References Abrahamsson, I., Albouy, J. P. & Berglundh, T. (2008) Healing at fluoride-modified implants placed in wide marginal defects: an experimental study in dogs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 153-159. Abrahamsson, I. & Berglundh, T. (2006) Tissue characteristics at microthreaded implants: an experimental study in dogs. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 107-113. Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Linder, E., Lang, N. P. & Lindhe, J. (2004) Early bone formation adjacent to rough and turned endosseous implant surfaces. An experimental study in the dog. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 381-392. Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Wennstrom, J. & Lindhe, J. (1996) The peri-implant hard and soft tissues at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 7, 212-219. Abrahamsson, I., Linder, E. & Lang, N. P. (2009) Implant stability in relation to osseointegration: an experimental study in the Labrador dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 20, 313-318. Abrahamsson, I., Zitzmann, N. U., Berglundh, T., Wennerberg, A. & Lindhe, J. (2001) Bone and soft tissue integration to titanium implants with different surface topography: an experimental study in the dog. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16, 323-332. Ahn, S. J., Leesungbok, R. & Lee, S. W. (2010) Histomorphometric analysis and removal torque of small diameter implants with alternative surface treatments and different designs. J Oral Implantol 36, 263-272. Al-Hamdan, K., Al-Moaber, S. H., Junker, R. & Jansen, J. A. (2011) Effect of implant surface properties on peri-implant bone healing: a histological and histomorphometric study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 399-405. Al-Nawas, B., Groetz, K. A., Goetz, H., Duschner, H. & Wagner, W. (2008) Comparative histomorphometry and resonance frequency analysis of implants with moderately rough surfaces in a loaded animal model. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 1-8. Alvarez, K., Fukuda, M. & Yamamoto, O. (2010) Titanium Implants after alkali heating treatment with a [Zn(OH)4]2 complex: analysis of interfacial bond strength using push-out tests. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. e114-125. Alzubaydi, T. L., Alameer, S. S., Ismaeel, T., Alhijazi, A. Y. & Geetha, M. (2009) In vivo studies of the ceramic coated titanium alloy for enhanced osseointegration in dental applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20 Suppl 1, S35-42. doi:10.1007/s10856-0083479-1. Bacchelli, B., Giavaresi, G., Franchi, M., Martini, D., De Pasquale, V., Trire, A., Fini, M., Giardino, R. & Ruggeri, A. (2009) Influence of a zirconia sandblasting treated surface on peri-implant bone healing: An experimental study in sheep. In: Acta Biomaterialia, pp. 2246-2257. Badr, N. A. & El Hadary, A. A. (2007) Hydroxyapatite-electroplated cp-titanium implant and its bone integration potentiality: an in vivo study. In: Implant Dent, pp. 297-308. Baffone, G. M., Botticelli, D., Pantani, F., Cardoso, L. C., Schweikert, M. T. & Lang, N. P. (2011) Influence of various implant platform configurations on peri-implant tissue dimensions: an experimental study in dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 438-444. Baker, D., London, R. M. & O'Neal, R. (1999) Rate of pull-out strength gain of dual-etched titanium implants: a comparative study in rabbits. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 14, 722-728. Ballo, A. M., Akca, E. A., Ozen, T., Lassila, L., Vallittu, P. K. & Narhi, T. O. (2009) Bone tissue responses to glass fiber-reinforced composite implants--a histomorphometric study. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 608-615. Barros, R. R., Novaes, A. B., Jr., Papalexiou, V., Souza, S. L., Taba, M., Jr., Palioto, D. B. & Grisi, M. F. (2009) Effect of biofunctionalized implant surface on osseointegration: a histomorphometric study in dogs. Braz Dent J 20, 91-98. Berglundh, T., Abrahamsson, I., Albouy, J. P. & Lindhe, J. (2007) Bone healing at implants with a fluoride-modified surface: an experimental study in dogs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 147-152. Berglundh, T., Abrahamsson, I. & Lindhe, J. (2005) Bone reactions to longstanding functional load at implants: an experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 32, 925-932. Bonfante, E. A., Granato, R., Marin, C., Suzuki, M., Oliveira, S. R., Giro, G. & Coelho, P. G. (2011) Early bone healing and biomechanical fixation of dual acid-etched and asmachined implants with healing chambers: an experimental study in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 26, 75-82. Bornstein, M. M., Valderrama, P., Jones, A. A., Wilson, T. G., Seibl, R. & Cochran, D. L. (2008) Bone apposition around two different sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implant surfaces: a histomorphometric study in canine mandibles. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 233-241. Burgess, A. V., Story, B. J., Wagner, W. R., Trisi, P., Pikos, M. A. & Guttenberg, S. A. (1999) Highly crystalline MP-1 hydroxylapatite coating. Part II: In vivo performance on endosseous root implants in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 10, 257-266. Burgos, P. M., Rasmusson, L., Meirelles, L. & Sennerby, L. (2008) Early bone tissue responses to turned and oxidized implants in the rabbit tibia. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 181-190. Buser, D., Broggini, N., Wieland, M., Schenk, R. K., Denzer, A. J., Cochran, D. L., Hoffmann, B., Lussi, A. & Steinemann, S. G. (2004) Enhanced bone apposition to a chemically modified SLA titanium surface. J Dent Res 83, 529-533. Buser, D., Nydegger, T., Hirt, H. P., Cochran, D. L. & Nolte, L. P. (1998) Removal torque values of titanium implants in the maxilla of miniature pigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 13, 611-619. Buser, D., Nydegger, T., Oxland, T., Cochran, D. L., Schenk, R. K., Hirt, H. P., Snetivy, D. & Nolte, L. P. (1999) Interface shear strength of titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: a biomechanical study in the maxilla of miniature pigs. In: J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 75-83. Buser, D., Schenk, R. K., Steinemann, S., Fiorellini, J. P., Fox, C. H. & Stich, H. (1991) Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 25, 889-902. Butz, F., Aita, H., Wang, C. J. & Ogawa, T. (2006) Harder and stiffer bone osseointegrated to roughened titanium. In: J Dent Res, pp. 560-565. Carr, A. B., Gerard, D. A. & Larsen, P. E. (1997) Quantitative histomorphometric description of implant anchorage for three types of dental implants following 3 months of healing in baboons. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12, 777-784. Carr, A. B., Papazoglou, E. & Larsen, P. E. (1995) The relationship of Periotest values, biomaterial, and torque to failure in adult baboons. International Journal of Prosthodontics 8, 15-20. Caudill, R., Vernino, A. R., Holt, R., Severson, S. & Church, C. (2000) Effect of unintentional exposure of 2-stage implants upon subsequent osseointegration: histologic findings 6 months postloading. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 20, 307-314. Caulier, H., Naert, I., Kalk, W. & Jansen, J. A. (1997) The relationship of some histologic parameters, radiographic evaluations, and Periotest measurements of oral implants: an experimental animal study. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 12, 380-386. Chang, Y. L., Lew, D., Park, J. B. & Keller, J. C. (1999) Biomechanical and morphometric analysis of hydroxyapatite-coated implants with varying crystallinity. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1096-1108; Chappard, D., Aguado, E., Hure, G., Grizon, F. & Basle, M. F. (1999) The early remodeling phases around titanium implants: a histomorphometric assessment of bone quality in a 3- and 6-month study in sheep. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14, 189-196. Chehroudi, B., McDonnell, D. & Brunette, D. M. (1997) The effects of micromachined surfaces on formation of bonelike tissue on subcutaneous implants as assessed by radiography and computer image processing. J Biomed Mater Res 34, 279-290. Cheng, Z., Zhang, F., He, F., Zhang, L., Guo, C., Zhao, S. & Yang, G. (2010) Osseointegration of titanium implants with a roughened surface containing hydride ion in a rabbit model. In: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, pp. e5-12. Cho, L. R., Kim, D. G., Kim, J. H., Byon, E. S., Jeong, Y. S. & Park, C. J. (2010) Bone response of Mg ion-implanted clinical implants with the plasma source ion implantation method. