1
TROCCINOX
Tropical Convection, Cirrus, and Nitrogen Oxides Experiment
TROCCINOX
A component of VINTERSOL
Campaign Preparation Document
(White Book)
(January 2004)
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TROCCINOX
Contents
1
TROPICAL CONVECTION, CIRRUS, AND NITROGEN OXIDES EXPERIMENT (TROCCINOX) ... 3
1.1
2
CAMPAIGN WORKPLAN ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.1
2.2
3
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 5
CAMPAIGN METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 5
FLIGHT TEMPLATES ...................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
4
KEY SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 3
T1 AND T8: OBERPFAFFENHOFEN – SEVILLE.................................................................................................. 9
T2 AND T7: SEVILLE – CAPE VERDE ............................................................................................................ 10
T3 AND T6: CAPE VERDE – RECIFE .............................................................................................................. 10
T4 AND T5: RECIFE – GPX........................................................................................................................... 11
FLIGHT 1: LOCAL CONVECTION .................................................................................................................... 12
FLIGHTS 2 AND 4: CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW / AGED PLUME INTERCEPTION .................................................. 13
FLIGHT 3: UPWIND CHARACTERISATION ...................................................................................................... 15
FLIGHT 5: CIRRUS PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................................... 16
FLIGHT 6: CONTINENTAL OUTFLOW AND ENVISAT CAL/VAL ..................................................................... 16
FLIGHTS 7 AND 8: ENVISAT CAL/VAL ........................................................................................................ 16
TIMELINES ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2
4.3
TIMELINE FOR FLIGHT PLANNING ................................................................................................................. 17
DAILY SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS ................................................................................................................... 17
5
CONTINGENCY............................................................................................................................................... 19
6
PROJECT MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 20
6.1
6.2
GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................... 20
CAMPAIGN MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES....................................................................................................... 20
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APPENDIX 1: WORK PACKAGE STRUCTURE OF TROCCINOX ....................................................... 22
8
APPENDIX 2: GEOPHYSICA PAYLOAD .................................................................................................... 25
9
APPENDIX 3: FALCON PAYLOAD.............................................................................................................. 27
10
APPENDIX 4: TROCCIBRAS .................................................................................................................... 28
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11
IPMET’S PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS IN THIS STUDY ...................................................................... 28
AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTATION ....................................................................................................... 29
ADDITIONAL DATA ................................................................................................................................ 29
RESEARCH AREA .................................................................................................................................... 29
APPENDIX 5: HIBISCUS AND TROCCINOX AT BAURU (JAN-FEB 2004) ..................................... 31
11.1
11.2
11.3
12
TTL FLIGHTS ................................................................................................................................................ 31
STRATOSPHERIC FLIGHTS ............................................................................................................................. 32
LONG DURATION FLIGHTS ............................................................................................................................ 32
APPENDIX 6: ENVISAT-EXTENSION TO TROCCINOX .................................................................... 34
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................. 34
SCIENTIFIC INTEREST AND IMPORTANCE FOR THE DATA RETRIEVAL FROM ENVISAT ................................. 34
PROPOSED FLIGHT TEMPLATES FOR ENVISAT VALIDATION IN THE TROPICS. .............................................. 34
PRIORITIES FOR ENVISAT VALIDATION ..................................................................................................... 35
FLIGHT PLANNING AND INSTRUMENT PREPARATION .................................................................................... 36
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TROCCINOX
1 TROPICAL CONVECTION, CIRRUS, AND NITROGEN OXIDES
EXPERIMENT (TroCCiNOx)
TROCCINOX will perform first measurements of the combined properties of convection, aerosol
and cirrus particles and chemical air composition (nitrogen oxides in particular) in the tropics
over oceanic and over continental regions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,
including troposphere-stratosphere exchange. A modelling component aims in providing
improved descriptions of processes relevant to global climate problems (e.g. the production of
NOx by lightning). The general objectives are:
1. to improve the knowledge about lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) in tropical
thunderstorms by quantifying the produced amounts, by comparing it to other major
sources of NOx and by assessing it´s global impact, and
2. to improve the current knowledge on the occurrence of other trace gases (including
water vapour and halogens) and particles (ice crystals and aerosols) in the upper troposphere
and lower stratosphere in connection with tropical deep convection as well as large-scale
upwelling motions
1.1
Key Scientific questions
1. What is the impact of tropical deep convection on the balance and distribution of NOx
and other trace gases? (WP 7) Nitrogen oxides play a key role in stratospheric and
tropospheric ozone formation and ozone losses. There are still large uncertainties in the
knowledge of the different sources of reactive nitrogen (ground traffic, biomass burning,
microbial activity, aircraft) for the atmosphere. Estimates of the global production of NOx
from lightning (LNOx) in thunderstorms still differ by about one order of magnitude. Recent
satellite observations (OTD) have demonstrated that, on the global scale, lightning activity is
highest over tropical continental areas. But it is still not known how much NOx is produced
by these storms and how this production relates to cloud parameters like particle phase,
updraft strength, cloud top height, or flash rate, which all would be useful for
parameterisations of NOx-production. These questions will be addressed in TROCCINOX by
an integrated observational strategy including different measuring systems (ground based
weather radar and lightning detection, airborne measurements and satellite observations).
These issues have been investigated recently during the EU-sponsored RTD-project
EULINOX (under the 4th framework program) for mid-latitude thunderstorms over Europe.
TROCCINOX will extend these investigations to the global scale by concentrating on
tropical storms. This will contribute to an improved assessment of the global LNOx source.
2. How do troposphere-stratosphere exchange processes contribute to the amount of
water vapour entering the stratosphere? (WP 8) The tropical tropopause is now
recognised to comprise a region some 4 km deep, where the influence of stratospheric
dynamics (the Brewer-Dobson circulation) and the influence of tropospheric dynamics
(particularly the most energetic convection) are of comparable importance. This ‘tropical
tropopause layer’ (TTL) plays a crucially important role in determining the water vapour
mixing ratio in the stratosphere. It is important to understand processes controlling
stratospheric water vapour because of the enormous sensitivity to humidity of important
stratospheric chemical processes, and hence the budget of ozone in the entire stratosphere.
New observations of the water vapour distribution will be made around convective systems
and associated cirrus outflows as well as in the lower stratosphere.
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TROCCINOX
3. What is the effect of tropical deep convection on the formation and distribution of
aerosol particles? (WP 9) By measuring condensation nuclei with high time resolution, we
will learn more about their ability to serve as the nuclei for the formation of aerosols in the
tropical upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere (LS). These measurements will
establish whether the tropical upper troposphere is the primary source of aerosol nuclei for
the whole stratosphere.
4. What are the origins of cirrus clouds in the tropics and how do cirrus clouds affect air
composition? (WP 9) Cirrus clouds influence the radiative and photochemical balance of the
whole atmosphere but particularly in the tropics, where insolation is high and where
persistent cirrus sheets, extending for several hundred kilometres, have been observed close
to, and at large distances from, convective regions. Although the occurrence of high tropical
cirrus clouds is well documented, processes controlling their origin and evolution remain
poorly understood. In situ and remote (lidar) measurements during TROCCINOX will
concentrate on better defining the processes responsible for cirrus formation.
