the macroscopic unit of the kidney- illustrate.
9. What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?
50
Veterinary Anatomy
10. What is the embryological origin of the kidney collecting ducts?
11. Where would you find the vasa recta in the kidney and what function do they have?
12. Illustrate how you would differentiate between a section through a proximal convoluted
tubule and a distal convoluted tubule in a histological section of the renal cortex.
13. What are the 3 main stages involved in the development of the mammalian kidney and from
which of these is the definitive kidney formed?
14. What name is given to the superficial veins which characterise the feline kidney?
15. What is the function of the cheek pouches of the hamster?
16. Which of these rodents give birth normally to helpless, hairless young:
(a)
rat
(b)
chinchilla
(c)
hamster?
17. The rabbit indulges in coprophagia. What do you understand this to mean?
18. Give the dental formula for an adult rabbit.
19. Is the ano-genital distance of a typical rodent greater in the male or the female?
20. The incisor teeth of the chinchilla grow continuously throughout life. True or False?
21. In the bony fishes, the pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. True or False?
22. Both amphibians and reptiles are ectothermic animals. True or False?
23. Name the three major respiratory surfaces utilised by the adult frog.
24. Name two features enabling you to identify a slow-worm as a lizard on external examination.
25. In which third of the body is the heart of the snake located?
26. Which vascular feature must be taken into account when considering intramuscular injections
into the hindlimb of the green iguana?
27. Are the bulb of the penis and the bulbus glandis one and the same thing? Explain.
28. Name two animals with an Os penis.
29. Name the peritoneal coverings of the testis.
30. What is the source of the blood supply to the testes of the horse?
31. Name the structure which lies round the neck of the bladder of the male dog.
32. List the accessory sex glands of the stallion.
33. What is the function of a Sertoli cell?
34. Where would a spermatogonium be found?
51
Course Information
35. What is the fate of a round spermatid?
36. What is the acrosome of a spermatozoon?
37. Name two structures which form from the mesonephric duct.
38. List the structures which form the 'broad ligament'.
39. Name two structures which form from the urogenital sinus.
40. Name the extra-embryonic membrane which is the site of origin of the primordial germ cells
in the embryo.
41. Name the blood vessels present in the bovine umbilical cord.
42. Name the cell type lining the antral follicle.
43. At what stage of the oestrus cycle are erythrocytes present in the vaginal smear from the
bitch?
44. Name the main two cell types found in a bovine corpus luteum.
45. Describe a primordial follicle.
46. Name the type of placenta found in the pregnant cow.
47. List the fetal membranes found in the mare.
48. Describe one feature which distinguishes the pregnant uterus of the sheep from that of the
cow.
49. The queen is a spontaneous ovulator. True or False?
50. Name the ligament which attaches the ovary to the uterine horn of a bitch.
52
Veterinary Anatomy
9.30 a.m. – 12.30 p.m.
Tuesday 1st June, 2004
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
SECOND PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE
DEGREE OF BVMS
VETERINARY ANATOMY
(Please read instructions carefully)
Use a separate, numbered book for each question answered.
Answer ONE question in Section A
Answer THREE questions in Section B
Answer ALL questions in Section C
Put the answers for each section in the appropriate book, A, B or C
Illustrate your answers by diagram whenever possible.
All FIVE books must be handed in.
SECTION A
Weighting: 10%
1.
Give an account of the anatomical structures in the horse that prevent collapse of the thoracic
limb during weight bearing in the standing position.
2.
Compare and contrast the hip joint of the dog and horse by describing structure and function.
3.
List the fibres and cells of connective tissue. Comment on the cellular origin of the fibres and
the functional significance of the cell population.
SECTION B
Weighting: 30%
1.
Give an account of the paranasal sinus system in the horse. Briefly indicate any features
which may be of clinical importance.
2.
Give an account of the structures involved in the continuous production and removal of the
fluids that bathe both the inner and outer surfaces of the canine cornea.
3.
Give a topographical account of the large intestine of the adult horse
4.
Compare and contrast the non-pregnant reproductive tracts of the bitch and the cow.
5.
Give an account of the histology of blood vessels, relating structure to function.
SECTION C
Weighting: 20%
1. By means of a diagram, illustrate the position and the boundaries of the glottis in the canine
larynx.
53
Course Information
2. What type of epithelium is present on a) the dorsal surface of the epiglottis and b) on the ventral
nasal concha?
3. Which cranial nerve carries motor fibres to a) m. levator nasolabialis, and b) m. cricoarytenoideus
dorsalis?
4. By means of a diagram, illustrate the borders of the area of auscultation of the lung in the cow in
relation to the thoracic wall.
5. Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic nerve fibres to m. constrictor pupillae of the iris?
