Biology Midterm Review Continued
Protein Synthesis
1. Distinguish between transcription and translation.
2. Use the following DNA sequence to determine which amino acids are coded for: ACTGCA.
Cell Transport
Use the following illustrations to answer Questions 5-7.
3. The illustrations above demonstrate the transport of an ion across the plasma membrane, but they are out of
sequence. In what order do they belong?
i.
D-C-B-A
B. A-B-D-C
C. C-B-D-A
D. A-D-B-C
4. What statement is true about diagram D?
i.
The ion movement is random
ii.
Energy is required
iii.
The fatty acids in the plasma membrane could also move apart to allow the ion through
iv.
The concentration of ions is higher at the top of diagram D at the bottom
5. Which process is best represented by these diagrams?
i.
Diffusion
B. Active Transport
C. Endocytosis
D. Passive Transport
6. Compare and contrast active transport and facilitated diffusion.
7. A Paramecium expels water when it is in fresh-water. What can you conclude about the concentration gradient
in the organism’s environment?
Carbon Cycle
8. Which of the following would most decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air?
i.
A growing maple tree
B. A running dog
C. A person driving a car
D. A burning forest
14. Which 2 elements are important in the carbon cycle? A. oxygen and nitrogen B. hydrogen and nitrogen
C. oxygen and carbon D. carbon and hydrogen
Difference between RNA and DNA
15. Mark whether each of the following basic components is absent or present in DNA and RNA.
Component Name
DNA
RNA
Phosphate group
Simple sugar
Nitrogenous base
Hydrogen bonds
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Double helix
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Cell Cycle
16. Which of the following indicates the correct order of mitosis in animal cells?
i.
A-B-C-D
B. B-C-A-D
C. C-A-D-B
D. C-B-A-D
Organelle Functions
17. Describe the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.
18. Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts. Why are they referred to as energy transformers?
19. Choose the correct vocabulary words to fit the definitions below:
________________ Organelle that is the boundary between the cell and its environment
________________ Membrane-bound organelles that transform energy in all eukaryotic cells
________________ Highly organized structures within cells
________________ Organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis
________________ Basic unit of organization of both unicellular and multicellular organisms
20. Which of the following is NOT found in both plant and animal cells?
A. Chloroplast
B. cytoskeleton
C. ribosomes
D. mitochondria
Ecology – Energy Flow
21. Order the following levels of biological organization from the broadest to the smallest categories:
Biological community, Population, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Organism
22. Match the correct definition to each of the levels used in Question 28.
__________________ A group of organisms, all of one species, which interbreed and live in the same place at
the same time.
__________________An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows,
and develops.
__________________The portion of Earth that supports life.
__________________ Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with
the abiotic components of that area.
__________________ All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
23. Why do autotrophs always occupy the lowest level of ecological pyramids?
24. Which of the following describes energy and matter in ecosystems?
i.
Both energy and matter are completely recycled.
ii.
Matter recycles, but some energy is transferred.
iii.
Energy is recycled, but most matter is lost.
iv.
Both matter and energy are completely lost.
Use the following energy pyramid diagram to answer Questions 32 and 33.
25. In the pyramid of energy above, less energy is available in the second level because _______.
i.
There is more food that at the first level
ii.
Energy from the first level was given off as heat
iii.
The organism at the top doesn’t need very much energy
iv.
Producers don’t use as much energy
26. The amount of energy at each level is about ______ of what it was on the level before:
i.
50%
B. 25%
C. 20%
D. 10%
Key
1. Transcription is the process of making an mRNA copy from a portion of a DNA strand. Translation is the process
of converting the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
2. UGA CGU AAA stop, arginine, lysine
3. mRNA takes the message from DNA to the ribosome, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome in the correct
order, rRNA is what the ribosome is made of and helps to put the amino acids in order to form a protein
4. changes the amino acid, thus the protein, thus the trait coded for.
5. C. C-B-D-A
6. B. Energy is required
7. B. Active transport
8. Both can use carrier proteins. Active transport uses energy, facilitated diffusion does not use energy, must go
from high to low concentration
9. More water in the solution than in the paramecium, so hypotonic solution. Paramecium must expel water so it
doesn’t explode
10. A
11. C
12.
Component Name
DNA
RNA
Phosphate group
Present
Present
Simple sugar
Present
Present
Nitrogenous base
Present
Present
Hydrogen bonds
Present
Present
Adenine
Present
Present
Thymine
Present
Absent
Guanine
Present
Present
Cytosine
Present
Present
Uracil
Absent
Present
Double helix
Present
Absent
Ribose
Absent
Present
Deoxyribose
Present
Absent
13. Interphase: normal cell activities, Prophase: chromosomes get short and thick, spindle fibers form, centrioles
migrate to poles; Metaphase: chromosomes line up at middle of cell, attaching to spindle fibers by the
centromeres; Anaphase: chromosomes pull away on spindle fibers; Telophase: reverse of prophase
14. D. C-B-A-D
15. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. A prokaryotic cell has no membranebound organelles. Most of its metabolism takes place in its cyctoplasm.
16. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are composed of two membranes, with the inner membrane being highly
folded. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments used to capture light energy. Mitochondria and
chloroplasts transform energy from one form to another.
17. Plasma membrane, mitochondria, nucleolus, organelle, ribosomes, vacuole, cell
18. A. cell wall
19. sun
20. Biosphere – Ecosystem – Biological Community – Population – Organism
21. Population – Organism – Biosphere – Ecosystem – Biological Community
22. Autotrophs capture light energy and create nutrients. When eaten, they provide nutrients for all other
organisms. They have the most energy so must be at the bottom of the pyramid.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
B. Matter recycles, but some energy is transferred.
B. energy from the first level was given off as heat
Food chains have one producer, first order consumer, etc while food webs have multiple organisms at each level
D. 10%
Photosynthesis: Reactants = CO2 and H2O, Products = Glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen,
Respiration: Reactants = Glucose and Oxygen, Products = H2O, Co2 and ATP
B chloroplast
Glycolysis – cytoplasm, citric acid or Krebs cycle – mitochondria, Electron Transport chain – mitochondria
Stores energy
Aerobic- uses oxygen, Anerobic – does not use oxygen
A protein
2 only: pH and temperature
Enzyme:
35. ATP
36. Energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate molecules, released when this bond is broken.
37. DNA polymerase: joins nitrogen bases, helicase: unzips the DNA, ligase: joins the phosphates and sugars
38. DNA
39. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, glucose, energy
Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol, oil, stores energy, insulation
Proteins: amino acids, enzymes, structural (hair, etc) and functional proteins (hemoglobin)
Nucleic acids: nucleotides, DNA, genetic information
40. Iodine: starch; Brown paper: lipid; Benedicts: glucose, Biuret’s solution: protein
41. Dependent: result of independent. Independent: controlled by researcher
42. State the problem.
43. Growth:
44. Acid rain: kills trees, destroys habitat. Non-native species: out-competes native species, overpopulation due to
lack of natural predators. Deforestation: destroys habitat of animals, erosion, CO2 buildup in the atmosphere.
45. Growth and develop, reproduce, made of cells, use energy, respond to environment
46. Maintaining internal balance.
47. Habitat: where an organism lives. Niche: role of an organism in the environment
48. Predator-prey: lynx and hare. Commensalism: barnacle and whale. Mutualism: lichen = algae and fungi. Parasite:
tick on a dog.