Supplementary Table 1. Information about hospital, ward, and main reason for admission
for controls
Hospitals
No. of
controls
(n= 1663)
Main reasons for admission (no. of controls)
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of
Medical Sciences (SKIMS)
General Surgery ward
119
Nephrology/Urology ward
79
General Medicine,
Gastroenterology, and
Cardiology wards
252
Other wards (Indoor Clinical
Laboratory, Accident and
Emergency)
Government Medical
College Hospital *
18
Appendicitis (20); hernias (18); liver/spleen trauma
(17); biliary stones (16); fistulas (13); ascites (11);
benign intestinal obstruction (10); others (14)
Urinary stones (36); prostatitis (20); hydronephrosis
(14); renal transplant (6); others (3)
Pancreatitis (39); fever work up (31); cholangitis (29);
chronic liver diseases, liver abscess (22); noncancerous pleural effusion (22); viral syndromes (20);
diabetes and its complications (19); arrhythmia work
up (17); urinary infection (12); commonly acquired
pneumonia (8); others (33)
Benign brain tumors (3); trauma/accidents (15)
30
Hydronephrosis (5); prostatitis (4); jaundice (4);
typhoid fever (3); appendicitis (3); acute nephiritis (3);
urinary stones (2); hernias (3); diarrhea (2); pancreatitis
(1)
District hospitals *
Anantnag
236
Bandipora
74
Budgam
59
Baramullah
234
Ganderbal
71
Kulgam
75
Appendicitis (28); jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis (25);
biliary stones (20); round worm infestations (20);
hernias (19); urinary stones (17); trauma and soft tissue
injuries (16); benign intestinal obstruction (14); asthma
(10); others (67)
Jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis (10); appendicitis (9);
urinary tract infection (8); cataract (8); urinary stones
(8); asthma (5); others (26)
Hernias and soft tissue injuries (12); round worm
infestations (8); appendicitis (6); asthma (6); urinary
tract infection (6); jaundice (5); others (15)
Biliary stones (25); jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis
(24); trauma and soft tissue injuries (23);
ophthalmologic problems (22); commonly acquired
pneumonia (19); urinary stones (18); urinary tract
infection (18); appendicitis (15); hernias (15); others
(55)
Jaundice (11); typhoid fever (10); urinary stones (9);
appendicitis (9); biliary stones (6); hernias (4);
prostatitis (4); others (18)
Appendicitis (9); biliary stones (9); round worm
1
infestations (8); hernias (8); trauma and soft tissue
injuries (8); urinary stones (7); others (26)
Kupwara
95
Biliary stones (12); jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis
(12); urinary stones (11); appendicitis (10); hernias (9);
urinary tract infection (7); others (34)
Pulwama
227
Biliary stones (22); round worm infestations (18);
urinary tract infection (17); ophthalmologic problems
(17); appendicitis (15); trauma and soft tissue injuries
(15); prostatitis (14); jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis
(11); urinary stones (10); hernias (9); benign intestinal
obstruction (9); others (70)
Shopian
94
Appendicitis (13); biliary stones (12); round worm
infestations (10); jaundice, hepatitis, pancreatitis (10);
hernias (9); urinary tract infection (8); others (32)
* Government Medical College Hospital and district hospitals are general hospitals with few
specialized wards.
2
Supplementary Table 2. Association between hookah and nass use, among never-users of
the other product and cigarette, and risk of ESCC
Tobacco use
ESCC
Matched
Unadjusted
Adjusted
cases
controls
OR (95% CI)
OR (95% CI)
N (%)
N (%)
Hookah smoking
Never
193 (43.1) 766 (61.0)
Referent
Referent
Ever
255 (56.9) 492 (39.1)
2.20 (1.66-2.90)
1.85 (1.30-2.64)
Cumulative use
Never use
193 (43.1) 766 (61.0)
Referent
Referent
1 – 139 hookah-years
53 (11.8)
149 (11.9)
1.53 (1.02-2.30)
1.22 (0.74-2.04)
140 – 240
62 (13.8)
176 (14.0)
1.68 (1.14-2.50)
1.44 (0.85-2.43)
≥ 241
140 (31.3) 165 (13.1)
4.20 (2.81-6.28)
3.61 (2.18-5.97)
P for trend
<0.001
<0.001
Nass chewing
Never
193 (70.7) 766 (91.9)
Referent
Referent
Ever
80 (29.3)
68 (8.1)
8.18 (4.13-16.18) 5.45 (2.29-13.01)
Cumulative use
Never use
193 (71.2) 765 (91.9)
Referent
Referent
1 – 119 nass-years
9 (3.3)
12 (1.4)
7.57 (2.11-27.16) 11.59 (1.87-71.89)
120 – 199
14 (5.2)
27 (3.2)
3.58 (1.22-10.53) 2.05 (0.45-9.29)
≥ 200
55 (20.3)
29 (3.5)
12.00 (5.066.63 (2.22-19.80)
28.49)
P for trend
<0.001
<0.001
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell
carcinoma; OR, odds ratio.
ORs (95% CIs) were obtained from conditional logistic regression models in which everusers of the other tobacco product (either hookah or nass) and of cigarette were excluded.
P for trend was obtained from the same models by assigning consecutive numbers to
categories within each categorical variable. Cumulative use was calculated by multiplying
intensity of use (per day) by duration of use (in years). Numbers may not add up to the
total numbers due to missing data in some variables. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were
adjusted for age, ethnicity, religion, place of residence, education level, and ever-use of
gutka, bidi, cannabis, and alcohol, and daily fruit and fresh vegetable consumption.
3