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 848-856. Choi, J. W., Heo, S. J., Koak, J. Y., Kim, S. K., Lim, Y. J., Kim, S. H. & Lee, J. B. (2006) Biological responses of anodized titanium implants under different current voltages. In: J Oral Rehabil, pp. 889-897. Cochran, D. L., Nummikoski, P. V., Higginbottom, F. L., Hermann, J. S., Makins, S. R. & Buser, D. (1996) Evaluation of an endosseous titanium implant with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface in the canine mandible: radiographic results. Clin Oral Implants Res 7, 240-252. Cochran, D. L., Schenk, R. K., Lussi, A., Higginbottom, F. L. & Buser, D. (1998) Bone response to unloaded and loaded titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: a histometric study in the canine mandible. In: J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 1-11. Coelho, P. G., Bonfante, E. A., Pessoa, R. S., Marin, C., Granato, R., Giro, G., Witek, L. & Suzuki, M. (2011a) Characterization of five different implant surfaces and their effect on osseointegration: a study in dogs. J Periodontol 82, 742-750. Coelho, P. G., Cardaropoli, G., Suzuki, M. & Lemons, J. E. (2009) Early healing of nanothickness bioceramic coatings on dental implants. An experimental study in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 88, 387-393. Coelho, P. G., Freire, J. N., Granato, R., Marin, C., Bonfante, E. A., Gil, J. N., Chuang, S. K. & Suzuki, M. (2011b) Bone mineral apposition rates at early implantation times around differently prepared titanium surfaces: a study in beagle dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 26, 63-69. Coelho, P. G., Granato, R., Marin, C., Bonfante, E. A., Freire, J. N., Janal, M. N., Gil, J. N. & Suzuki, M. (2010a) Biomechanical evaluation of endosseous implants at early implantation times: a study in dogs. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1667-1675. Coelho, P. G., Granato, R., Marin, C., Bonfante, E. A., Janal, M. N. & Suzuki, M. (2010b) Biomechanical and bone histomorphologic evaluation of four surfaces on plateau root form implants: an experimental study in dogs. In: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, pp. e39-45. Coelho, P. G., Suzuki, M., Guimaraes, M. V., Marin, C., Granato, R., Gil, J. N. & Miller, R. J. (2010c) Early bone healing around different implant bulk designs and surgical techniques: A study in dogs. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 202-208. Cook, S. D. & Rust-Dawicki, A. M. (1995) In vivo evaluation of a CSTi dental implant: a healing time course study. J Oral Implantol 21, 82-90. Cooley, D. R., Van Dellen, A. F., Burgess, J. O. & Windeler, A. S. (1992) The advantages of coated titanium implants prepared by radiofrequency sputtering from hydroxyapatite. J Prosthet Dent 67, 93-100. Cordioli, G., Majzoub, Z., Piattelli, A. & Scarano, A. (2000) Removal torque and histomorphometric investigation of 4 different titanium surfaces: an experimental study in the rabbit tibia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 15, 668-674. Costa, C. d. A., Sena, L. A., Pinto, M., Muller, C. A., Cavalcanti, J. H. L. & Soares, G. d. A. (2005) In vivo characterization of titanium implants coated with synthetic hydroxyapatite by electrophoresis. Braz Dent J 16, 75-81. Daugaard, H., Elmengaard, B., Bechtold, J. E., Jensen, T. & Soballe, K. (2010) The effect on bone growth enhancement of implant coatings with hydroxyapatite and collagen deposited electrochemically and by plasma spray. J Biomed Mater Res A 92, 913-921. De Maeztu, M. A., Alava, J. I. & Gay-Escoda, C. (2003) Ion implantation: surface treatment for improving the bone integration of titanium and Ti6Al4V dental implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 57-62. De Maeztu, M. A., Braceras, I., Alava, J. I. & Gay-Escoda, C. (2008) Improvement of osseointegration of titanium dental implant surfaces modified with CO ions: a comparative histomorphometric study in beagle dogs. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 441-447. De Maeztu, M. A., Braceras, I., Alava, J. I., Sanchez-Garces, M. A. & Gay-Escoda, C. (2007) Histomorphometric study of ion implantation and diamond-like carbon as dental implant surface treatments in beagle dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22, 273-279. De Smet, E., Jaecques, S. V. N., Wevers, M., Jansen, J. A., Jacobs, R., Sloten, J. V. & Naert, I. E. (2006) Effect of controlled early implant loading on bone healing and bone mass in guinea pigs, as assessed by micro-CT and histology. European Journal of Oral Sciences 114, 232-242. Deporter, D. A., Watson, P. A., Pilliar, R. M., Chipman, M. L. & Valiquette, N. (1990) A histological comparison in the dog of porous-coated vs. threaded dental implants. J Dent Res 69, 1138-1145. Depprich, R., Zipprich, H., Ommerborn, M., Mahn, E., Lammers, L., Handschel, J., Naujoks, C., Wiesmann, H. P., Kubler, N. R. & Meyer, U. (2008a) Osseointegration of zirconia implants: an SEM observation of the bone-implant interface. In: Head Face Med, pp. 25. Depprich, R., Zipprich, H., Ommerborn, M., Naujoks, C., Wiesmann, H. P., Kiattavorncharoen, S., Lauer, H. C., Meyer, U., Kubler, N. R. & Handschel, J. (2008b) Osseointegration of zirconia implants compared with titanium: an in vivo study. In: Head Face Med, pp. 30. Duyck, J., Slaets, E., Sasaguri, K., Vandamme, K. & Naert, I. (2007) Effect of intermittent loading and surface roughness on peri-implant bone formation in a bone chamber model. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 998-1006. Ellingsen, J. E., Johansson, C. B., Wennerberg, A. & Holmen, A. (2004) Improved retention and bone-tolmplant contact with fluoride-modified titanium implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19, 659-666. Ericsson, I., Johansson, C. B., Bystedt, H. & Norton, M. R. (1994) A histomorphometric evaluation of bone-to-implant contact on machine-prepared and roughened titanium dental implants. A pilot study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 5, 202-206. Evans, G. H., Mendez, A. J. & Caudill, R. F. (1996) Loaded and nonloaded titanium versus hydroxyapatite-coated threaded implants in the canine mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11, 360-371. Faeda, R. S., Tavares, H. S., Sartori, R., Guastaldi, A. C. & Marcantonio, E., Jr. (2009) Biological performance of chemical hydroxyapatite coating associated with implant surface modification by laser beam: biomechanical study in rabbit tibias. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1706-1715. Ferguson, S. J., Broggini, N., Wieland, M., de Wild, M., Rupp, F., Geis-Gerstorfer, J., Cochran, D. L. & Buser, D. (2006) Biomechanical evaluation of the interfacial strength of a chemically modified sandblasted and acid-etched titanium surface. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 78, 291-297. Ferguson, S. J., Langhoff, J. D., Voelter, K., von Rechenberg, B., Scharnweber, D., Bierbaum, S., Schnabelrauch, M., Kautz, A. R., Frauchiger, V. M., Mueller, T. L., van Lenthe, G. H. & Schlottig, F. (2008) Biomechanical comparison of different surface modifications for dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 23, 1037-1046. Fernandes Ede, L., Unikowski, I. L., Teixeira, E. R., da Costa, N. P. & Shinkai, R. S. (2007) Primary stability of turned and acid-etched screw-type implants: a removal torque and histomorphometric study in rabbits. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22, 886-892. Foley, C. H., Kerns, D. G., Hallmon, W. W., Rivera-Hidalgo, F., Nelson, C. J., Spears, R., Dechow, P. C. & Opperman, L. A. (2010) Effect of phosphate treatment of Acidetched implants on mineral apposition rates near implants in a dog model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25, 278-286. Fontana, F., Rocchietta, I., Addis, A., Schupbach, P., Zanotti, G. & Simion, M. (2011) Effects of a calcium phosphate coating on the osseointegration of endosseous implants in a rabbit model. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 760-766. Franchi, M., Bacchelli, B., Giavaresi, G., De Pasquale, V., Martini, D., Fini, M., Giardino, R. & Ruggeri, A. (2007) Influence of different implant surfaces on peri-implant osteogenesis: histomorphometric analysis in sheep. J Periodontol 78, 879-888. Frojd, V., Franke-Stenport, V., Meirelles, L. & Wennerberg, A. (2008) Increased bone contact to a calcium-incorporated oxidized commercially pure titanium implant: an in-vivo study in rabbits. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 561-566. Fuerst, G., Gruber, R., Tangl, S., Sanroman, F. & Watzek, G. (2003) Enhanced bone-toimplant contact by platelet-released growth factors in mandibular cortical bone: a histomorphometric study in minipigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18, 685-690. Fuming, H., Guoli, Y., Xiaoxiang, W. & Shifang, Z. (2008) The removal torque of titanium implant inserted in rabbit femur coated with biomimetic deposited Ca-P coating. In: J Oral Rehabil, pp. 754-765. Gahlert, M., Gudehus, T., Eichhorn, S., Steinhauser, E., Kniha, H. & Erhardt, W. (2007) Biomechanical and histomorphometric comparison between zirconia implants with varying surface textures and a titanium implant in the maxilla of miniature pigs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 662-668.. Gahlert, M., Rohling, S., Wieland, M., Eichhorn, S., Kuchenhoff, H. & Kniha, H. (2010) A comparison study of the osseointegration of zirconia and titanium dental implants. A biomechanical evaluation in the maxilla of pigs. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 12, 297-305. Gahlert, M., Rohling, S., Wieland, M., Sprecher, C. M., Kniha, H. & Milz, S. (2009) Osseointegration of zirconia and titanium dental implants: a histological and histomorphometrical study in the maxilla of pigs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 1247-1253. Gan, L., Wang, J., Tache, A., Valiquette, N., Deporter, D. & Pilliar, R. (2004) Calcium phosphate sol-gel-derived thin films on porous-surfaced implants for enhanced osteoconductivity. Part II: Short-term in vivo studies. In: Biomaterials, pp. 5313-5321. Garcia, R. V., Gabrielli, M. A., Hochuli-Vieira, E., Spolidorio, L. C., Filho, J. G., Neto, F. A., de Cardoso, L. A. & Shibli, J. A. (2010) Effect of platelet-rich plasma on peri-implant bone repair: a histologic study in dogs. J Oral Implantol 36, 281-290. Gedrange, T., Gredes, T., Gredes, M., Allegrini, M. R., Borsos, G., Vegh, A., Salles, M. B., Heinemann, F., Dominiak, M. & Allegrini, S., Jr. (2009) Comparative animal study on hard tissue integration and bone formation of different Nobel Biocare implants. J Physiol Pharmacol 60 Suppl 8, 117-121. Germanier, Y., Tosatti, S., Broggini, N., Textor, M. & Buser, D. (2006) Enhanced bone apposition around biofunctionalized sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implant surfaces. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 251-257. Giavaresi, G., Ambrosio, L., Battiston, G. A., Casellato, U., Gerbasi, R., Finia, M., Aldini, N. N., Martini, L., Rimondini, L. & Giardino, R. (2004a) Histomorphometric, ultrastructural and microhardness evaluation of the osseointegration of a nanostructured titanium oxide coating by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition: an in vivo study. In: Biomaterials, pp. 5583-5591. Giavaresi, G., Branda, F., Causa, F., Luciani, G., Fini, M., Nicoli Aldini, N., Rimondini, L., Ambrosio, L. & Giardino, R. (2004b) Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) biomimetic coating to improve osseointegration of a PMMA/HA/glass composite implant: in vivo mechanical and histomorphometric assessments. Int J Artif Organs 27, 674-680. Gineste, L., Gineste, M., Ranz, X., Ellefterion, A., Guilhem, A., Rouquet, N. & Frayssinet, P. (1999) Degradation of hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and fluorhydroxyapatite coatings of dental implants in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res 48, 224-234. Goransson, A. & Wennerberg, A. (2005) Bone formation at titanium implants prepared with iso- and anisotropic surfaces of similar roughness: an in vivo study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 7, 17-23. Gotfredsen, K., Berglundh, T. & Lindhe, J. (2000) Anchorage of titanium implants with different surface characteristics: an experimental study in rabbits. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2, 120-128. Gottlander, M. & Albrektsson, T. (1992) Histomorphometric analyses of hydroxyapatitecoated and uncoated titanium implants. The importance of the implant design. Clin Oral Implants Res 3, 71-76. Gottlander, M., Albrektsson, T. & Carlsson, L. V. (1992) A histomorphometric study of unthreaded hydroxyapatite-coated and titanium-coated implants in rabbit bone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7, 485-490. Granato, R., Marin, C., Gil, J. N., Chuang, S.-K., Dodson, T. B., Suzuki, M. & Coelho, P. G. (2011) Thin bioactive ceramic-coated alumina-blasted/acid-etched implant surface enhances biomechanical fixation of implants: an experimental study in dogs. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 13, 87-94. Granato, R., Marin, C., Suzuki, M., Gil, J. N., Janal, M. N. & Coelho, P. G. (2009) Biomechanical and histomorphometric evaluation of a thin ion beam bioceramic deposition on plateau root form implants: an experimental study in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 90, 396-403. Grizon, F., Aguado, E., Hure, G., Basle, M. F. & Chappard, D. (2002) Enhanced bone integration of implants with increased surface roughness: a long term study in the sheep. In: J Dent, pp. 195-203. Guo, Z., Zhou, L., Rong, M., Zhu, A. & Geng, H. (2010) Bone response to a pure titanium implant surface modified by laser etching and microarc oxidation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25, 130-136. Hall, J., Miranda-Burgos, P. & Sennerby, L. (2005) Stimulation of directed bone growth at oxidized titanium implants by macroscopic grooves: an in vivo study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 7 Suppl 1, S76-82. Hallgren, C., Reimers, H., Chakarov, D., Gold, J. & Wennerberg, A. (2003) An in vivo study of bone response to implants topographically modified by laser micromachining. In: Biomaterials, pp. 701-710. Hallgren, C., Reimers, H., Gold, J. & Wennerberg, A. (2001a) The importance of surface texture for bone integration of screw shaped implants: an in vivo study of implants patterned by photolithography. In: J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 485-496. Hallgren, C., Sawase, T., Ortengren, U. & Wennerberg, A. (2001b) Histomorphometric and mechanical evaluation of the bone-tissue response to implants prepared with different orientation of surface topography. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 3, 194-203. Hayakawa, T., Takahashi, K., Yoshinari, M., Okada, H., Yamamoto, H., Sato, M. & Nemoto, K. (2006) Trabecular bone response to titanium implants with a thin carbonatecontaining apatite coating applied using the molecular precursor method. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 21, 851-858. He, F., Yang, G., Wang, X. & Zhao, S. (2009a) Effect of electrochemically deposited nanohydroxyapatite on bone bonding of sandblasted/dual acid-etched titanium implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24, 790-799. He, F. M., Yang, G. L., Li, Y. N., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2009b) Early bone response to sandblasted, dual acid-etched and H2O2/HCl treated titanium implants: an experimental study in the rabbit. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 677-681. He, F. M., Yang, G. L., Zhao, S. F. & Cheng, Z. P. (2011) Mechanical and histomorphometric evaluations of rough titanium implants treated with hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid solution in rabbit tibia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 26, 115-122. Heitz-Mayfield, L. J., Schmid, B., Weigel, C., Gerber, S., Bosshardt, D. D., Jonsson, J. & Lang, N. P. (2004) Does excessive occlusal load affect osseointegration? An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 15, 259-268. Hulshoff, J. E. & Jansen, J. A. (1997) Initial interfacial healing events around calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coated oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 8, 393-400. Jeong, R., Marin, C., Granato, R., Suzuki, M., Gil, J. N., Granjeiro, J. M. & Coelho, P. G. (2010) Early bone healing around implant surfaces treated with variations in the resorbable blasting media method. A study in rabbits. In: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, pp. e119-125. Johansson, C. B. & Albrektsson, T. (1991) A removal torque and histomorphometric study of commercially pure niobium and titanium implants in rabbit bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 2, 24-29. Junker, R., Manders, P. J., Wolke, J., Borisov, Y., Braceras, I. & Jansen, J. A. (2011) Bone reaction adjacent to microplasma-sprayed calcium phosphate-coated oral implants subjected to an occlusal load, an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 135-142. Junker, R., Manders, P. J., Wolke, J., Borisov, Y. & Jansen, J. A. (2010a) Bone-supportive behavior of microplasma-sprayed CaP-coated implants: mechanical and histological outcome in the goat. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 189-200. Junker, R., Manders, P. J., Wolke, J., Borisov, Y. & Jansen, J. A. (2010b) Bone reaction adjacent to microplasma-sprayed CaP-coated oral implants subjected to occlusal load, an experimental study in the dog. Part I: short-term results. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 1251-1263. Junker, R., Manders, P. J. D., Wolke, J., Borisov, Y., Braceras, I. & Jansen, J. A. (2010c) Loaded microplasma-sprayed CaP-coated implants in vivo. J Dent Res 89, 1489-1493. Kajiwara, H., Yamaza, T., Yoshinari, M., Goto, T., Iyama, S., Atsuta, I., Kido, M. A. & Tanaka, T. (2005) The bisphosphonate pamidronate on the surface of titanium stimulates bone formation around tibial implants in rats. In: Biomaterials, pp. 581587. Kim, D.-S., Kim, D.-G., Park, C.-J. & Cho, L.-R. (2009) Histomorphometry and stability analysis of early loaded implants with two different surface conditions in beagle dogs. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 1, 10-18. Kim, S. J., Kim, M. R., Rim, J. S., Chung, S. M. & Shin, S. W. (2010) Comparison of implant stability after different implant surface treatments in dog bone. J Appl Oral Sci 18, 415-420. Kim, S. K., Lee, H. N., Choi, Y. C., Heo, S. J., Lee, C. W. & Choie, M. K. (2006) Effects of anodized oxidation or turned implants on bone healing after using conventional drilling or trabecular compaction technique: histomorphometric analysis and RFA. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 644-650. Kim, Y. H., Koak, J. Y., Chang, I. T., Wennerberg, A. & Heo, S. J. (2003) A histomorphometric analysis of the effects of various surface treatment methods on osseointegration. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18, 349-356. Klokkevold, P. R., Johnson, P., Dadgostari, S., Caputo, A., Davies, J. E. & Nishimura, R. D. (2001) Early endosseous integration enhanced by dual acid etching of titanium: a torque removal study in the rabbit. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 350-357. Klokkevold, P. R., Nishimura, R. D., Adachi, M. & Caputo, A. (1997) Osseointegration enhanced by chemical etching of the titanium surface. A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res 8, 442-447. Kobayashi, T., Itoh, S., Nakamura, S., Nakamura, M., Shinomiya, K. & Yamashita, K. (2007) Enhanced bone bonding of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants by electrical polarization. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 82, 145-151. Koch, F. P., Weng, D., Kramer, S., Biesterfeld, S., Jahn-Eimermacher, A. & Wagner, W. (2010) Osseointegration of one-piece zirconia implants compared with a titanium implant of identical design: a histomorphometric study in the dog. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 350-356. Koh, J.-W., Yang, J.-H., Han, J.-S., Lee, J.-B. & Kim, S.-H. (2009) Biomechanical evaluation of dental implants with different surfaces: Removal torque and resonance frequency analysis in rabbits. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 1, 107-112. Kohal, R. J., Wolkewitz, M., Hinze, M., Han, J. S., Bachle, M. & Butz, F. (2009) Biomechanical and histological behavior of zirconia implants: an experiment in the rat. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 333-339. Kohri, M., Cooper, E. P., Ferracane, J. L. & Waite, D. F. (1990) Comparative study of hydroxyapatite and titanium dental implants in dogs. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1265-1273. Kong, Y.-M., Kim, D.-H., Kim, H.-E., Heo, S.-J. & Koak, J.-Y. (2002) Hydroxyapatite-based composite for dental implants: an in vivo removal torque experiment. J Biomed Mater Res 63, 714-721. Konig Junior, B., Beck, T. J., Kappert, H. F., Kappert, C. C. & Masuko, T. S. (1998) A study of different calcification areas in newly formed bone 8 weeks after insertion of dental implants in rabbit tibias. Ann Anat 180, 471-475. Kurkcu, M., Benlidayi, M. E., Ozsoy, S., Ozyegin, L. S., Oktar, F. N. & Kurtoglu, C. (2008) Histomorphometric evaluation of implants coated with enamel or dentine derived fluoride-substituted apatite. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine 19, 59-65. Langhoff, J. D., Voelter, K., Scharnweber, D., Schnabelrauch, M., Schlottig, F., Hefti, T., Kalchofner, K., Nuss, K. & von Rechenberg, B. (2008) Comparison of chemically and pharmaceutically modified titanium and zirconia implant surfaces in dentistry: a study in sheep. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 1125-1132. Le Guehennec, L., Goyenvalle, E., Lopez-Heredia, M. A., Weiss, P., Amouriq, Y. & Layrolle, P. (2008) Histomorphometric analysis of the osseointegration of four different implant surfaces in the femoral epiphyses of rabbits. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 11031110. Lee, J., Sieweke, J. H., Rodriguez, N. A., Schupbach, P., Lindstrom, H., Susin, C. & Wikesjo, U. M. (2009a) Evaluation of nano-technology-modified zirconia oral implants: a study in rabbits. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 610-617. Lee, J. E., Heo, S. J., Koak, J. Y., Kim, S. K., Han, C. H. & Lee, S. J. (2009b) Healing response of cortical and cancellous bone around titanium implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24, 655-662. Lee, S. Y., Koak, J. Y., Heo, S. J., Kim, S. K., Lee, S. J. & Nam, S. Y. (2010) Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants coated with poly(lactide-coglycolide)/basic fibroblast growth factor by electrospray. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25, 315-320. Leonard, G., Coelho, P., Polyzois, I., Stassen, L. & Claffey, N. (2009) A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 20, 232-239. Li, D., Ferguson, S. J., Beutler, T., Cochran, D. L., Sittig, C., Hirt, H. P. & Buser, D. (2002) Biomechanical comparison of the sandblasted and acid-etched and the machined and acid-etched titanium surface for dental implants. In: J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 325-332. Lin, A., Wang, C. J., Kelly, J., Gubbi, P. & Nishimura, I. (2009) The role of titanium implant surface modification with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in progressive early boneimplant fixation in vivo. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24, 808-816. Lin, H., Van't Veen, S. J. & Klein, C. P. (1992) Permucosal implantation pilot study with HAcoated dental implant in dogs. Biomaterials 13, 825-831. Liu, Y., Enggist, L., Kuffer, A. F., Buser, D. & Hunziker, E. B. (2007) The influence of BMP2 and its mode of delivery on the osteoconductivity of implant surfaces during the early phase of osseointegration.[Erratum appears in Biomaterials. 2007 Dec;28(34):5399]. Biomaterials 28, 2677-2686. London, R. M., Roberts, F. A., Baker, D. A., Rohrer, M. D. & O'Neal, R. B. (2002) Histologic comparison of a thermal dual-etched implant surface to machined, TPS, and HA surfaces: bone contact in vivo in rabbits. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17, 369-376. Lopes, C. d. C., Konig Junior, B. & Carbonari, M. J. (2004) Bone remodeling analysis of various dental implant surfaces using polyfluorochrome sequential labeling in rabbit tibias. Annals of Anatomy 186, 331-335. Lutz, R., Srour, S., Nonhoff, J., Weisel, T., Damien, C. J. & Schlegel, K. A. (2010) Biofunctionalization of titanium implants with a biomimetic active peptide (P-15) promotes early osseointegration. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 726-734. Lynch, S. E., Buser, D., Hernandez, R. A., Weber, H. P., Stich, H., Fox, C. H. & Williams, R. C. (1991) Effects of the platelet-derived growth factor/insulin-like growth factor-I combination on bone regeneration around titanium dental implants. Results of a pilot study in beagle dogs. J Periodontol 62, 710-716. Manders, P. J., Wolke, J. G. & Jansen, J. A. (2006) Bone response adjacent to calcium phosphate electrostatic spray deposition coated implants: an experimental study in goats. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 548-553. Marin, C., Bonfante, E. A., Granato, R., Suzuki, M., Granjeiro, J. M. & Coelho, P. G. (2011) The effect of alterations on resorbable blasting media processed implant surfaces on early bone healing: a study in rabbits. Implant Dent 20, 167-177. Marin, C., Granato, R., Suzuki, M., Gil, J. N., Janal, M. N. & Coelho, P. G. (2010) Histomorphologic and histomorphometric evaluation of various endosseous implant healing chamber configurations at early implantation times: a study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 21, 577-583. Marin, C., Granato, R., Suzuki, M., Gil, J. N., Piattelli, A. & Coelho, P. G. (2008) Removal torque and histomorphometric evaluation of bioceramic grit-blasted/acid-etched and dual acid-etched implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs. J Periodontol 79, 1942-1949. Marinho, V. C., Celletti, R., Bracchetti, G., Petrone, G., Minkin, C. & Piattelli, A. (2003) Sandblasted and acid-etched dental implants: a histologic study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18, 75-81. Matsuo, M., Nakamura, T., Kishi, Y. & Takahashi, K. (1999) Microvascular changes after placement of titanium implants: scanning electron microscopy observations of machined and titanium plasma-sprayed implants in dogs. J Periodontol 70, 13301338. Meijer, G. J., Cune, M. S., van Dooren, M., de Putter, C. & van Blitterswijk, C. A. (1997a) A comparative study of flexible (Polyactive) versus rigid (hydroxylapatite) permucosal dental implants. I. Clinical aspects. J Oral Rehabil 24, 85-92. Meijer, G. J., Dalmeijer, R. A., de Putter, C. & van Blitterswijk, C. A. (1997b) A comparative study of flexible (Polyactive) versus rigid (hydroxylapatite) permucosal dental implants. II. Histological aspects. J Oral Rehabil 24, 93-101. Meijer, G. J., Heethaar, J., Cune, M. S., De Putter, C. & Van Blitterswijk, C. A. (1997c) Flexible (Polyactive) versus rigid (hydroxyapatite) dental implants. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 26, 135-140. Meijer, G. J., Radder, A., Dalmeijer, R., de Putter, C. & Van Blitterswijk, C. A. (1995) Observations of the bone activity adjacent to unloaded dental implants coated with Polyactive or HA. J Oral Rehabil 22, 167-174. Meirelles, L., Arvidsson, A., Albrektsson, T. & Wennerberg, A. (2007) Increased bone formation to unstable nano rough titanium implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 326-332. Meirelles, L., Currie, F., Jacobsson, M., Albrektsson, T. & Wennerberg, A. (2008a) The effect of chemical and nanotopographical modifications on the early stages of osseointegration. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 23, 641-647. Meirelles, L., Melin, L., Peltola, T., Kjellin, P., Kangasniemi, I., Currie, F., Andersson, M., Albrektsson, T. & Wennerberg, A. (2008b) Effect of hydroxyapatite and titania nanostructures on early in vivo bone response. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 245-254. Mohammadi, S., Esposito, M., Hall, J., Emanuelsson, L., Krozer, A. & Thomsen, P. (2003) Short-term bone response to titanium implants coated with thin radiofrequent magnetron-sputtered hydroxyapatite in rabbits. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 5, 241253. Mohammadi, S., Esposito, M., Hall, J., Emanuelsson, L., Krozer, A. & Thomsen, P. (2004) Long-term bone response to titanium implants coated with thin radiofrequent magnetron-sputtered hydroxyapatite in rabbits. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19, 498-509. Morinaga, K., Kido, H., Sato, A., Watazu, A. & Matsuura, M. (2009) Chronological changes in the ultrastructure of titanium-bone interfaces: analysis by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 59-68. Mueller, W. D., Gross, U., Fritz, T., Voigt, C., Fischer, P., Berger, G., Rogaschewski, S. & Lange, K. P. (2003) Evaluation of the interface between bone and titanium surfaces being blasted by aluminium oxide or bioceramic particles. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 349-356. Nakada, H., Sakae, T., LeGeros, R. Z., LeGeros, J. P., Suwa, T., Numata, Y. & Kobayashi, K. (2007) Early tissue response to modified implant surfaces using back scattered imaging. In: Implant Dent, pp. 281-289. Nergiz, I., Arpak, N., Bostanci, H., Scorziello, T. M. & Schmage, P. (2009) Stability of loaded and unloaded implants with different surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24, 289-298. Neugebauer, J., Traini, T., Thams, U., Piattelli, A. & Zoller, J. E. (2006) Peri-implant bone organization under immediate loading state. Circularly polarized light analyses: a minipig study. J Periodontol 77, 152-160. Nikolidakis, D., van den Dolder, J., Wolke, J. G. & Jansen, J. A. (2008) Effect of platelet-rich plasma on the early bone formation around Ca-P-coated and non-coated oral implants in cortical bone. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 207-213. Nikolidakis, D., van den Dolder, J., Wolke, J. G., Stoelinga, P. J. & Jansen, J. A. (2006) The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the bone healing around calcium phosphate-coated and non-coated oral implants in trabecular bone. Tissue Eng 12, 2555-2563. Novaes, A. B., Jr., Souza, S. L., de Oliveira, P. T. & Souza, A. M. (2002) Histomorphometric analysis of the bone-implant contact obtained with 4 different implant surface treatments placed side by side in the dog mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17, 377-383. O'Sullivan, D., Sennerby, L. & Meredith, N. (2004) Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 15, 474-480. Ogawa, T., Ozawa, S., Shih, J. H., Ryu, K. H., Sukotjo, C., Yang, J. M. & Nishimura, I. (2000) Biomechanical evaluation of osseous implants having different surface topographies in rats. J Dent Res 79, 1857-1863. Ogawa, T., Sukotjo, C. & Nishimura, I. (2002) Modulated bone matrix-related gene expression is associated with differences in interfacial strength of different implant surface roughness. In: J Prosthodont, pp. 241-247. Oh, S., Tobin, E., Yang, Y., Carnes, D. L., Jr. & Ong, J. L. (2005) In vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite coatings of different crystallinities. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20, 726-731. Ohta, Y. (1993) Comparative changes in microvasculature and bone during healing of implant and extraction sites. Journal of Oral Implantology 19, 184-198. Olate, S., Chaves Netto, H. D. d. M., Kluppel, L. E., Mazzonetto, R. & de AlbergariaBarbosa, J. R. (2011) Mineralized tissue formation associated with 2 different dental implant designs: histomorphometric analyses performed in dogs. Journal of Oral Implantology 37, 319-324. Olmedo, D. G., Duffo, G., Cabrini, R. L. & Guglielmotti, M. B. (2008) Local effect of titanium implant corrosion: an experimental study in rats. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 37, 1032-1038. Ong, J. L., Bessho, K. & Carnes, D. L. (2002) Bone response to plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite and radiofrequency-sputtered calcium phosphate implants in vivo. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17, 581-586. Ozeki, K., Okuyama, Y., Fukui, Y. & Aoki, H. (2006) Bone response to titanium implants coated with thin sputtered HA film subject to hydrothermal treatment and implanted in the canine mandible. Biomed Mater Eng 16, 243-251. Pak, H.-S., Yeo, I.-S. & Yang, J.-H. (2010) A histomorphometric study of dental implants with different surface characteristics. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 2, 142147. Park, J.-W., Kurashima, K., Tustusmi, Y., An, C.-H., Suh, J.-Y., Doi, H., Nomura, N., Noda, K. & Hanawa, T. (2011) Bone healing of commercial oral implants with RGD immobilization through electrodeposited poly(ethylene glycol) in rabbit cancellous bone. Acta Biomaterialia 7, 3222-3229. Park, J. W. (2011) Increased bone apposition on a titanium oxide surface incorporating phosphate and strontium. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 230-234. Park, J. W., Kim, H. K., Kim, Y. J., An, C. H. & Hanawa, T. (2009) Enhanced osteoconductivity of micro-structured titanium implants (XiVE S CELLplus) by addition of surface calcium chemistry: a histomorphometric study in the rabbit femur. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 684-690. Park, J. W., Lee, S. G., Choi, B. J. & Suh, J. Y. (2007a) Effects of a cell adhesion molecule coating on the blasted surface of titanium implants on bone healing in the rabbit femur. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 22, 533-541. Park, K. H., Heo, S. J., Koak, J. Y., Kim, S. K., Lee, J. B., Kim, S. H. & Lim, Y. J. (2007b) Osseointegration of anodized titanium implants under different current voltages: a rabbit study. In: J Oral Rehabil, pp. 517-527. Park, Y. S., Yi, K. Y., Lee, I. S., Han, C. H. & Jung, Y. C. (2005) The effects of ion beamassisted deposition of hydroxyapatite on the grit-blasted surface of endosseous implants in rabbit tibiae. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20, 31-38. Pebe, P., Barbot, R., Trinidad, J., Pesquera, A., Lucente, J., Nishimura, R. & Nasr, H. (1997) Countertorque testing and histomorphometric analysis of various implant surfaces in canines: a pilot study. Implant Dent 6, 259-265. Piattelli, A., Degidi, M., Paolantonio, M., Mangano, C. & Scarano, A. (2003) Residual aluminum oxide on the surface of titanium implants has no effect on osseointegration. In: Biomaterials, pp. 4081-4089. Piattelli, A., Manzon, L., Scarano, A., Paolantonio, M. & Piattelli, M. (1998) Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of the bone response to machined and sandblasted titanium implants: an experimental study in rabbits. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 13, 805-810. Piattelli, A., Scarano, A., Corigliano, M. & Piattelli, M. (1996) Effects of alkaline phosphatase on bone healing around plasma-sprayed titanium implants: a pilot study in rabbits. Biomaterials 17, 1443-1449. Piattelli, M., Scarano, A., Paolantonio, M., Iezzi, G., Petrone, G. & Piattelli, A. (2002) Bone response to machined and resorbable blast material titanium implants: an experimental study in rabbits. J Oral Implantol 28, 2-8. Quaranta, A., Iezzi, G., Scarano, A., Coelho, P. G., Vozza, I., Marincola, M. & Piattelli, A. (2010) A histomorphometric study of nanothickness and plasma-sprayed calciumphosphorous-coated implant surfaces in rabbit bone. J Periodontol 81, 556-561. Ran, W., Tian, Z.-H., Guo, B., Shu, D.-L., Nan, K.-H. & Wang, Y.-J. (2009) Superior biocompatibility and osteogenic efficacy of micro-arc oxidation-treated titanium implants in the canine mandible. Biomedical Materials 4, 055003. Razdorsky, V. V. (2008) Prospects of using titanium nickelide implants with modified surface in dental implantology. Bulletin of Experimental Biology & Medicine 145, 758-764. Rocchietta, I., Fontana, F., Addis, A., Schupbach, P. & Simion, M. (2009) Surface-modified zirconia implants: tissue response in rabbits. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 844-850. Rong, M., Zhou, L., Gou, Z., Zhu, A. & Zhou, D. (2009) The early osseointegration of the laser-treated and acid-etched dental implants surface: an experimental study in rabbits. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20, 1721-1728. Rupprecht, S., Bloch, A., Rosiwal, S., Neukam, F. W. & Wiltfang, J. (2002) Examination of the bone-metal interface of titanium implants coated by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17, 778-785. Sarment, D. P. & Meraw, S. J. (2008) Biological space adaptation to implant dimensions. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23, 99-104. Scarano, A., Piattelli, M., Vrespa, G., Petrone, G., Iezzi, G. & Piattelli, A. (2003) Bone healing around titanium and titanium nitride-coated dental implants with three surfaces: an experimental study in rats. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5, 103-111. Schliephake, H., Aref, A., Scharnweber, D., Bierbaum, S., Roessler, S. & Sewing, A. (2005a) Effect of immobilized bone morphogenic protein 2 coating of titanium implants on peri-implant bone formation. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 563-569. Schliephake, H., Hefti, T., Schlottig, F., Gedet, P. & Staedt, H. (2010) Mechanical anchorage and peri-implant bone formation of surface-modified zirconia in minipigs. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 818-828. Schliephake, H., Scharnweber, D., Dard, M., Rossler, S., Sewing, A., Meyer, J. & Hoogestraat, D. (2002) Effect of RGD peptide coating of titanium implants on periimplant bone formation in the alveolar crest. An experimental pilot study in dogs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 312-319. Schliephake, H., Scharnweber, D., Dard, M., Sewing, A., Aref, A. & Roessler, S. (2005b) Functionalization of dental implant surfaces using adhesion molecules. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 73, 88-96. Schliephake, H., Scharnweber, D., Roesseler, S., Dard, M., Sewing, A. & Aref, A. (2006a) Biomimetic calcium phosphate composite coating of dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 21, 738-746. Schliephake, H., Sewing, A. & Aref, A. (2006b) Resonance frequency measurements of implant stability in the dog mandible: experimental comparison with histomorphometric data. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 35, 941-946. Schopper, C., Moser, D., Goriwoda, W., Ziya-Ghazvini, F., Spassova, E., Lagogiannis, G., Auterith, A. & Ewers, R. (2005) The effect of three different calcium phosphate implant coatings on bone deposition and coating resorption: a long-term histological study in sheep. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 357-368. Schouten, C., Meijer, G. J., van den Beucken, J. J., Spauwen, P. H. & Jansen, J. A. (2009a) Effects of implant geometry, surface properties, and TGF-beta1 on peri-implant bone response: an experimental study in goats. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 421-429. Schouten, C., Meijer, G. J., van den Beucken, J. J., Spauwen, P. H. & Jansen, J. A. (2009b) The quantitative assessment of peri-implant bone responses using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography. In: Biomaterials, pp. 4539-4549. Schouten, C., van den Beucken, J. J., de Jonge, L. T., Bronkhorst, E. M., Meijer, G. J., Spauwen, P. H. & Jansen, J. A. (2009c) The effect of alkaline phosphatase coated onto titanium alloys on bone responses in rats. Biomaterials 30, 6407-6417. Schwarz, F., Ferrari, D., Herten, M., Mihatovic, I., Wieland, M., Sager, M. & Becker, J. (2007) Effects of surface hydrophilicity and microtopography on early stages of soft and hard tissue integration at non-submerged titanium implants: an immunohistochemical study in dogs. J Periodontol 78, 2171-2184. Se-Ho, P., Bin, S. W., Ho, K. K., Ju, S. D. & Sung-Am, C. (2011) The effect of water pyrolysis on the removal torque of titanium implant inserted in rabbit tibias. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 157-164. Sennerby, L., Dasmah, A., Larsson, B. & Iverhed, M. (2005) Bone tissue responses to surface-modified zirconia implants: A histomorphometric and removal torque study in the rabbit. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 7 Suppl 1, S13-20. Shalabi, M. M., Wolke, J. G., de Ruijter, A. J. & Jansen, J. A. (2007a) Histological evaluation of oral implants inserted with different surgical techniques into the trabecular bone of goats. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 489-495. Shalabi, M. M., Wolke, J. G., de Ruijter, A. J. & Jansen, J. A. (2007b) A mechanical evaluation of implants placed with different surgical techniques into the trabecular bone of goats. J Oral Implantol 33, 51-58. Shin, D., Blanchard, S. B., Ito, M. & Chu, T.-M. G. (2011) Peripheral quantitative computer tomographic, histomorphometric, and removal torque analyses of two different noncoated implants in a rabbit model. Clin Oral Implants Res 22, 242-250. Shirakura, M., Fujii, N., Ohnishi, H., Taguchi, Y., Ohshima, H., Nomura, S. & Maeda, T. (2003) Tissue response to titanium implantation in the rat maxilla, with special reference to the effects of surface conditions on bone formation. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 687-696. Siebers, M. C., Wolke, J. G., Walboomers, X. F., Leeuwenburgh, S. C. & Jansen, J. A. (2007) In vivo evaluation of the trabecular bone behavior to porous electrostatic spray deposition-derived calcium phosphate coatings. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 354361. Sisk, A. L., Steflik, D. E., Parr, G. R. & Hanes, P. J. (1992) A light and electron microscopic comparison of osseointegration of six implant types. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 709-716; discussion 716-707. Stadlinger, B., Bierbaum, S., Grimmer, S., Schulz, M. C., Kuhlisch, E., Scharnweber, D., Eckelt, U. & Mai, R. (2009a) Increased bone formation around coated implants. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 698-704. Stadlinger, B., Hennig, M., Eckelt, U., Kuhlisch, E. & Mai, R. (2010) Comparison of zirconia and titanium implants after a short healing period. A pilot study in minipigs. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 585-592. Stadlinger, B., Lode, A. T., Eckelt, U., Range, U., Schlottig, F., Hefti, T. & Mai, R. (2009b) Surface-conditioned dental implants: an animal study on bone formation. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 882-891. Stadlinger, B., Pilling, E., Huhle, M., Khavkin, E., Bierbaum, S., Scharnweber, D., Kuhlisch, E., Eckelt, U. & Mai, R. (2008a) Suitability of differently designed matrix-based implant surface coatings: an animal study on bone formation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 87, 516-524. Stadlinger, B., Pilling, E., Huhle, M., Mai, R., Bierbaum, S., Scharnweber, D., Kuhlisch, E., Loukota, R. & Eckelt, U. (2008b) Evaluation of osseointegration of dental implants coated with collagen, chondroitin sulphate and BMP-4: an animal study. In: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, pp. 54-59. Steflik, D. E., Corpe, R. S., Lake, F. T., Young, T. R., Sisk, A. L., Parr, G. R., Hanes, P. J. & Berkery, D. J. (1998a) Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials. In: J Biomed Mater Res, pp. 611-620. Steflik, D. E., Corpe, R. S., Young, T. R. & Buttle, K. (1998b) In vivo evaluation of the biocompatibility of implanted biomaterials: morphology of the implant-tissue interactions. Implant Dent 7, 338-350. Steflik, D. E., Corpe, R. S., Young, T. R., Sisk, A. L. & Parr, G. R. (1999) The biologic tissue responses to uncoated and coated implanted biomaterials. Adv Dent Res 13, 27-33. Steflik, D. E., Hanes, P. J., Sisk, A. L., Parr, G. R., Song, M. J., Lake, F. T. & McKinney, R. V. (1992a) Transmission electron microscopic and high voltage electron microscopic observations of the bone and osteocyte activity adjacent to unloaded dental implants placed in dogs. J Periodontol 63, 443-452. Steflik, D. E., Lake, F. T., Sisk, A. L., Parr, G. R., Hanes, P. J., Davis, H. C., Adams, B. O. & Yavari, J. (1996) A comparative investigation in dogs: 2-year morphometric results of the dental implant--bone interface. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11, 15-25. Steflik, D. E., Noel, C., McBrayer, C., Lake, F. T., Parr, G. R., Sisk, A. L. & Hanes, P. J. (1995) Histologic observations of bone remodeling adjacent to endosteal dental implants. J Oral Implantol 21, 96-106. Steflik, D. E., Parr, G. R., Sisk, A. L., Hanes, P. J. & Lake, F. T. (1992b) Electron microscopy of bone response to titanium cylindrical screw-type endosseous dental implants. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 7, 497-507. Steflik, D. E., Parr, G. R., Sisk, A. L., Hanes, P. J., Lake, F. T., Gardner, L. K. & Berkery, D. J. (1993a) Morphology of the bone that supports endosteal dental implants. Transmission electron microscopic and high voltage electron microscopic observations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76, 467-475. Steflik, D. E., Sisk, A. L., Parr, G. R., Hanes, P. J., Lake, F., Song, M. J., Brewer, P. & McKinney, R. V. (1992c) High-voltage electron microscopy and conventional transmission electron microscopy of the interface zone between bone and endosteal dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res 26, 529-545. Steflik, D. E., Sisk, A. L., Parr, G. R., Lake, F. T., Hanes, P. J., Berkery, D. J. & Brewer, P. (1994) Transmission electron and high-voltage electron microscopy of osteocyte cellular processes extending to the dental implant surface. J Biomed Mater Res 28, 1095-1107. Steflik, D. E., White, S. L., Parr, G. R., Sisk, A. L., Schoen, S. P., Lake, F. T. & Hanes, P. J. (1993b) Clinical evaluation data from a comparative dental implant investigation in dogs. Journal of Oral Implantology 19, 199-208. Steigenga, J., Al-Shammari, K., Misch, C., Nociti, F. H., Jr. & Wang, H.-L. (2004) Effects of implant thread geometry on percentage of osseointegration and resistance to reverse torque in the tibia of rabbits. J Periodontol 75, 1233-1241. Stenport, V. F. & Johansson, C. B. (2008) Evaluations of bone tissue integration to pure and alloyed titanium implants. In: Clin Implant Dent Relat Res, pp. 191-199. Suh, J. Y., Jeung, O. C., Choi, B. J. & Park, J. W. (2007) Effects of a novel calcium titanate coating on the osseointegration of blasted endosseous implants in rabbit tibiae. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 362-369. Sul, Y.-T., Byon, E.-s. & Jeong, Y. (2004) Biomechanical measurements of calciumincorporated oxidized implants in rabbit bone: effect of calcium surface chemistry of a novel implant. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 6, 101-110. Sul, Y.-T., Johansson, C. & Albrektsson, T. (2006a) Which surface properties enhance bone response to implants? Comparison of oxidized magnesium, TiUnite, and Osseotite implant surfaces. International Journal of Prosthodontics 19, 319-328. Sul, Y.-T., Johansson, C. B. & Albrektsson, T. (2002a) Oxidized titanium screws coated with calcium ions and their performance in rabbit bone. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17, 625-634. Sul, Y. T., Jeong, Y., Johansson, C. & Albrektsson, T. (2006b) Oxidized, bioactive implants are rapidly and strongly integrated in bone. Part 1--experimental implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 521-526. Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C., Wennerberg, A., Cho, L. R., Chang, B. S. & Albrektsson, T. (2005) Optimum surface properties of oxidized implants for reinforcement of osseointegration: surface chemistry, oxide thickness, porosity, roughness, and crystal structure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20, 349-359. Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C. B., Jeong, Y., Wennerberg, A. & Albrektsson, T. (2002b) Resonance frequency and removal torque analysis of implants with turned and anodized surface oxides. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 252-259. Sul, Y. T., Johansson, C. B., Kang, Y., Jeon, D. G. & Albrektsson, T. (2002c) Bone reactions to oxidized titanium implants with electrochemical anion sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid incorporation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 4, 78-87. Sul, Y. T., Jonsson, J., Yoon, G. S. & Johansson, C. (2009) Resonance frequency measurements in vivo and related surface properties of magnesium-incorporated, micropatterned and magnesium-incorporated TiUnite, Osseotite, SLA and TiOblast implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 1146-1155. Susin, C., Qahash, M., Hall, J., Sennerby, L. & Wikesjo, U. M. (2008) Histological and biomechanical evaluation of phosphorylcholine-coated titanium implants. In: J Clin Periodontol, pp. 270-275. Suzuki, M., Calasans-Maia, M. D., Marin, C., Granato, R., Gil, J. N., Granjeiro, J. M. & Coelho, P. G. (2010a) Effect of surface modifications on early bone healing around plateau root form implants: an experimental study in rabbits. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1631-1638. Suzuki, M., Guimaraes, M. V., Marin, C., Granato, R., Fernandes, C. A., Gil, J. N. & Coelho, P. G. (2010b) Histomorphologic and bone-to-implant contact evaluation of dual acidetched and bioceramic grit-blasted implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 1877-1883. Suzuki, M., Guimaraes, M. V., Marin, C., Granato, R., Gil, J. N. & Coelho, P. G. (2009) Histomorphometric evaluation of alumina-blasted/acid-etched and thin ion beamdeposited bioceramic surfaces: an experimental study in dogs. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 602-607. Svanborg, L. M., Hoffman, M., Andersson, M., Currie, F., Kjellin, P. & Wennerberg, A. (2011) The effect of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on early bone formation surrounding dental implants. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 40, 308-315. Taba Junior, M., Novaes, A. B., Jr., Souza, S. L., Grisi, M. F., Palioto, D. B. & Pardini, L. C. (2003) Radiographic evaluation of dental implants with different surface treatments: an experimental study in dogs. Implant Dent 12, 252-258. Tache, A., Gan, L., Deporter, D. & Pilliar, R. M. (2004) Effect of surface chemistry on the rate of osseointegration of sintered porous-surfaced Ti-6Al-4V implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19, 19-29. Tamura, Y., Yokoyama, A., Watari, F. & Kawasaki, T. (2002) Surface properties and biocompatibility of nitrided titanium for abrasion resistant implant materials. Dent Mater J 21, 355-372. Thoma, D. S., Jones, A. A., Dard, M., Grize, L., Obrecht, M. & Cochran, D. L. (2011) Tissue integration of a new titanium-zirconium dental implant: a comparative histologic and radiographic study in the canine. J Periodontol 82, 1453-1461. Valderrama, P., Jones, A. A., Wilson, T. G., Jr., Higginbottom, F., Schoolfield, J. D., Jung, R. E., Noujeim, M. & Cochran, D. L. (2010) Bone changes around early loaded chemically modified sandblasted and acid-etched surfaced implants with and without a machined collar: a radiographic and resonance frequency analysis in the canine mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25, 548-557. Vandamme, K., Naert, I., Geris, L., Vander Sloten, J., Puers, R. & Duyck, J. (2007) Influence of controlled immediate loading and implant design on peri-implant bone formation. J Clin Periodontol 34, 172-181. Vandamme, K., Naert, I., Vander Sloten, J., Puers, R. & Duyck, J. (2008) Effect of implant surface roughness and loading on peri-implant bone formation. J Periodontol 79, 150157. Vasconcellos, L. M. R., Oliveira, M. V., Graca, M. L. A., Vasconcellos, L. G. O., Cairo, C. A. A. & Carvalho, Y. R. (2008) Design of dental implants, influence on the osteogenesis and fixation. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine 19, 2851-2857. Vercaigne, S., Wolke, J. G., Naert, I. & Jansen, J. A. (1998) Bone healing capacity of titanium plasma-sprayed and hydroxylapatite-coated oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 9, 261-271. Vidigal, G. M., Jr., Aragones, L. C., Campos, A., Jr. & Groisman, M. (1999) Histomorphometric analyses of hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated titanium dental implants in rabbit cortical bone. Implant Dent 8, 295-302. Wang, J., Sun, C. & Wang, Y. (2010) Early bone apposition and 1-year performance of the electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings: an experimental study in rabbit femora. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 951-960. Wang, X., Jin, Y., Liu, B., Zhou, S., Yang, L., Yang, X. & White, F. H. (1994) Tissue reactions to titanium implants containing bovine bone morphogenetic protein: a scanning electron microscopic investigation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 23, 115-119. Watzak, G., Zechner, W., Ulm, C., Tangl, S., Tepper, G. & Watzek, G. (2005) Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of three types of dental implants following 18 months of occlusal loading: a preliminary study in baboons. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 408416. Weber, H. P., Buser, D., Donath, K., Fiorellini, J. P., Doppalapudi, V., Paquette, D. W. & Williams, R. C. (1996) Comparison of healed tissues adjacent to submerged and nonsubmerged unloaded titanium dental implants. A histometric study in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 7, 11-19. Weinlaender, M., Kenney, E. B., Lekovic, V., Beumer, J., 3rd, Moy, P. K. & Lewis, S. (1992) Histomorphometry of bone apposition around three types of endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7, 491-496. Welander, M., Abrahamsson, I. & Berglundh, T. (2009) Subcrestal placement of two-part implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 226-231. Weng, D., Hoffmeyer, M., Hurzeler, M. B. & Richter, E. J. (2003) Osseotite vs. machined surface in poor bone quality. A study in dogs. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 703-708. Wennerberg, A., Albrektsson, T. & Andersson, B. (1996) Bone tissue response to commercially pure titanium implants blasted with fine and coarse particles of aluminum oxide. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11, 38-45. Wierzchos, J., Falcioni, T., Kiciak, A., Wolinski, J., Koczorowski, R., Chomicki, P., Porembska, M. & Ascaso, C. (2008) Advances in the ultrastructural study of the implant-bone interface by backscattered electron imaging. In: Micron, pp. 1363-1370. Wigianto, R., Ichikawa, T., Kanitani, H., Kawamoto, N., Matsumoto, N. & Ishizuka, H. (1999) Three-dimensional bone structure around hydroxyapatite and titanium implants in rabbits. Clin Oral Implants Res 10, 219-225. Xavier, S. P., Ikuno, K. E. & Tavares, M. G. (2010) Enhanced bone apposition to Brazilian microrough titanium surfaces. Braz Dent J 21, 18-23. Xiropaidis, A. V., Qahash, M., Lim, W. H., Shanaman, R. H., Rohrer, M. D., Wikesjo, U. M. & Hall, J. (2005) Bone-implant contact at calcium phosphate-coated and porous titanium oxide (TiUnite)-modified oral implants. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 532539. Yamagami, A., Yoshihara, Y. & Suwa, F. (2005) Mechanical and histologic examination of titanium alloy material treated by sandblasting and anodic oxidization. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20, 48-53. Yang, C. (2002) Effect of calcium phosphate surface coating on bone ingrowth onto poroussurfaced titanium alloy implants in rabbit tibiae. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 422-425; discussion 426. Yang, G. L., He, F. M., Hu, J. A., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2009) Effects of biomimetically and electrochemically deposited nano-hydroxyapatite coatings on osseointegration of porous titanium implants. In: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, pp. 782-789. Yang, G. L., He, F. M., Hu, J. A., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2010a) Biomechanical comparison of biomimetically and electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite-coated porous titanium implants. In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 420-427. Yang, G. L., He, F. M., Song, E., Hu, J. A., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2010b) In vivo comparison of bone formation on titanium implant surfaces coated with biomimetically deposited calcium phosphate or electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25, 669-680. Yang, G. L., He, F. M., Yang, X. F., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2008a) Bone responses to titanium implants surface-roughened by sandblasted and double etched treatments in a rabbit model. In: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, pp. 516-524. Yang, G. L., He, F. M., Zhao, S. S., Wang, X. X. & Zhao, S. F. (2008b) Effect of H2O2/HCl heat treatment of implants on in vivo peri-implant bone formation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 23, 1020-1028. Yeo, I. S., Han, J. S. & Yang, J. H. (2008) Biomechanical and histomorphometric study of dental implants with different surface characteristics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 87, 303-311. Yoon, H. I., Yeo, I. S. & Yang, J. H. (2010) Effect of a macroscopic groove on bone response and implant stability. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 1379-1385. Zechner, W., Tangl, S., Furst, G., Tepper, G., Thams, U., Mailath, G. & Watzek, G. (2003a) Osseous healing characteristics of three different implant types. In: Clin Oral Implants Res, pp. 150-157. Zechner, W., Tangl, S., Tepper, G., Furst, G., Bernhart, T., Haas, R., Mailath, G. & Watzek, G. (2003b) Influence of platelet-rich plasma on osseous healing of dental implants: a histologic and histomorphometric study in minipigs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18, 15-22.