5. How do tracer correlations across the sub-tropical barrier look like quantitatively and
what does that mean for transport between the tropical and mid-latitudinal
stratosphere? (WP 10) TROCCINOX will offer unique opportunities to: i) extensively
probe the transition zone between subtropical and tropical air from the tropopause to 21 km;
ii) explore a quasi-longitudinal section of the subtropical barrier region; iii) observe filaments
of extratropical air being mixed across the subtropical barrier into the tropical pipe and
characterise the spatial scale and depth of penetration into the tropics of such events; iv)
investigate whether the subtropical barrier extends below altitudes of 400 K and if so, how it
blends with the tropopause; v) investigate how tropospheric convection systems connect with
the stratospheric tropical pipe; vi) evaluate whether most air injected into the stratosphere by
very deep convection indeed mixes there irreversibly or descends back into the troposphere.
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TROCCINOX
2 CAMPAIGN WORKPLAN
2.1
Introduction
TROCCINOX consists of a measurement part and a data-interpretation part. The measurement
part will consist of one major field campaign deploying research aircraft. With the availability of
the data the interpretation phase will start. Therefore the TROCCINOX project is subdivided into
three major temporal phases:
 Pre-Campaign Phase: Instrument preparation and upgrading, model development, tools
development for flight planning, and logistics and operational planning, aircraft preparation.
 Campaign-Phase: Calibration of the instruments, campaign performance, data analysis
 Interpretation-Phase: Modelling of the observed scenarios using state-of-the-art models and
hypotheses tests by intercomparison with the data sets.
This White Book focuses on the second phase, the campaign.
TroCCiNOx is divided into Work Packages. These are described in detail in the DoW. For
completeness, they are summarised in Appendix 1.
2.2
Campaign Methodology
The philosophy behind TROCCINOX is the close complementarity of measurement and
interpretation. Interpreting the results will involve modelling studies on all scales from the “air
parcel” to the globe.
2.2.1 Observational Platforms
In-situ high-altitude Aircraft: This will be the M55 Geophysica of Myasishchev Design Bureau,
Moscow, Russia. The payload of the Geophysica is summarised in Appendix 2.
Lidar and in-situ Aircraft: There will be three: the DLR Falcon and two Bandieranties from
Brazil (as part of the TroCCiBras project described in Appendix 4). The DLR Falcon will carry a
multiwavelength/dual polarisation lidar, in-situ chemical sensors, and micrometeorological
sensors. Information on both cloud position and cloud morphology will be obtained. The Falcon
will operate in two modes: in a path-finding mode to identify structures ahead of the in-situ
aircraft; and flight-formation mode where it will fly directly under the Geophysica, making lidar
observations of the same air masses sampled in-situ. The Falcon payload is summarised in
Appendix 3.
The Bandierantes will investigate the chemical, (thermo)dynamical, and microphysical structure
of the boundary layer and lower free troposphere in the region of the NOx- and cirrus-producing
convection. One Bandeirantes will be equipped with an in-situ chemical payload, the other with
an in-situ microphysical payload.
Other sources of data by collaboration: Balloons measurements and modelling studies will be
made as part of the HIBISCUS project of the VINTERSOL programme. HIBISCUS plans are
summarised in Appendix 5.
2.2.2 Flight objectives
Different flight patterns, specifically aimed at the scientific objectives, are reported in section 3.
Currently, within the frame of allotted EC funding, 6 science flights can be performed by the
Geophysica-Falcon team. Table 1 summarises the TroCCiNOx Geophysica flights currently
scheduled. Note that this scheduling is subject to change, depending on the meteorological
conditions. Falcon flights will follow the same schedule, subject to change only if there are any
late-breaking and unforeseen scientific objectives.
The contribution of the TroCCiBras Bandeirantes will be particularly significant for flights #1, 2,
3, and 4. This contribution will focus on chemical, (thermo)dynamical, and microphysical
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TROCCINOX
characterisation of the boundary layer and lower free troposphere. See Appendix 4 for further
details of the Bandeirantes’ payloads and TroCCiBras objectives.
Table 1 : Nominal TroCCiNOx flight listing
Flight No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T5
T6
T7
T8
Payload
AAAAA
A
A
A
A
A+MIPAS+GASCOD
B
B
AAAA-
TroCCiNOx science gains
Technical demonstration. UTLS survey
Technical demonstration. UTLS survey
Technical demonstration. UTLS survey
Continental outflow
Local convection
Aged plume interception/continental outflow
NOx and cirrus upwind characterisation
Convection plume downwind/local convection
Ci properties
Continental outflow + ENVISAT cal/val
ENVISAT cal/val
ENVISAT cal/val
Continental outflow
UTLS survey
UTLS survey
UTLS survey
Depending on the meteorological conditions in the campaign period the number of flights attributed to certain objectives can be varied in order to maximise the overall output from the campaign.
TroCCiNOx-extension flights of the Geophysica, in February-March 2004, may provide
important information to the study, relevant to the TroCCiNOx objectives. Further details of the
ENVISAT-validation plans for the TroCCiNOx-extension are given in Appendix 6.
2.2.3 Campaign Location
The campaign will be based at Gaviao Peixoto, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (Figure 1). The transfer
route to the mission base is shown in Figure 2. The Geophysica will carry a reduced payload for
the transfer flights (Appendix 2), but will still carry out scientific measurements.
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TROCCINOX
Figure 1. Campaign base - Gaviao Peixoto - and approximate range of aircraft sorties. The
bold black lines show exclusion zones, into which mission sorties cannot be flown.
2.2.4 Theoretical Methods
TROCCINOX has selected a hierarchy of state-of-the-art models ranging from detailed
microphysical or (heterogeneous) chemical studies up to simulations of the global troposphere.
These are listed in Table 2.
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TROCCINOX
Table 2. Summary of TroCCiNOx models and their contributions to answering science
questions 1 to 5 (section 2). + = important. X = essential.
Model Name
MesoNH
ECHAM
3D
trajectories
2D
axisymmetri
c cloud
model
1D cirrus
model
MM5
CLaMS
1
Science Questions
WP No.1 1
2
3
4 5
Partner
forecasts during campaign, storm
scale transport
1, 7, 10
X
Assessment of climatic implications
of field campaign results
7, 10
X
H2O-T-O3 data interpretation,
participation in flight planning
2, 8
X
X
X
deep convective model that
calculates trace gas transport
to the UT
coupling with chemical box model,
aerosol formation in storm outflow,
anvil microphysics, participation in
flight planning
2, 7, 9
+
X
+
Cirrus cloud modelling,
nucleation, particle
growth/evaporation, radiative
properties
mesoscale, thunderstorm
simulation, cloud and
precipitation microphysics,
flashes, lightning NOx
Space-filling Lagrangian
transport and chemistry model
lidar data interpretation, participation
in flight planning
2, 9
+
X
interpretation of airborne NOx
measurements, quantification of
LNOx production
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Guest participant
N/a
Features relevant to
TROCCINOX objectives
mesoscale, 3D storm
dynamics, explicit cloud
scheme and detailed radiativetransfer
global climate model,
implications of lightning NOxparameterizations esp. on
Europe
trajectory data interpretation,
synoptic scale studies
Contribution to WP
For a list of Work Packages, see Appendix 1.