6. Name the cavities connected by the auditory tube.
7. By means of a diagram, locate the tragohelicine (pretragic) and intertragic incisures (notches) in
the canine ear.
8. What do you understand by the term fundus in relation to the eye?
9. The periorbita contains smooth muscle – True or False?
10. Name two sites for obtaining blood samples from a parrot.
11. By means of a diagram, illustrate the component bones of a pigeon’s wing.
12. At what level of the vertebral column does the spinal cord terminate in the dog?
13. Illustrate the general appearance of pseudostratified epithelium and give an example of where you
might find this type of tissue.
14. Where would you find keratinocytes and what are their function?
15. Illustrate and label the components of a simple hair follicle as seen in transverse section.
16. What do you understand by the term compound tubulo-alveolar gland?
17. Which nerve innervates the glandular parenchyma of the bovine udder?
18. What structures give rise to the cardiac skeleton?
19. With reference to the heart what is the function of the trabecula septomarginalis?
20. In which chamber of the heart would you expect to find the opening of the coronary sinus and
what is its function?
21. Which of the following statements is/are true:
a) The left kidney in the dog is retroperitoneal.
b) The left kidney in the dog can be palpated.
22. Where would you find the juxtglomerular apparatus and what is its function?
23. Name four types of papillae found on the bovine tongue.
24. Which muscle forms the basis of the canine cheek, and what is its nerve supply ?
25. Which of the compartments of the bovine stomach lies most cranially?
54
Veterinary Anatomy
26. In the dog, the descending duodenum runs to which side of the body – right or left?
27. What is the corpus albicans?
28. Name the regions of the uterine tube.
29. At a microscopic level the carnivore placenta is defined as endothelio-chorial. Explain this term.
30. Which cell type would be the dominant feature of a vaginal smear from a bitch during oestrus?
31. List all the vascular structures which are severed on cutting the spermatic cord.
32. The cremaster muscle is a division of which abdominal muscle?
33. List the accessory glands of the stallion.
34. List the blood vessels which supply the penis of the horse.
35. Draw a labelled diagram of a spermatozoon.
36. If the obturator nerve of the cow is damaged during calving, which group of muscles will be
affected? Why will obturator nerve damage cause more of a problem in a cow than a horse?
37. Classify the following bones as to their anatomical type: a) humerus b) patella c) third carpal
bone. What is the functional significance of each of these types of bone?
38. To replace the components of the canine elbow joint to their normal anatomical location following
traumatic dislocation, the joint must be placed in (a) hyper-extension; (b) hyperflexion; (c)
midway between positions (a) and (b)? Which is correct? Give anatomical reasons for your
selection.
39. Use a simple labelled diagram to demonstrate the points of attachment of the nuchal ligament in
the dog
40. Which structure(s) pass through the inguinal canal in the bitch?
END
55
Course Information
13.
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES
DIVISION OF VETERINARY ANATOMY
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECOND YEAR ANATOMY COURSE
SESSION 19../..
Your comments will be treated seriously and will enable us to improve the course in future years. We
hope that you will take time to fill in the questionnaire in a constructive manner.
The questionnaire supplements the comments and suggestions made in the staff/student meetings held
during the year.
1.
Difficulties, Workload and Course Rating
a)
Were any sections of the course especially difficult?
b)
In relation to other second year courses did you find the workload:Heavy
Reasonable
Light
c)
..........
..........
..........
Overall course rating:Poor
Reasonable
Good
Very Good
..........
..........
..........
..........
56
Veterinary Anatomy
2.
Specific Sections of the Course
1 = Poor
2 = Fair
Section and
Presentation
3 = Satisfactory
Rating
Lecture
Content
4 = Good
Practical
5 = Very Good
Notes/
Visual Aids
Videos/
Audio
SKIN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
URINARY
SYSTEM
REPTILES
SMALL
MAMMALS
EMBRYOLOGY
SPECIAL
SENSES
AVIAN
ANATOMY
3.
4.
Teaching Staff - Did you find that members of staff were approachable and helpful?
comments?
Teaching Methods
a)
Was the combination of lectures and practicals a satisfactory method
of teaching the subject?
b)
Was any section of the course undertaught or overtaught?
c)
Are there any changes or improvements that you would like to see?
57
Any
Course Information
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE VETERINARY SURGEON
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An important statutory function of RCVS is to determine the “standard of proficiency” and “knowledge and
skill” to fit veterinary surgeons for practising in the United Kingdom. The standard set for registration is a
key benchmark that affects the approval of veterinary degree courses in the UK and overseas, and should
also be seen as the starting point for consideration of an individual’s continuing education and training
needs after registration. Maintaining and further developing professional competence is a requirement for
all veterinary surgeons.
