ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
PEOPLE OF THE ANDES
Anthropology 122E, Spring 2012
155 Kroeber Hall
T, TH, 11:00-12:30
(ARF) tel. 642-5457
email: Hastorf@berkeley.edu
Professor Christine Hastorf
Office 215 2251 College (ARF)
Office Hours W 1:00-2:00 PM
and Th 2:00-4:00 PM
Reader Jennifer Salinas
One of the most diverse environments in the world is host to a rich, intriguing history.
With occupation beginning before 12,000 years ago, we have evidence for social and
ritual complexity in the archaeological record dating before 2000 B.C. (B.C.E.), at the
same time or earlier as other great civilizations. The ebbs and flows in the cultures
throughout the Andean region up until today display extremes of rich well preserved
tapestries on the coast from 600 B.C. to impoverished foragers surrounding saline lakes
in recent times. How have these changes come to pass and how have people sustained
their livelihoods over so many ecological changes?
Course structure: This course is an introduction to the cultures of the Andes, from the
initial populations of the continent through the wrenching arrival of the Europeans. It is
based not only on extraordinary archaeological evidence, but also on ethnohistory (the
anthropological analysis of historical documents) and on ethnography (the study of living
Andean societies). These approaches help us shed our preconceptions and begin to
understand what can seem incomprehensible. The lecture meetings and readings
emphasize major political, economic, and social processes in the histories of the Andean
civilizations through the details of the material culture and the potential meanings these
hold. The major topics covered are grouped into 10 subjects, numbered on the
syllabus. We will investigate how several societies reacted to these changes, as reflected
in the elaborate ritual imagery and architectural construction encountered in the
archaeological record. The worlds of Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari, Chimu,
and Inka will be presented. In addition we will fill in the archaeological sequence to see
what we can learn from this long temporal perspective as it informs modern political
issues and ecological sustainability. Particular attention will be paid to the early states
along the coast of Peru, the development of long-lived centers and sustainability in the
highlands, and how the political, economic, and religious systems of the later empires
were based on earlier political structures and social processes. Through daily visual
presentations, in-class discussions, and visits to the Phoebe Hearst Museum of
Anthropology, we will become aware of the rich material and political culture that existed
over thousands of years as the past inhabitants created their elaborate and fascinating
culture in the Andean region. We will fill in the archaeological sequence to see what we
can learn from this long temporal perspective as it informs modern political issues and
ecological sustainability.
Requirements: The assigned readings should be completed the week for which they are
assigned to enhance class discussion. We will be discussing them in class and also they
will be part of the periodic quizzes placed throughout the term. Most of these readings are
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in the two required books but there are additional articles listed in the syllabus. These
readings are found on bspace under class Anthropology 122E. The optional readings are
just that. All readings listed here also can be found in the Anthropology Library under this
course number by author (paper copies). The optional and required books are on reserve
in the Anthropology Library located on the second floor of Kroeber Hall. To aid your
understanding of the geography of the Andes, you might consider getting a topographic
map of the region.
We will have in class discussions about the power point presentations and the readings to
try to link and bring out the non-discursive aspects of the history the material links to.
For this reason, I will not accept computers in the classroom. The slide shows will be
placed up on bspace after class so you will be able to freely see and revise throughout the
term.
Grading: The grading will be based on a total of 400 points. This is divided up into the
following requirements.
1) Four Quizzes: one map quiz worth 30 points and three content quizzes, each
worth 30 points for a total of 120 points. These are spread throughout the term, The
map quiz will be in class on February 7th. The other three quizzes are on February
28rd, March 20th, and April 10th.
2) One writing assignment, a thought paper, worth 100 points. The individually
written five page thought paper will be due on April 5th is a subject of your choice based
on some aspect of course material or a narrative of daily life from one of the settlements
we have discussed in class. You should discuss, in your own words, a cultural
phenomenon covered in class, a social or cultural problem relating to the Andean
sequence, a temporal development from a certain region or construct a narrative from
daily life in one of these settlements. While you are certainly using your imagination, you
must build this story on the solid archaeological evidence from the readings or lecture.