X
X
X
X
X
UPS/LA
X
X
DLR
X
X
ULANC
UNIVLEEDS
+
ETH
X
+
DLR
+
FZJ
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TROCCINOX
3 FLIGHT TEMPLATES
The schematic flight templates following concentrate on the Geophysica. The Falcon will
generally follow similar patterns, but at lower altitudes and with fewer vertical soundings. The
Falcon will also have scientists on board, and so will be able to make in-flight changes to flight
patterns more easily. Coordinated flying with the Bandeirantes of TroCCiBras will be a priority
in flight planning.
t1
t8
t2
t7
t3
t6
t4
t5
Figure 2. Transfer route to TroCCiNOx mission base.
3.1
T1 and T8: Oberpfaffenhofen – Seville
This is a technical demonstration flight and survey of the UTLS region in the middle latitudes.
As such, the flight plan is very straightforward: standard ascent to cruise altitude, cruise, and
standard descent. The only additional feature is a sounding to ceiling altitude just before descent.
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TROCCINOX
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
> 10 m/s
> 10 m/s
Figure 3. Time-height template for flight from Oberpfaffenhofen to Seville.
3.2
T2 and T7: Seville – Cape Verde
This is a technical demonstration flight and survey of the UTLS region in the middle latitudes.
As such, the flight plan is very straightforward: standard ascent to cruise altitude, cruise, and
standard descent. The only additional feature is a sounding to ceiling altitude just before descent.
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
>10 m/s
>10 m/s
Figure 4. Time-height template for flight from Seville to Cape Verde.
3.3
T3 and T6: Cape Verde – Recife
This is a technical demonstration flight and survey of the UTLS region in the middle latitudes.
Since the flight path is near the maximum of the endurance of the Geophysica with payload,
there are no additional features in this flight pattern: full-speed ascent to cruise altitude, cruise,
and full-speed descent.
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TROCCINOX
>10 m/s
>10 m/s
Figure 5. Time-height template for flight from Cape Verde to Recife.
3.4
T4 and T5: Recife – GPX
This is a transfer flight to the mission base, but will also serve as an opportunity to sample
continental-scale outflow from the NOx-production region, and to sound the local TTL and
lower stratosphere. The Geophysica flight template includes a dip to 14 km near the middle of
the flight. Immediately following the dip there is a standard ascent to ceiling altitude, and then a
standard descent to base.
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
10 m/s
5 m/s
10 m/s
Figure 6. Time-height template for flight from Recife to GPX.
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TROCCINOX
3.5
Flight 1: Local convection
This flight pattern relies on rapid communication of information between the radars — at Bauru
(BAU) and Presidente Prudente (PP) — and the aircraft. The aircraft will fly a “holding pattern”
between the radars until the start of a new convective event is detected by one of the radars. The
aircraft will then take a maximum of 35 minutes to reach the convective event. Operations in the
vicinity of the aircraft will be under the direction of the mission scientist at Bauru radar station.
Manoeuvres during this part of the flight are likely to include a slow descent by the Geophysica
on to the cloud top and into the body of the convective anvil, and cross-wind flight legs through
the anvil at various altitudes. Since the study of dehydration of air in overshooting convective
turrets is an objective of TroCCiNOx, it will be useful to probe air that is collapsing downwards
after an energetic convective event (preferably one that punctured the local tropopause).
Figure 7. Plan of operational range for local convection flights. The red circles show the
range of the radars at Bauru (BAU) and Presidente Prudente (PP). The larger blue circles
show areas that can be reached within 35 minutes from BAU and PP by the aircraft at
their respective cruise altitudes. Thick blue lines show aircraft “holding pattern”.
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TROCCINOX
Figure 8. Time-height template for local convection flight.
3.6
Flights 2 and 4: continental outflow / aged plume interception
The synoptic-scale wind field will dictate the details of this flight pattern. Climatology suggests
that SW and/or NW flow are likely. The flight pattern in these instances will be straightforward
cruises at relatively low altitude, with a dip to the bottom of the convective outflow layer and, in
the case of the Geophysica, a standard ascent to ceiling altitude before a standard descent. The
Falcon and the Geophysica will follow the same horizontal track, as close in time as possible.
Flights out to the maximum range of the aircraft will study the continental-scale outflow that
contains the integrated NOx increase due to many convective events. Flights at shorter range will
try to re-sample air that was previously sampled during a local convection flight. There is,
therefore, the possibility of combining this flight with that of the previous section, in a
“double flight”, occurring over the space of 24 or 36 hours.
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TROCCINOX
Figure 9. Plan view of area of operation for continental outflow flights. Thick black lines
show exclusion zones, into which mission sorties cannot be flown.
Geophysica
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
Falcon
5 m/s
Average cloud-top height
>10 m/s
>10 m/s
Figure 10. Time-height template for continental outflow flight.
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TROCCINOX
Position of cross-section
will depend on
meteorology
Air displacement in 12h at 10 m/s
Figure 11. Plan view of area of operation for aged plume interception. Red circles show
range of radars at BAU and PP. Blue circle shows distance travelled by an air parcel
moving at 10 m s-1 for 12 hours. Thick blue lines show aircraft route assuming SW winds
in the upper troposphere.
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
5 m/s
Cloud top - will vary
>10 m/s
>10 m/s
Figure 12. Time-height template for aged plume interception.
3.7
Flight 3: Upwind characterisation
The flight pattern for characterisation of upwind conditions will be similar to that for tracking
local plumes, so that the Geophysica will characterise the TTL and lower stratosphere, the
Falcon will characterise the free troposphere, and the TroCCiBras Badeirantes will characterise
the boundary layer and lowest free troposphere.
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TROCCINOX
3.8
Flight 5: Cirrus properties
Much information concerning cirrus occurrence and properties will come from the flight patterns
described above. Flights dedicated to a more in-depth study of cirrus will be driven by somewhat
different information than the templates discussed above. Synoptic-scale regions of uplift near
the tropopause in the ECMWF forecast will be of interest. Similarly, meso-scale forecasts of thin
cirrus layers, unconnected to convection, will be of interest.
Since the thinnest cirrus clouds at the tropical tropopause are invisible even to a pilot in the
cloud, but can be identified by lidar in real time, surveys of thin cirrus will depend on
communication from the Falcon to the Geophysica.
3.9
Flight 6: Continental outflow and ENVISAT cal/val
This flight will follow the template for continental outflow, except that the Geophysica pattern
will include a 1-hour leg at ceiling altitude over clear sky.
3.10 Flights 7 and 8: ENVISAT cal/val
These flights will be planned by the ENVISAT science team, but will likely follow similar
patterns to previous Geophysica-ENVISAT missions – see, for example,
http://ape.iroe.fi.cnr.it/apeartic/index.htm.
