Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
Phụ Lục C: Chương trình đào tạo đề xuất
Master in
SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium
and
Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
(18 months – 60 ECTS credit, organised in Vietnam, Lectures in English)
The main targets are:
- Hydraulic structures such as:
o movable weirs for river regulation (navigation, irrigation, flood control),
o storm surge barriers / flood barriers,
o navigation locks,
o water storage dams
- River engineering , including design of waterways
The proposed education scheme (60 ECTS) includes 6 modules for a total of 40 ECTS (40
+ 40 hours per module), an internship of 5 ECTS and a master thesis of 15 ECTS:
MODULE 1: DESIGN of SUSTAINABLE RIVER CONTROL and NAVIGATION
STRUCTURES (1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 7 credits)
by Philippe RIGO (ULG)
a) Design of movable weirs and flood protection barriers
b) Design of navigation locks
c) Structural Optimisation of gates
MODULE 2: NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC FLOW
(1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 7 credits)
by Tom De MULDER (Flanders Hydr.)
a) Open channel flow modelling in rivers (1D, 2D, 2.5D, 3D), spillways, …
b) Pipeflow (Hydro power station, lock filling and emptying)
MODULE 3: PHYSICAL MODELLING
(1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 7 credits)
By J-M HIVER (ULB, Belgium)
a) Physical modelling
MODULE 4: RIVER ENGINEERING
(1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 6 credits)
by F DALY (VNF, France)
a) River Engineering,
b) Project reviews : presentation of existing projects
MODULE 5: FOUNDATION of HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
(1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 7 credits)
By D. PAUNESCU (UTCB, Romania)
a) Foundation of hydraulic structures (design and analysis)
MODULE 6: WATER STORAGE DAM
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
(1 week by ULG; 3 weeks by WRU, 40h + 40 h, 6 credits)
by R SARGHIUTA (UTCB, Romania)
a) Water storage dam (design and analysis)
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 1:
DESIGN of SUSTAINABLE RIVER CONTROL
and NAVIGATION STRUCTURES
1 week by Philippe RIGO, ULG
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
7 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
Table of content:
Part I: Design of movable weirs and flood protection barriers
Part II: Design of navigation locks
Part III: Structural Optimisation of gates
Part I: Design of movable weirs and flood protection barriers
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
2.1
2.2
GATES OF MOVABLE WEIRS AND BARRIERS
Project Reviews
Terminology Review
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Site Parameters
Required Information for Concept Development and the Structure Design
Applied Forces
Navigation Requirements
Operational Requirements
Preliminary Design of a structure type
Reliability and Service life
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT
Necessity of a multi-criteria assessment
Some historical background
Method of qualitative assessment
Methods of quantitative assessment
Other gate assessment methods
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (Parameters and Criteria)
Structural Considerations
Hydraulic and Flow
Foundation and Civil Engineering
Control, Operation and Maintenance
Temporary Closure Arrangements
Safety, Reliability and Risks
Environmental Impacts and Aesthetics
Cost (Construction, Maintenance and Operation)
6.
DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS
7.
PREFABRICATION TECHNIQUES
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Description
Evaluation of Alternatives
Shell Construction
Foundation Construction
Superstructure COnstruction
8.