You can pick a time period from the prehistoric and put yourself in a specific place, and a
social, economic, religious, family, political, and/or other context, at a particular time of
day, doing specific activities with specific issues to be concerned with. Think about the
historical context. What kind of social interactions would you be having? What would the
material culture be around you: buildings, rooms, outdoor environment both natural and
cultural, furniture, decorations, tools and other functional artifacts, clothes, jewelry and
other adornment such as tattoos, food, garbage, other people, even smells, sounds, tastes
and textures. You must be yourself in age and gender.
I strongly encourage you to talk with me about your topic before you begin to write.
Please write no more than a five-page essay, you can add on all references you have
used after that.
3) One group in-class presentation/debate, worth 75 points based issues we have
discussed in class that will be debated during RR week, May 1 and 3 rd. The group
presentation will consist of each of you being assigned to a group. Each group will be
given a topic that has been covered in class or readings. Each group will synthesize your
research topic that will be debated with a group assigned the contrasting view.
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4) One take home final exam, worth 90 points, due May 10th. The final exam is
cumulative. You will be expected to know the cultural sequence, regional locations, the
major sites focused on in class, major social and political trends including their material
manifestations, as well as a synthesis of the historical trends. All information in the
assigned readings will be included, even if not expressly discussed in class. Our exam is
scheduled for Thursday, May 10th, 2011 and so the take home final will be due on May
10th at noon to my mailbox in the Anthropology Department. You can turn it in earlier
if you wish.
5) Class participation, worth 15 points.
To request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact the disabled
student services. You are reminded that, under existing regulations, "I" (incomplete)
grades have to be individually justified by and with the professor.
Texts on sale in the ASUC bookstore:
Required:
Moseley, Michael E., 2001 The Incas and their ancestors, Thames and Hudson, London.
On Amazon: buy new: 23.07-16.65, used $6.91, Alibris $20.00-4.00
Silverman, Helaine (ed), 2004, Andean Archaeology, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
On Amazon buy new: $41.43- 38.45, used from $8.00.
Optional and in the Anthropology library:
Silverman, Helaine & William Isbell 2008 Handbook of South American Archaeology,
editors. New York, Springer (on amazon $55-70)
CLASS TOPICS:
1. Introduction and the Andean region: January 17, 19th:
Introduce class form and content; the archaeological sequence, Andean
environment and geography.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapters 1 and 2, Introduction and Land of the four quarters, pp. 7-50.
In Silverman, chapter 1, Introduction: space and time in the central Andes. pp. 1-15.
The cultural setting and the indigenous highland world, Ethnographic models:
January 26 and 31st:
Films, Qeros- the shape of survival and The potato planters.
Readings:
Isbell, B. J. 1978, To defend ourselves, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 51-66,
(skim 19-50). On bspace and on reserve in library.
Allen, Catherine, 1988, The hold life has, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.
C. chapters1-3, pp. 37-124. On bspace and on reserve in library.
2. Early inhabitants: January 24, Feb. 2nd:
Evidence for early inhabitants on the continent, in the highlands and the coast,
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plant and animal domestication.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 4: Early settlements of the Cordillera, pp. 87-105.
In Silverman, chapter 2, Dillehay, T. D. Bonavia, and P. Kaulicke, The first settlers,
pp. 16-34.
Dillehay, Tom D, 2008 Profiles in Pleistocene History, In Handbook of Andean
Archaeology, Springer, pp. 29-43. on bspace and on reserve in Anthropology library
Pearsall, Deborah, 2008, Plant domestication and the shift to agriculture in the
Andes, In Silverman, Helaine & William Isbell 2008 Handbook of South American
Archaeology, editors. New York, Springer pp. 105-120. on bspace
Stahl, Peter, 2008, Animal domestication in South America, In Silverman,
Helaine & William Isbell, In Handbook of South American Archaeology, editors. New
York, Springer, pp. 121-130. on bspace
Optional: Rick, John, 1988, The character and context of highland preceramic society In
Peruvian Prehistory, ed. by R. Keatinge, Cambridge University Press. pp. 3-40. (on reserve
in Anthropology Library)
Visit and read http://www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/preceram/
For plant and animal data:
http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/~bharley/WWWPlantIDICON.html
3. The preceramic world: February 7th:
Feb 7nd: Map quiz.