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TROCCINOX
4 TIMELINES
4.1.1 Information flow
Figure 13 illustrates the flow of information that will inform flight planning. The general sense
of the flow of model data is from operational meteorological products, through specialist
chemical and dynamical products, to decision-makers. Additional sources of information are the
meteorological radars at Bauru and PP, satellites (e.g. ENVISAT and TRMM), other EC projects
(particularly HIBISCUS), and colleagues in the TroCCiBras campaign.
ECMWF analysis
Chemical forecasts
SATELLITES
Trajectory forecasts
Chemical
intuition
RADAR
ECMWF forecast
Mesoscale 3D
forecasts
Dynamical
intuition
TroCCiBras Team
FLIGHT
PLAN
HIBISCUS Team
Local convection
Aged NOx plume
Continental outflow
NOx production events
Post-convection Cirrus
UTTCs and large-scale uplift
Cirrus anvils, etc.
Continental outflow of NOx
Upwind
characterisation
Figure 13. Information flow for flight planning during the TroCCiNOx field campaign.
4.2
Timeline for flight planning
A nominal timeline for flight planning is shown in Figure 14. The schedule shown is for a
morning flight – the timing of take-off for any flight will be decided on the basis of
meteorological forecasts, and may change at short notice. Requirements for night-time flights
for ENVISAT validation are described in Appendix 6.
4.3
Daily schedule of meetings
As shown in Figure 14, meetings of the Core Group and the whole Campaign Team, are likely to
be daily, with the Core Group meeting at the other end of the day from the Campaign Team
meeting (e.g., morning Core Group meetings, evening Campaign Team meetings). Campaign
Team meetings will include de-briefs from previous flights (pilot’s report and instrument status)
as well as planning for future flights.
Science Meetings of the Campaign Team will take place fortnightly and will be coordinated with
TroCCiBras and HIBISCUS meetings.
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TROCCINOX
Contingency plan
Models
Models
Met
0
Met
6
12
Local Hour
18
Met
24
06
Met briefing to decide outline FN
12
18
24
Met briefing to refine FN
Discuss outline FN with pilots
File FP with ATC
Discuss refined FN with pilots
No Go
Alert logistics and crew
06
Prepare aircraft
Instrument status from PIs
Take off
Roll-out schedules
Discuss outline FN with PIs
Aircraft readiness report to MS
Final FP
Bad TAF
Outline FN - alert ATC
Alert TroCCiBras &
HIBISCUS teams
No Go
Logistics team, ground crew, pilots
Team Meeting
Mission Scientist
Core Group
Figure 14. Timeline for planning operations during the TroCCiNOx field campaign.
FN = Flight Notification
FP = Flight Plan
MS = Mission Scientist
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TROCCINOX
5 CONTINGENCY
The breadth of the TroCCiNOx objectives is such that contingency plans can be formulated by
changing the relative weighting of the different aspects of the project in the mission. For
example, lack of local convection will still allow studies of the continental-scale outflow to be
performed.
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TROCCINOX
6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
6.1
General management structure
TroCCiNOx management is described in the Description of Work, as is the relation of
TroCCiNOx to HIBISCUS and APE-INFRA. The relationship between TroCCiNOx and
TroCCiBras is described in the TroCCiBras proposal. The relationship between TroCCiNOx and
the ENVISAT-extension-to-TroCCiNOx is described in Appendix 6.
The relevant coordinators of the above activities are listed in Table 3.
Table 3: Project coordinators
Project
Coordinator
Lead Scientist2
TroCCiNOx Coordinator
Ulrich Schumann
-
TroCCiBras Coordinator
Gerhard Held
Roberto Calheiros
HIBISCUS Coordinator
Jean-Pierre Pommereau
-
ENVISAT-extension-to-TroCCiNOx
Leopoldo Stefanutti
Cornelius Blom
6.2
Campaign management structures
For the campaign itself the science steering committee becomes a core decision-making group
and is supplemented by one representative each of the Geophysica instrument PIs, the Falcon
instrument PIs, the ground based measurement PIs, the Geophysica and Falcon pilots, and a
dedicated meteorologist. It will then be the responsible organ for flight plan decisions based on
aspects of science, flight safety and instrument status. During the mission there is continuous
control of quality in meetings of the whole Campaign Team at least every two days.
The logistics group prepares and supports the mission in all logistic details:
 defining the transfer flight route for Falcon and Geophysica, applying to the relevant
countries for air traffic control clearances, requesting to carry out scientific measurements;
same for campaign flights,
 investigating the facilities at local airports, providing necessary hangar and office space to
the mission participants and ensuring necessary infrastructure and communications at any
airport,
 defining sites for ground based observations and establishing contacts with local authorites
and scientific institutions,
 organising transportation of the scientific and technical equipment in containers from and to
Europe,
 finding suitable accommodation and means of transportation on site,
 interfacing between scientific instrument groups and platform operators to ensure timely
installation and testing of instruments prior to the mission.
Table 4 summarises those responsible for tasks during the TroCCiNOx campaign period.
2
If different from Coordinator
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TROCCINOX
Table 4. Summary of tasks during TroCCiNOx field campaign.
Task
Logistics
Stefano Balestri
Heinz Finkenzeller
Falcon readiness
Hans Schlager
Heinz Finkenzeller
Geophysica readiness
Rob MacKenzie
Boris Lepouchov
Bandeirantes readiness
Gerard Held
Ground-based measurements
Hartmut Höller
Satellite data
Thorsten Fehr
Meteorological products (global)
Christoph Gatzen
Meteorological products (local)
Celine Mari
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7 APPENDIX 1: Work Package Structure of TROCCINOX
In order to guarantee efficient co-operation between the different groups within the project and
as a consequence of the timing and nature of the tasks within the project, TROCCINOX is
subdivided into 11 work packages (WP). The interconnection diagram, Figure 15, reflects the
interaction of the different Work packages during the project’s lifetime. The flow chart visualises
the temporal sequence of the Work packages during the three-years of total project duration.
Figure 15. Interconnection between work packages in troCCiNOx.
Table 5: Work Package Schedule
Year
Month
PMonth
04
00
2002
07
03
10
06
01
09
04
12
2003
07
15
10
18
01
21
04
24
2004
07
27
10
30
2005
01
33
WP1
WP2
WP3
WP4
WP5
WP6
WP7
WP8
WP9
WP10
WP11
M1
M2
IOP
M3
M4
Table 6. TroCCiNOx Work Package List
Work-package No3
Work-package title
Lead
contractor
Start
month4
End
month5
Workpackage number: WP 1 – WP n.
Relative start date of the work in the specific workpackage, month 0 marking the start of the
project, and all other start dates being relative to this start date.
5
Relative end date, month 0 marking the start of the project, and all end dates being relative to
this start date.