CODES, RULES and STANDARDS
Ref. document:
Design of Movable Weirs and Storm Surge Barriers
PIANC InCom - WG 26, 2006 (124 p + CD-Rom)
Part II: Design of navigation locks
1
INTRIODUCTION
2
PROJECT REVIEWS
3
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION GOALS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
4
INTRODUCTION
RELIABILITY AND PROVEN TECHNOLOGY
RELIABLE LOCK OPERATIONS
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
LOCK CYCLE TIME
WATER MOTIONS IN THE LOCK CHAMBER
WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS
MINIMIZING ENERGY USE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
MINIMIZING IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION
SECURITY AND SAFETY
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
LOCK LAYOUT AND LOCK DIMENSIONS
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCKS
LAYOUT OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
LOCK STRUCTURE CONCEPTS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS
4.5.1
LOCK STRUCTURE CONCEPTS
4.5.2
Construction methods
4.5.3
Renovation, rehabilitation of locks
4.6 OTHER LOCK DESIGN CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES
5
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LOCK DESIGN
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
HYDRAULIC ASPECTS
LOCK STRUCTURES (CONCRETE PART)
FOUNDATIONS
GATES AND VALVES
LOCK APPROACH STRUCTURES
EQUIPMENT, SIGNALLING AND SAFETY
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
6
CONCLUSIONS
7
REFERENCES
Ref. document:
Innovations in Navigation Lock Design
PIANC InCom - Work Group 29; Report 106, 2009 (208p + DVD)
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
Part III: Structural Optimisation of gates and barriers
1. Introduction to Structural optimisation methods
2. The LBR5 structural Optimisation tools, for least weight and cost optimisation
3. Exercises
General links to download references books and papers:
http://www.anast.ulg.ac.be/index.php/fr/menurecherche/publications
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 2:
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC FLOW
1 week by Tom De Mulder (*), ULG
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
7 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
(*) Flanders Hydraulics, Belgium
The topics underneath are largely based on the educational experience of Dr. Ir. T. De
Mulder teaching Bachelor and Master programme in Engineering (option: civil
engineering).
Remarks: Scope and goals have to be tuned to account for available time constraints and
practical organisation issues of Master programme ULiège/HCMC.
1. Review Theory of open channel flow
Introduction
Pressurized flow vs. open channel flow
Classification of open channel flows
Steady vs. unsteady
Uniform vs. (gradually or rapidly) varied flow
Definition of geometrical characteristics channel cross sections
Reynolds number
Froude number
Basic equations
Continuity equation
Equation of Bernoulli
Specific energy
Conservation of momentum
Critical flow
Velocity distribution in cross section
Uniform flow
Head losses due to wall friction
Normal depth
Hydraulically optimal channel cross section
Gradually varied flow
Backwater curve equation
Critical slope
Classification of backwater curves
Rapidly varied flows
Hydraulic jump
Water depth upstream/downstream of jump
Head losses in jump
Specific force
Location of jump
Spilling basins
Weirs
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
Sharp crested
Broad crested
Movable gates
Practical calculation of backwater curves
Boundary conditions
Numerical integration of backwater curve equation
Logical determination of backwater curve
Calculation examples
Exercises
Measuring on site water depths, flow speeds, discharges
Stage-discharge relation
Extension of 1D open channel flow equations to unsteady flow
Goal:
Students are capable to numerically simulate backwater curves with spreadsheet
programme (MS Excel). Students get insight into the physical characteristics of subcritical
and supercritical flows. Students get a sound theoretical knowledge for subsequent river
engineering courses. Students become aware of the importance of boundary conditions
(e.g. weirs in channelized rivers). Students get a first flavour of numerical flow modelling.
2. Introduction to numerical hydraulics
Introduction
Mathematical equations
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Shallow water equations
Simplified forms of flow equations
Advection-diffusion type transport equations
Theory of characteristics
Numerical discretisation
Finite difference discretisation methods
Advection equations
Explicit/implicit schemes
Central/upwinding schemes
Precision
Stability
Monotonicity
Advection-diffusion equations
Shallow water equations (linearized form)
Leap-frog scheme
Cranck-Nicholson scheme
Preissman scheme
Shallow water equations (complete form)
Introduction to finite element methods
Goal:
Students are capable to solve transport and flow equations with spread sheet programme
(MS Excel) and FORTRAN programme. Students get insight into importance of mesh
quality and adequate choice of input parameters. Students get insight into important issues
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
like accuracy, stability and monotonicity. Students have a sound basic knowledge for later
use of commercial codes.