Readings:
In Moseley, the Preceramic foundations of civilization, chapter 5 pp. 107-117.
Visit and read http://coas.missouri.edu/paloma/INDEX.HTML
Optional: Moseley, M., 1975, The maritime foundations of Andean civilization,
Cummings Archaeology Series, Menlo Park, CA. (especially 79-119) (on reserve
in the Anthropology Library)
4. The Initial Period, the rise of religious centers: February 9 and 14th:
Readings:
In Moseley, Chapter 5, pp 117-129 and chapter 6, The Initial Period and Early
Horizon, pp. 131-154.
In Silverman, chapter 3, Cultural transformations in the central Andean late Archaic,
by J. Haas and W. Creamer, pp. 35-50.
look at the website: www.archaeologychannel.org/caralint.html,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/caral.shtml
Optional: Tom Dillehay 1990, Mapuche ceremonial landscape, social recruitment and
resource rights, World Archaeology 22(2):223-241. On bspace.
5. Early Horizon: The Chavin and Chiripa societies: February 16, 21, and 23rd:
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 6, The Initial Period and Early Horizon, pp. 154-172.
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In Silverman, chapter 4, Building authority at Chavin de Huantar: Models of social
organization and development in the Initial period and early Horizon, Silvia Rodriguez
Kembel and John Rick, pp. 51-76.
look at the website: www.stanford.edu/~johnrick/chavin_wrap/
6. The Early Intermediate Period States: The development of complexity, and
diversity on the south coast in the Nazca region: February 28 and March 1st:
Feb. 28rd: content quiz.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 7, The Early Intermediate Period, pp. 196-222.
In Silverman, chapter 5, Life, death and the ancestors, Lisa DeLeonardis and George
Lau, pp. 77-115.
Proulx, Donald, 2008, Paracas and Nasca: regional cultures on the south Coast of
Peru, In Silverman, Helaine & William Isbell 2008 Handbook of South American
Archaeology, editors. New York, Springer, pp. 563-585. On bspace.
Optional: Silverman, H. 1993, Cahuachi, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. (on
reserve in Anthropology Library)
The Early Intermediate Period States: The development of complexity, and diversity
on the north coast in the Moche region: March 6 and 8th:
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 7, The Early Intermediate Period, pp. 172-196.
In Silverman, chapter 6, The art of Moche politics, by Garth Bawden, pp.116-129.
Alcalde, Cristina 2004 Leaders, healers, laborers, and lovers: Reinterpreting
women’s roles in Moche Society. In Ungendering Civilization Edited by K. Anne Pyburn,
Routledge, New York, pp. 136-155. On bspace.
Look at the websites: http://www.huacas.com/
Optional: The burial theme in Moche Iconography, by Christopher B. Donnan and Donna
McClelland: on bspace, http://www.doaks.org/mocheintro.html
Bawden, Garth, 1996, The Moche, Cambridge, Mass. Blackwell Publishers (on reserve
in the Anthropology Library).
March 13th. Visit the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology to view Andean
artifacts. Details will be announced in class.
7. The Middle Horizon States and their development: Tiwanaku and Wari:
March 15, 20 and 22nd:
March 20th: content quiz.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 8, The Middle Horizon, pp. 223-243.
In Silverman, Janusek, J.W., chapter 10, Household and city in Tiwanaku, pp. 183-208,
In Silverman, Isbell, W. H. and A. Vranich, chapter 9, Experiencing the cities of Wari and
Tiwanaku, pp.167-182, See also:
http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/tiwanaku/index.html
In Silverman, Cook, Anita, chapter 8, Wari Art and Society, pp. 146-166.