3
4
23
TROCCINOX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Preparation of the field campaign
The Field Campaign – Operation
Center
The Field Campaign – M55
Geophysica measurements
The Field Campaign – Falcon
measurements
The Field Campaign – Ground based
and spaceborne systems
Information centre and Data base
Impact of tropical deep convection on
the NOx– and O3-budget
Water vapour distribution and budget
Cirrus and aerosol particles
Constituent transport in the tropical
tropopause region
Coordination
DLR
ETHZ
0
16
17
19
ULANC
17
18
DLR
17
18
DLR
0
36
DLR
DLR
0
20
36
36
FZJ
CNR-IFA
JWG-IMG
20
20
20
36
36
36
DLR
0
36
25
TROCCINOX
8 APPENDIX 2: Geophysica Payload
Table 7. Summary of payloads for Geophysica flights in February-March 2004.
Instrument
Transfer
Europe-Brazil
(APE-INFRA)
4
Local flights
Local flights
TROCCINOX ENVISATValidation (ESA)
6
2
Transfer
Brazil- Europe
(TROCCINOX)
4
FOZAN
FISH
FLASH
HAGAR
SIOUX
FOX
HALOX
TDL (CVI-bay)
ALTO-TDL
COPAS (CVIbay)
COPAS-2
FSSP300
MAS
MAL-1/2
TDC(Rosemount)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-
x
x
MAL1 only
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
MAL1 only
x
MTP
-
x
x
-
ABLE
GASCOD
x
x
3 flights
x
1 flight
x
WAS
-
3 flights
1 flight
-
MIPAS
-
1 flight
x
-
# of flights
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TROCCINOX
Table 8. Brief descriptions of Geophysica instruments.
Instrument
FOZAN
Measured
Parameter
O3
FOX
O3
FISH
COPAS
H2O
(total)
H2O
(gas phase)
NO
NOy
Particle NOy
ClO
BrO,
ClONO2
N2O, CH4,
CFC 11, CFC12,
Halon 1211
CO2
N2O,
CH4
CO
Condensation nuclei (CN-total , CN-non-volatile)
FSSP3000
Size speciated aerosols (0.4-40µm)
MAS
Aerosol optical properties
MAL 1 &2
Remote Aerosol Profile (2km from aircraft altitude)
ABLE
Remote aerosol
profile
Temperature profile
+/- 3km from aircraft
altitude
Trace gas isotopes
FLASH
SIOUX
HALOX
HAGAR
ALTO
MTP
WAS
Rosemount probe
Temperature,
horizontal wind
Principle
Investigator
Fabrizio Ravegnani
CNR
Hans Schlager
DLR
Cornelius Schiller
FZJ
Vladimir Yushkov
CAO
Hans Schlager
DLR
Fred Stroh
FZJ
Michael Volk
Uni Frankfurt
Piero Mazzinghi
INOA
Technique
Averaging time
Accuracy
Precision
Dye chemiluminescensce + ECC
1s
0,01 ppmv
8%
UV absorption
2s
5%
2%
Lyman- photo-fragment flourescence
1s
0.2 ppmv
4%
Lyman-
8s
0.2 ppm
6%
Chemiluminescence,
+ Au-converter
+ Subisokinetic inlet
Chemical-conversion resonance fluorescence
+ thermal dissociation
1s
1s
10 %
15 %
3%
5%
20 s
100 s
20 %
35 %
5%
20 %
GC/ECD
GC/ECD
GC/ECD
IR absorption
TDL
10 s
90 s
90 s
10 s
5s
1s
5s
1s
1.5 %
1.5 %
4%
0.05 %
5%
4%
5
10 %
0.5 %
1.0 %
4%
0.05 %
2%
1%
2%
5%
Stephan Borrmann
Uni Mainz
2-channel CN counter,
one inlet heated
Stephan Borrmann
Uni Mainz
Francesco Cairo
CNR
Valentin Mitev
Obs. Neuchatel
Giorgio Fiocco
Uni Roma
Michael Mahoney
JPL
Laser-particle spectrometer
20 s
20 %
10 %
Multi-wavelength
Scattering
Microjoule-lidar
10 s
5%
5%
30-120 s
10 %
10 %
Backscattering lidar
Guest instrument during EuPLEx
Microwave radiometer
15 s
Thomas Röckmann
MPI-Heidelberg
Whole air sampler
Under test during EuPLEx
PT100,
5-hole probe
0,1 s
0.1 s
CAO
1K
0,5 K
1 m/s
0,1 K
0.1 m/s
27
TROCCINOX
9 APPENDIX 3: Falcon Payload
Table 9. Brief description of Falcon instruments and contribution to science questions 1 to 5 (section 1), where + = important and X = essential.
Species /
Parameter
Remote Aerosol
Profile
Remote H2O Profile
Ozone
Technique
Averagin
g time
1 sec
Accuracy
Precision
1
2
3
4
5
LIDAR
Partner
(No.)
DLR (1)
10 %
2%
X
X
X
X
+
DIAL
UV absorption
DLR (1)
DLR (1)
1 min
5 sec
10 %
5%
10 %
1%
+
X
+
X
X
X
X
H 2O
Lyman-
DLR (1)
1 sec
0.3 g/m3
0.01 g/m3
X
X
+
+
NO
Chemiluminescence
DLR (1)
1 sec
2 pptv
3%
X
+
NOy
DLR (1)
1 sec
5 pptv
5%
X
+
CO
Chemiluminescence + Au
converter
VUV fluorescence
DLR (1)
5 sec
3 ppbv
1ppbv
X
X
CO2
IR absorption
DLR (1)
2 sec
0.5 ppmv
0.1 ppmv
X
X
Condensation nuclei
Butanol CN counter
(CN)
Size speciated aerosols PCASP, FSSP300
Position, wind
INS, GPS, 5-hole probe
DLR (1)
1 sec
10 %
5%
+
X
+
DLR (1)
DLR (1)
20 sec
1 sec
10 %
+
0.1 m/sec (h)
X
0.05 m/sec (vert.)
X
X
+
Temperature
Rosemount
DLR (1)
1 sec
20 %
200 m (horiz.)
1 m/sec (horiz.)
0.3 m/sec (vert)
0.5°
0.1°
X
X
NO2 photolysis
J(NO2)
Filter radiometer
DLR (1)
1 sec
5 10-4
1 10-4
X
+
+
28
TROCCINOX
10 APPENDIX 4: TroCCiBras
During the International TROCCINOX Workshop, initiated by the TROCCINOX
coordinators (IPA/DLR) and their Brazilian partners (IPMet/UNESP), and realized in
February 2003 at IPMet in Bauru, the interest of Brazilian research groups in participating in
a joint multi-disciplinary research project, which would exploit unique data provided by the
TROCCINOX and HIBISCUS campaigns, was tested. This Workshop was also joined by the
HIBISCUS team, which was then engaged in the Pre-HIBISCUS 2003 Campaign, in
preparation for the 2004 Main-Campaign. The Workshop was attended by about 35 delegates
and most Brazilian research groups, specialized in Atmospheric Sciences, were represented.
It was proposed, that all relevant research organizations and University Departments be
invited to submit a brief proposal, indicating intended activities during the joint campaign.