This document sets out the essential competences required of the veterinary surgeon for membership of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
There are many definitions of ‘competence’ and many views on how it can be developed and assessed. In
general terms, however, competence is a concept that integrates knowledge, skills and attitudes, the
application of which enables the professional to perform effectively, and to respond to contingencies,
change, and the unexpected.
This document takes a broad definition of competence as being “the ability to perform the roles and tasks
required by one’s job to the expected standard” (Eraut & Boulay, 20001). The definition recognises that
requirements and expectations change depending on the job role and context. It also recognises that
competence develops, and that an individual may work ‘competently’ at many different levels, either at
different stages of their career, or indeed from one day to the next depending on the nature of their work.
Eraut and Boulay (2000) point out the importance of distinguishing between an individual’s competence –
what one can do, and performance – what one actually does. RCVS is concerned with competence when it
undertakes its primary function of determining “the standard of proficiency required for registration” and
ensuring that individuals “will have acquired the knowledge and skill needed for the efficient practice of
veterinary surgery” (Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966, section 3). Performance may be affected by factors
such as workload, working conditions, levels of support, and so on. The regulation of performance is a
function of RCVS through its statutory disciplinary powers.
The essential competences have been broken down into three main areas. They are:
-
A
General professional competences and attributes
describing the distinguishing characteristics of a veterinary surgeon
-
B
Underpinning knowledge and understanding
describing in general terms the breadth of knowledge and understanding needed for a career as
a veterinary surgeon, and for subsequent professional development in whatever sphere of
veterinary science the individual wishes to pursue
-
C
Practically-based veterinary competences
describing the basic practical competences that are expected at the point of graduation.
“Developing the Attributes of Medical Professional Judgement and Competence”, a review funded by the
Postregistration Medical and Dental Education Research Initiative of the Dept. of Health’s Policy Research
Programme, by Professor Michael Eraut and Benedict du Boulay, University of Sussex. The full paper is
available on the web at http:/www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/bend/doh
1
58
Veterinary Anatomy
The ten guiding principles of the RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct should be seen
as overarching requirements for registration (and by implication, continued
registration) with the College. The Guide states that:
Your clients are entitled to expect that you will: 1. make animal welfare your first consideration in seeking to provide the most appropriate
attention for animals committed to your care
2. ensure that all animals under your care are treated humanely and with respect
3. maintain and continue to develop your professional knowledge and skills
4. foster and maintain a good relationship with your clients, earning their trust, respecting their
views and protecting client confidentiality
5. uphold the good reputation of the veterinary profession
6. ensure the integrity of veterinary certification
7. foster and endeavour to maintain good relationships with your professional colleagues
8. understand and comply with your legal obligations in relation to the prescription, safe-keeping
and supply of veterinary medicinal products
9. familiarise yourself with and observe the relevant legislation in relation to veterinary surgeons
as individual members of the profession, employers, employees and business owners
10. respond promptly, fully and courteously to complaints and criticism.
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE NEW VETERINARY
GRADUATE
“DAY ONE SKILLS”
A1 - GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to:
A1.1
Communicate effectively with clients, the lay public, professional colleagues and responsible
authorities; listen effectively and respond sympathetically to clients and others, using language in a
form appropriate to the audience and the context
A1.2
Prepare clear case reports and maintain patient records in a form satisfactory to colleagues and
understandable by the public
A1.3
Work effectively as a member of a multi-disciplinary team in the delivery of services to clients
A1.4
Be aware of the ethical responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to individual patient care
and client relations, and also more generally in the community in relation to their possible impact on the
environment and society as a whole
A1.5
Be aware of the economic and emotional climate in which the veterinary surgeon operates, and respond
appropriately to the influence of such pressures
A1.6
Be willing to use one’s professional capabilities to contribute as far as possible to the advancement of
veterinary knowledge in order to benefit veterinary practice and further improve the quality of animal
care and public health
A1.7
Have an elementary knowledge of the organisation and management of a veterinary practice, including:
 awareness of own and employer’s responsibilities in relation to employment and health and safety
legislation, and the position relating to lay staff and public liability
 awareness of how fees are calculated and invoices drawn up, and the importance of following the
practice’s systems for record keeping and book-keeping, including computer records and case reports
 ability to use information technology effectively to communicate, share, collect, manipulate and
analyse information
 importance of complying with professional standards and policies of the practice
A1.8
Understand the need and professional obligation for a commitment to continuing education and
training, and professional development, throughout one’s professional life
A1.9
Conduct oneself in a professional manner with regard to the veterinary surgeon’s professional and legal
responsibilities and understand and apply the ethical codes as set out in the RCVS Guide to
Professional Conduct
A1.10 Be able to cope with uncertainty and adapt to change
A1.11 Develop a capacity for self-audit and willingness to participate in the peer-review process
59
Course Information
A1.12
Be aware of personal limitations, and demonstrate awareness of when and from where to seek
professional advice, assistance and support.