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Optional: Nash, Donna and Patrick Ryan Williams 2005 Architecture and Power on the
Wari-Tiwanaku Frontier. Foundations of Power in the Prehispanic Andes. Edited by
Kevin Vaughn, Dennis Ogburn, and Christina Conlee, Archaeological Papers of the
American Anthropological Association no. 14, pp. 151-174. http://www.anthrosource.net
Isbell, W. and G. McEwan, 1991, A history of Huari studies and introduction to current
interpretations. In Huari administration structure, ed. by W. Isbell and G. McEwan,
Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D. C., pp. 1-9. (on reserve in the Anthropology Library)
Spring Break March 27 and 29
8. Late Intermediate Period Regional Developments: April 3 and 5th:
Decentralization and growth, the solidification and visibility of "modern Andean
structures", The highland Señorios and the Chimur State.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 9, The Late Intermediate Period, pp. 244-275.
In Silverman, Christina Conlee et al. Late Prehispanic Sociopolitical Complexity, pp.
209-236.
Moore, Jerry and Carol Mackey, 2008, The Chimu Empire, In Silverman, Helaine &
William Isbell 2008 Handbook of South American Archaeology, editors. New York,
Springer, pp. 783-807. On bspace
Optional: Moseley, M. and K. Day (eds.), 1982 Chanchan: Andean desert city
University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, chapters 2,3,5,6, and 7. (on
reserve in the Anthropology Library)
April 5: Thought Papers Due.
9. The Late Horizon Inka Empire: Tawantinsuyu social, economic and political
systems: April 10, 12, and 24th:
April 10th: content quiz.
April 17th: Visit the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology to view Andean
artifacts. Details will be announced in class.
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 3, The Inca model of statecraft, pp. 51-85.
Covey, Alan, 2008, The Inca Empire, In Handbook of South American Archaeology,
editors. New York, Springer, pp. 809-830. (on bspace)
Costin, Cathy L., 1998, Housewives, Chosen Women, Skilled Men: Cloth Production
and Social Identity in the Late Prehispanic Andes. In Craft and Social Identity. Edited by
Cathy L. Costin and Rita P. Wright, editors, American Anthropological Association,
Washington DC, pp. 123-141. On bspace
Optional:
Murra, J.V., 1972, The "vertical control" of a maximum of ecological tiers in the
economics of Andean societies 1981 translated from the Spanish from Iñigo Ortiz de
Zuñiga Visita of the province of Leon de Huanuco in Peru. On bspace
Rowe, John, 1946, Inca culture at the time of the Spanish conquest. In Handbook of
South American Indian, vol. 2, ed. Julian Steward, 183-330. Bureau of American
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Ethnology, Bulletin 143, Washington D.C., focus especially on pp. 193-282 on bspace
and on the web at: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Anthro/rowe/pub/rowe.pdf
(take a look at websites: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/inca/ for coastal burials)
April 19th: Groups to plan for RR debate.
10. Early Colonial times, The Inka meet the Spanish: the impact of the clash in the
Andean world: April 26th:
Readings:
In Moseley, chapter 1: Introduction, pp. 7-24.
In Silverman, chapter 13, Andean Empires, T. N. D’Altroy and K. Schreiber, pp. 255279.
Optional: Silverblatt, Irene, 1987, Moon, sun, and witches, Princeton University Press,
chapters 5,6,7,8, pp. 81-158. (on reserve in the Anthropology library)
Spalding, Karen, 1984, Huarochiri, An Andean society under Inca and Spanish rule,
Stanford University Press. chapters 4 and 5, pp. 106-167. (on reserve at the
Anthropological Library).
May 1 and 3rd: RR
Group Debates
TAKE HOME FINAL EXAM Due at noon on May 10th in Hastorf’s box in 232
Kroeber Hall.
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