The Lead Institution, IPMet/UNESP, would coordinate these short proposals and
subsequently invite for complete proposals, including limited budgets, to be submitted. These
were then organized into the current TroCCiBras Proposal for submission to the Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) to authorize a “Scientific
Expedition”, through which TROCCINOX could be invited to participate. On the other hand,
HIBISCUS is an already ongoing joint project between CNRS and CNES on the European
side and IPMet/UNESP in Brazil, and thus does not need the special status of “Scientific
Expedition”.
The general objective of the TroCCiBras project is thus to obtain a set of special
measurements throughout the troposphere and the lower stratosphere, to meet specific
research needs of Brazilian research institutions, through the realization of the EU project
TROCCINOX and the joint Brazilian / European project HIBISCUS in Brazil.
The different research sub-projects, although classified into three main topics, viz.,
“Meteorology, Atmospheric Physics and Forecasting”, “Atmospheric Chemistry” and
“Validation of Satellite-borne and Ground-based Remote Sensors”, constitute in fact a
comprehensive ensemble. In this sense, the validation represents a quality-controlled source
of data for the meteorology and chemistry research topics of the project, e.g. satellite profiles
of temperature and relative humidity for the models (e.g., Eta, MOZART, etc).
In conclusion, it can be stated that all sub-projects will contribute major milestones to the
overall knowledge of the atmosphere over the State of São Paulo and thus facilitate the
achievement of the two primary goals of TroCCiBras, viz., the validation of satellite-derived
measurements (especially those of the HSB) and the improvement of Now-casting methods.
10.1
IPMet’s PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS IN THIS STUDY
Lead Scientists are indicated for each group/organization.
• Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) / Instituto de Pesquisas
Espaciais (INPE) - Dr Carlos Nobre
• Centro de Lasers e Aplicações (CLA) / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares
(IPEN) - Dr Eduardo Landulfo
• Centro da Química e Meio Ambiente (CQMA) / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e
Nucleares (IPEN) - Dr Luciana Vanni Gatti
• Centro de Ensino e Pesquisas em Agricultura (CEPAGRI) / Universidade Estadual de
Campinas (Unicamp) - Dr Hilton Pinto
• Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA ) / Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE) - Dr Gilberto
Fisch & Dr Luiz Augusto Machado (current affiliation CPTEC)
• Embraer, Gavião Peixoto Unit - Mr Paulo Urbanavicius
28
29
TROCCINOX
• Grupo de Eletricidade Atmosférica (ELAT) / Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) - Dr
Osmar Pinto Junior (in collaboration with Dr Mike Taylor of Utah State University, USA, and
Prof Paul R. Krehbiel of the New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, USA)
• Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) - Dr Orivaldo Brunini
• Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) / Universidade de São
Paulo (USP) - Prof Maria Assunção F. Silva Dias & Prof Pedro Silva Dias
• Instituto de Física (IF) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Prof Paulo Artaxo (in
collaboration with Prof Meinrat O. Andreae of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
Mainz, Germany)
• Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) - Dr Alaor Moacyr Dall’Antonia Jr.
• Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE) - Dr Alexandre Costa
10.2
AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTATION
In addition to the satellite sensors, as well as TROCCINOX & HIBISCUS instrumentation,
the following instrumentation infrastructure will be available to conduct the proposed study,
some of which is already in place includes • IPMet’s S-band Doppler radars at Bauru & Presidente Prudente
• 3 Joss-Waldvogel Disdrometers (IPMet, Bauru)
• 2 Vaisala Radiosonde System (IPMet & CTA, Bauru)
• Lightning Detection Network (will be expanded over the State of São Paulo by INPE during
2003)
• High-sensitive cameras to observe sprite lightning (will be imported temporarily for the
Jan/Feb 2004 experiment by ELAT/INPE in collaboration with the Utah State University)
• Backscattering Lidar to provide aerosol profiles of up to 10 km from the interior of the State
(operated by CLA/IPEN)
• Ground-based air quality monitors (operated by CQMA/IPEN)
• Monitors for airborne measurements of aerosols & trace gases (supplied by IF/USP & M-PI, to be installed in INPE’s Bandeirante aircraft)
• UECE’s Bandeirante aircraft fully instrumented for cloud physics measurements
• Remtech PA2 Sodar (IAG/USP)
• Sonic anemometer (CTA)
10.3 ADDITIONAL DATA
The following observations will be made available during the campaign period by
collaborating organizations • Surface observations (possibly also intra-cloud flashes) of lightning supplied by
ELAT/INPE
• Surface and Radiosonde observations within the study area supplied by INMET
• All on-line data (e.g., satellite pictures, RAMS Model output, Radiosonde Tephi-grams, etc)
available from “Master” of IAG/USP
• Automatic Weather Station data supplied by CEPAGRI/Unicamp & IAC
• Global Circulation & Prediction Models; Regional & Meso Eta Models operated by
CPTEC/INPE, with specific, customized & project-related outputs issued during the Jan/Feb
2004 campaign
• Full set of high-resolution satellite observations during the Jan/Feb 2004 campaign provided
by CPTEC/INPE.
10.4
RESEARCH AREA
The primary area of research or “intense observation area” (IOA) will be in the State of São
Paulo and neighbouring states, within the range of the Bauru and Presidente Prudente S-band
radars (Figure 1 and Figure 7). More specifically, detailed studies of individual tropical clouds
29
30
TROCCINOX
and storms will be conducted on the mesoscale within the 240 km range of the radars, for
which volume scans will be available every 7.5 min, but could also be extended to within the
450 km radar range. Both these areas are well covered by lightning observations from the
Brazilian network.
In order to also document the regional, as well as continental flow and life-time of NOx,
especially the portion generated by lightning, various aerosols and other trace gases, including
water vapour, it is vitally important to also fly missions along the south-eastern, eastern and
north-eastern regions of the continent. This will primarily be done on the in-bound flight after
a refuelling stop in Recife, en route to Gavião Peixoto (GPX), as well as on the return transfer
flight. The outflow plume from the Amazon region could be best captured by transversal
flights across north-eastern Brazil, before making a re-fueling stop at Recife. These
measurements would be of great importance to the LBA studies by providing data which have
so far been unreachable for Brazilian scientists. However, the feasibility of such a crosssection would largely depend on a suitable synoptic situation prevailing on the day of the
return transfer flight from GPX to Recife.
30
31
TROCCINOX
11 APPENDIX 5: HIBISCUS and TROCCINOX at Bauru (Jan-Feb
2004)
J. P. Pommereau & A. Garnier
11.1 TTL flights
- Four SF balloon flights carrying 110 kg of science for high resolution in situ
measurements. Ascent mandatory during late afternoon (about 1h30 duration) and at float 10
to 30 minutes before sunset, then descending slowly during the night in the TTL down to 14
km followed by cut-down and recovery See flight profile in annex 1 from simulations.
performed by CNES. Main period of measurements: slow night-time descent.
i) Definition of SF payloads
SF1: UCAM DIRAC GC for Short Lived Species (SLS), UCAM DESCARTES_SLS grab
sampler for Very SLS, UMIST optical aerosol counter, CNR-LABS backscatter diode laser,
NPL-TDLAS for H2O, UCAM SAW hygrometer, DMI-Backscatter and ECC ozone
sondesonde, UCAM SSS ozonesonde, AIRS electric field and lightning optical sensor.