(Commentary: This last item is considered to be one of the most important, and should guide all new veterinary
graduates when undertaking their professional duties. Veterinary surgeons undertaking procedures on
patients must at all stages in their careers be fully competent in their performance, or be under the
close supervision of those so competent. When in doubt, the new veterinary graduate must seek
professional support and in the interests of animal and human health, should not attempt to undertake
complex procedures unsupervised.)
B1 - UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The new veterinary graduate will need to have acquired a thorough knowledge and understanding of the
following:
B1.1
B1.2
B1.3
B1.4
B1.5
B1.6
B1.7
B1.8
B1.9
The sciences on which the activities of veterinary surgeons are based
Research methods and the contribution of basic and applied research to all aspects of
veterinary science
How to evaluate evidence
The structure and functions of healthy animals, and all aspects of their husbandry
The aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the common diseases and
disorders that occur in the common domestic species in the UK
Legislation relating to the welfare (including transport) of animals and notifiable diseases
Medicines legislation and guidelines on responsible use of medicines
The principles of disease prevention and the promotion of health and welfare
Veterinary public health issues including zoonoses.
C1 - PRACTICAL COMPETENCES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to undertake the following:
C1.1
C1.2
C1.3
C1.4
Obtain an accurate and relevant history of the individual animal or animal group, and its/their
environment
Handle and restrain an animal safely and humanely, and instruct others in performing these techniques
Perform a complete clinical examination
Attend all species in an emergency and perform basic first aid
(Commentary: problems to be handled for any species include first aid management of haemorrhage, wounds, breathing
difficulties, eye & ear injuries, unconsciousness, clinical deterioration, burns, tissue damage, internal organ damage
and cardiac arrest. First aid to be applied includes bandaging, cleaning, immobilising limbs, resuscitation
procedures, haemorrhage control.)
C1.5
Assess correctly the nutritional status of an animal and be able to advise the client on principles of
husbandry and feeding
(Commentary: this applies to commonly presented cases and would not, for example, be expected to include advanced
nutritional advice for complex cases, eg. high performance horses, high yielding diary cows, certain exotic or
zoological species.)
C1.6
Collect, preserve and transport samples, perform standard laboratory tests, and interpret the results of
those generated in-house, as well as those generated by other laboratories
(Commentary: new graduates are expected to have a working knowledge of tests to be undertaken include conditions
relating to infectious & contagious diseases; alimentary system; respiratory system; circulatory system; urinary
system; nervous system; endocrine system; mucucutaneous system; musculoskeletal system; trauma; poisoning;
obstetrics; paediatrics; parturition; reproduction)
C1.7
C1.8
C1.9
C1.10
C1.11
C1.12
C1.13
C1.14
Use radiographic, ultrasonic, and other technical equipment which can be used as a diagnostic aid,
safely and in accordance with current regulations
Follow correct procedures after diagnosing notifiable, reportable and zoonotic diseases
Know and apply the RCVS twelve Principles of Certification correctly
Access the appropriate sources of data on licensed medicines; prescribe and dispense medicines
correctly and responsibly in accordance with relevant legislation and ensure that medicines and waste
are safely stored and/or disposed of
Correctly apply principles of sterilisation of surgical equipment
Correctly apply principles of aseptic surgery
Safely perform sedation, general and regional anaesthesia, implement chemical methods of restraint,
and assess and control pain
Advise on, and administer appropriate treatment
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Veterinary Anatomy
(Commentary: the new veterinary surgeon must always seek professional advice and support if presented with a case
beyond his or her immediate capability – see item A.12)
C1.15
C1.16
C1.17
C1.18
C1.19
C1.20
Recognise when euthanasia is necessary and perform it humanely, using an appropriate method, whilst
showing sensitivity to the feelings of owners and others, and with due regard to the safety of those
present; advise on disposal of the carcase
Perform a basic gross post mortem examination, record details, sample tissues, store and transport them
Perform ante mortem inspection of animals destined for the food chain and correctly identify conditions
affecting the quality and safety of products of animal origin
Assess and implement basic health and welfare records (and production records where appropriate)
Advise on, and carry out preventive and prophylactic programmes appropriate to the species and
commensurate with accepted animal health, welfare and public health standards, seeking advice and
assistance where necessary from professional colleagues
Minimise the risks of contamination, cross infection and accumulation of pathogens in the veterinary
premises and in the field.
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