SF2: UCAM DIRAC GC for Short Lived Species (SLS), CNR-Micro-lidar, Micro-SDLA
(tuneable diode laser fro CH4, H2O and CO2), UCAM SAW hygrometer, DMI-Backscatter
and ECC ozone sondesonde (if first flight OK), UCAM SSS ozonesonde, AIRS electric field
and lightning optical sensor.
SF3: same as SF1 but light micro-DIRAC prototype instead of DESCARTES_SLS.
SF4: same as SF2 but addition of DESCARTES_SLS.
Trajectories:
Going West from Bauru.at 22 km, decreasing speed in TTL. Predictions from RS sonde will
be available in the morning and displayed on IPMet web site. As an illustration, see in annex2
trajectory of the SF test flight launched on 19 February 2003, but shorter than expected in
2004 (cut-down activated at 18 km i.o. 14 km).
Operations : Launch feasible up to 5 m/s surface wind except if raining on launch pad.. 2-3
days required between flights. Time window: within 5-10 minutes (cf annex 1)
Summary: excellent tracers of a variety of life time, gas phase water vapour, aerosols and
detection of cirrus clouds in TTL, exploratory electric field / lightning detector
Potential use: Vertical transport, cirrus and water vapour field above convective cells in the
TTL
Optimum flight conditions: convective cells on the West half of SP state, M-55 and Falcon
clouds / aerosols / water vapour measurements.
- DMI Backscatter and O3 sondes: 1500 m3 closed plastic balloons carrying a 6 kg payload.
Ascent to 28 km followed by burst. Nighttime only.
15 pc available.
Payload: DMI / Univ. Wyoming backscatter sonde and O3 ECC + T, P
Trajectory : close to Bauru
Potential use: cirrus in TTL, impact on ozone
Optimum flight conditions: potential presence of thin cirrus at cold point tropopause (model,
lidar?)
31
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TROCCINOX
- Other sondes:
O3 ECC,,) H2O SAW + RS80-15G P,T,U,GPS
280 m3 open plastic balloons (flights similar to SF but faster descent) or rubber balloons
(ascent and burst).
Potential use: O3 and H2O variability in TTL and convection modelling
Optimum flight conditions: convective and non-convective periods.
11.2 Stratospheric Flights
-TwoZL flights : carrying about 80 kg of science, ascent to 30 km during late afternoon, at
float for SZA=89°, solar occultation and then cut-down.
ii) Definition of ZL payloads
ZL1 and ZL2 (same definition): SAOZ (O3, NO2, H2O tropo remote sensing), SAOZ-BrO,
DIRAC-[N2O or SLS], CNR-LABS and NILUCube (daytime direct, diffuse and reflected
UV).
Trajectories:
Ascent near Bauru then true West at 20-30 knots. Predictions will be available in the morning
and displayed on IPMet web site.
Operations : same as SF
Potential use: Vertical transport in LS (N2O), NOx production by lightning / blue-jets in TTL
and LS, inorganic bromine in UT, NOx gas phase (N2O, O3, T, Js) and hetero (LABS)
chemistry.
Optimum flight conditions: after strong lightning activity, simultaneous afternoon daytime
M-55 and Falcon NO/NOy and BrO measurements.
11.3 Long duration flights
- Super-pressure balloons of two types: 10 m diameter at 60 hPa (3 flights), P, T (day and
night), GPS, Turbulence and
8.50 m diameter at 80 hPa (3 flights) carrying P, T, H2O SAW and O3SSS
- Infrared Montgolfier (MIR) carrying SAOZ (O3, NO2, H20 tropo/strato clouds) (2 flights)
or micro-lidar (one flight).
32
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TROCCINOX
iii) Annex: Simulation of SF Flight profile (from CNES)
Notes:
- descent rate in the stratosphere very sensitive to a) duration of daylight at float and b)
cloud cover (not in model, faster over cold high altitude clouds)
descent faster below the tropopause
3SF SIMULATIONS - sensibility studies
 Altitude Profile depends on
- Ho launch Time (ceiling duration so helium mass)
- over-flown
radiativesconditions after the sunset (clouds
)
Payload = 130 Kg
Medium sky
Tropical Latitude
24000
22000
20000
H0 + 5’
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
H0
8000
6000
H0 : nominal Launch Time for
H0 - 5Õ
the mission ( 8H in UTLS)
H0 - 5’
Sunset
4000
2000
0
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
TIME UT
Figure 16. Simulated time-height profiles for ZF3 balloons in tropics.
iv) Annex: Trajectory of the 3SF test flight launched on 19 February 2003 (shorter
than expected in 2004 ; cut-down at 18 km instead of 14 km)
The green dots show the successive the balloon locations along the flight.
Figure 17. Actual trajectory of 3SF balloon on 19 February 2003.
33
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TROCCINOX
12 APPENDIX 6: ENVISAT-extension to TroCCiNOx
12.1 Introduction
The deployments of the high-altitude aircraft M-55 Geophysica, equipped with a
variety of remote-sensing and in-situ sensors, represented a key component of the
ESABC (ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaigns) programme
executed between July 2002 and March 2003 with financial support by the European
Space Agency, the European Union and several national agencies. Between July
2002 and March 2003 several validation campaigns have been conducted, starting at
middle latitudes where no large gradients in the distribution of the atmospheric
parameters were expected, and, in the winter of 2003, at high latitudes where strong
gradients at the vortex edge are present.
It is important to cover in the validation of the chemistry instruments MIPAS, GOMOS
and SCIAMACHY any geophysical situation where different problems are to be
expected in the retrieval of the atmospheric parameters, but it is necessary to set
priorities to the currently missing elements. Such priorities should based on the
scientific interest, the difficulties to obtain reliable atmospheric data from the
ENVISAT measurements and the feasibility to perform the validation measurements.
12.2 Scientific interest and importance for the data retrieval from ENVISAT
Besides the on-going interest in the northern (covered by the ESABC in winter 2003)
and southern high latitudes, the main scientific issues are currently related to the
tropical tropopause, the TTL and UTLS region. The importance of the tropics was
recognised by the European Union and the proposals HIBISCUS and TROCCINOX
have been funded by the EU. In the framework of APE-INFRA, the EU also supports
the transfer of the aircraft from Europe to Brazil.
Besides the interest for atmospheric science, the tropics is important for ENVISAT
validation. The retrieval of the satellite data in the tropics is difficult because of:
 the cold tropopause, resulting in weak signals detected by the emission sounders
like MIPAS
 strong gradients (e.g. vertically for water) which needs improved retrieval
techniques and probably slightly adapted observation scenario
 clouds, which currently contaminate the retrieval of the atmospheric trace-gas
distributions.
12.3 Proposed flight templates for ENVISAT validation in the tropics.
We have made preliminary studies, presented at the TROCCINOX meeting in
Oberpfaffenhofen, May 16th and in more detail during the ESABC meeting in St.
Gallen, June 3rd 2003, on the location of the MIPAS, GOMOS and SCIAMACHY
measurements in the region of Gaviao Peixoto. They show that only one single orbit
will be in the range of the aircraft during each of the 10 am and 10 pm (local time)
overpasses. But certainly several limb scans of MIPAS (see Figure 18), several star
occultations of GOMOS and also the locations of the SCIAMACHY limb
measurements can be reached during each flight.
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TROCCINOX
Location of MIPAS-Envisat tangent points (6 - 20 km) for February 2-4, 2003
- Colour codes
February 2nd: blue
February 3rd: red
February 4th: pink
- Open symbols
for daytime overpasses
(ca. 13 UTC, 10 am local)
- Closed symbols
for night time overpasses
(ca. 01 UTC, 10 pm local)
- The circle shows the range (1500 km)
of the Geophysica for local flights.
Figure 18. Examples of the location of the lower (<20 km) MIPAS-ENVISAT
measurements around the campaign base in Brazil.
It is proposed to perform two local coordinated Geophysica and Falcon flights
from Gaviao Peixoto (Brazil) in order to validate MIPAS, SCIAMACHY (daytime
requirement) and GOMOS (night time preference),
Flight templates are described in section 3, above. In principle we consider to have
about 3 days between the flights for a preliminary analysis of the performance of the
instruments. In case of bad whether conditions or failure of important instruments
before the first flight, we consider to perform a ‘double flight’ at the end of the
mission.
Apart from the two local flights for ENVISAT validation, the TROCCINOX team
agreed to include the ENVISAT validation payload in the last TROCCINOX flight,
which will have a high-altitude part for investigations into the TTL. With a properly
chosen take-off time, this flight, or part of it, should also be suitable for ENVISAT
validation.
12.4 Priorities for ENVISAT Validation
The main goal of the activities in the tropics is the validation of vertical profiles of
temperature and trace gases derived from MIPAS-ENVISAT. Therefore
measurements by in-situ chemistry instruments and the MIPAS-STR are of major
importance. For the planning of the validation flights priority will been given to match
the low-altitude tangent points of MIPAS-ENVISAT. The correlative data obtained
will, however, be made available for the validation of the GOMOS and SCIAMACHY.
Because of the importance of the measurements of the Falcon water Lidar for the validation
of MIPAS, it is foreseen to perform at least one of the ENVISAT validation flights in the dark
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TROCCINOX
or during dusk/dawn conditions. Measurements conducted by the Lidars and the in-situ
aerosol experiments should contribute to validate the top clouds height and, when required,
to validate aerosol properties derived by the ENVISAT payload. The proposed payload for
ENVISAT validation of both aircraft is given in Table 10.
Table 10. Instrumentation onboard the Geophysica and the Falcon during the
ENVISAT validation flights in the tropics in February 2004.
GEOPHYSICA PAYLOAD
Instrument
Target
FOZAN
In-situ ozone
FISH
In-situ water (total)
FLASH
HAGAR
SIOUX
FOX
HALOX
TDC
ALTO-TDL
MIPAS-STR
MAL-1 and -2
ABLE
GASCOD-A
COPAS
FSSP300
MAS
FALCON PAYLOAD
Instrument
Target
UV photometer
In situ ozone
UVU fluorescence
In situ CO
detector
In-situ water (gas)
CL detectors
In situ NO, NOy
Several tracers
CPSA
size distribution of ultrafine
aerosol
NOy
CN counter +
Volatile aerosol fraction
Thermodenuder
In-situ ozone
PSAP
Absorption by soot particles
BrO, ClO
FSSP-300
Aerosol size distribution
In-situ temperature
PCASP
size distribution of dry
aerosol
methane
DIAL
2.D-distribution of aerosol
backscatter and
depolarisation
2-D-distributions of
DIAL
2-D-distribution of water
several trace gases
vapour
Top cloud height
Rosemount probes In situ temperature
Top cloud height
5-hole probe
In situ wind
MIPAS & SCIAMACHY INS, GPS
Position
products
Aerosol properties
Aerosol properties
Aerosol properties
It is also planned to operate the JPL Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) from the
Geophysica, but the situation regarding this instrument is currently uncertain.
12.5 Flight planning and Instrument Preparation
The chemistry scientific coordinator will provide several possible flight plans as soon as
details on the MIPAS-ENVISAT pointing are available. The final flight planning will,
however, be made at the mission site. Dr. Cornelis Blom, PI of MIPAS-STR, core instrument
for this validation, will coordinate the scientific activities, in accordance with the contractual
responsible of the Geophysica-GEIE or his representative.
During the preparatory phase, the instrument PIs shall finalise plans for instrument
deployment and the measurements to be made. This phase is responsibility of the single
Instrument PIs. The Instrument PIs shall process the data and assess the accuracy, and/or
precision of their measurements. Target species for cal/val are listed in Table 11.
ERS-Srl and DLR will be responsible for the technical management of the campaign. The
responsibility of the M55 Geophysica aircraft remains with the aircraft operator, i.e. the
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TROCCINOX
Russian Partner, Stratosphere-M Ltd. ERS-Srl and DLR will be responsible for granting all
the airport services and all the necessary infrastructures.
Table 11. Geophysica and Falcon contributions to ENVISA validation.
ENVISAT
Measurement
Temperature
GOMOS
O3
MIPAS-STR
TDC
MIPAS-STR
FOZAN
Falcon-O3
CH4
MIPAS-STR
HAGAR
MERIS
MIPAS
CO2
BrO
MIPAS-STR
TDC
MIPAS-STR
FOZAN
Falcon-O3
GASCOD-A
MIPAS-STR
HAGAR
MIPAS-STR
SIOUX-NOy
Falcon-NOy
MIPAS-STR
HAGAR
Falcon-NOx
GASCOD-A
HAGAR
GASCOD-A
OclO
GASCOD-A
HNO3
N2O
NO2
H2O
Stratospheric
aerosol
distribution
and properties
MIPAS-STR
FISH
FLASH
Falcon-DIAL
ABLE
ABLE,
MAS (low Stratosphere),
FSSP, COPAS
Falcon-Aerosol
Cloud distribution
ABLE, MAS, MAL
Falcon-DIAL
Cloud top
pressure
ABLE, MAS, MAL,
Falcon-DIAL
AASTR
SCIAMACHY
MIPAS-STR
FOZAN
GASCOD-A
Falcon-O3
MIPAS-STR
HAGAR
MIPAS-STR
HAGAR
GASCOD-A
Falcon-NOx
HAGAR
HALOX
GASCOD-A
HALOX
GASCOD-A
MIPAS-STR
FISH
FLASH
Falcon-DIAL
ABLE,
MAS (low
Stratosphere), FSSP,
COPAS
Falcon-Aerosol
MIPAS-STR
FISH
FLASH
Falcon-DIAL
ABLE,
MAS (low
Stratosphere),
FSSP, COPAS
Falcon-Aerosol
ABLE, MAS,
MAL
Falcon-DIAL
Items printed in blue italics are measurements that will be performed during the campaign,
even if they are not considered as a priority objective of this proposal (see details below).
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