3. Introduction to sediment transport
Introduction to sediment transport
Transport mechanisms
Classification
Parameters influencing sediment transport
Sediment material characteristics (incl. speed of fall)
Flow characteristics
Fluid characteristics
Bed characteristics
Initiation of sediment transport
Theory of critical velocity (Hjulstrom)
Theory of critical shear stress (Shields)
Bed load
Suspended load
Sediment transport formulae
Bed changes
Influence of biology
Exercises
Introduction to river morphology
Bed forms
Flow in river bends
Cross sectional shape
Shapes in plan form
Length profile
Laws of Fargue
Local flow and erosion patterns around structures
4. Introduction to coastal hydraulics
Introduction to wave mechanics
Generation
Dissipation
Refraction
Shoaling
Diffraction
Breaking
Introduction to coastal morphology
Flow induced sediment transport
Wave induced sediment transport
Wind induced sediment transport
5. Numerical modelling of navigation lock filling-emptying
Theory
Examples of navigation lock filling-emptying simulations
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 3:
PHYSICAL MODELLING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
1 week by Jean-Michel HIVER (*), ULG,
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
7 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
(*) ULB and SPW, Belgium
Table of content:
Part 1
Physical modelling
Part 1.1: Physical Modelling – Fundamentals
Part 1.2: River models with fixed bed
Part 1.3: River models with movable bed
Part 1.4: Models of hydraulic structures: discharge conditions, energy dissipation,
erosion
Part 1.5: Models of hydraulic structures for flow-induced forces and air-water mixtures
Part 2
Measurement and building techniques
Part 2.1:
Part 2.2:
Measurement techniques
Building techniques
Part 1: Physical modelling
1.1
Fundamentals
1.1.1 The notion of a hydraulic model
1.1.2 Dimensional analysis and Similarity mechanics
1.1.3 Model laws
1.1.4 Scale effects
1.1.5 Distinction from numerical models
1.1.6 Composite modelling
1.2.
River models with fixed bed
1.2.1 Basic concepts
1.2.2 The notion of model distorsion and vertical model exaggeration
1.2.3 Scale numbers for distorted and nondistorted models
1.2.4 Limitation of free choice of scales
1.2.5 Cases studies
1.3.
River models with movable bed
1.3.1 Basic concept – Dimensional analysis of sediment motion
1.3.2 Similarity and choice of model scales
1.3.3 Case studies
1.4
Models of hydraulic structures
1.4.1 Investigations of discharge capacity, energy dissipation, head losses and erosion
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.5
Problems of similarity, model laws
2D and 3D physical modelling
Similarity of scour phenomena at hydraulic structures
Case studies
Models of hydraulics structures for flow-induced forces and air-water mixtures
1.5.1 Flow-induced forces – Processes
1.5.2 Flow-induced structural vibrations
1.5.3 Problems of model test performance and similitude
1.5.4 Models with air-water mixtures and Cavitation
1.5.5 Case studies
Part 2
Measurement and building techniques
2.1
Measurement techniques and equipments
2.1.1 Waterlevel, pressures, velocity and discharge measurements
2.1.2 Surface velocimetry, digital image recording of floating tracers
2.1.3 Automated image processing for trajectory and velocity field determination
2.1.4 Data control and acquisition
2.2
Building techniques
2.2.1 Model with fixed bed
2.2.2 Model with movable bed
2.2.3 Hydraulic structures
2.2.4 New materials
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 4
RIVER ENGINEERING
1 week by Fabrice DALY (*), ULG
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
6 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
(*) VNF, Voies Navigable de France, France
1. General presentation of river engineering and works (dams, weirs, sills, weirs,
dykes, banks, spurs, quays...)
- Goals, types, use
- Relations with others works (bridges)
- geomorphology
2. Design of waterways
o Choice of boats and traffic
o Global characteristics: width, depth..
o Works
o Existing projects
3. Flood management: protection and prevention
o Protection by dykes, walls or dams...
o Prevention politics
o Regulation by dams
o Links with urbanism and crisis management
4. Design of longitudinal works: dykes and banks
o goals
o choice of dimensions and level
o various kinds an technical solution
o data collection
o design
o maintenance and repairing
5. Flood forecast and hydrometry
o Hydrometric network: gauging stations
o Forecast models
o Flood cartography
6. Project reviews: presentation of existing projects
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 5:
FOUNDATION OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
1 week by Dan PAUNESCU (*), ULG
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
6 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
(*) UTCB, Bucharest, Romania
1- FOUNDATION EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES
Load test methods, analysis techniques
Bearing capacity of soils
Sand and gravel foundations
General considerations
Determination of permeability of soil and chemical composition of water
Seepage principles
Amount of underseepage, seepage forces
Approximate methods for analysis of flow problems
Seepage analysis
2- STABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR FOUNDATIONS OF HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES. APPLICABILITY OF FOUNDATION SOIL IMPROVEMENT
FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURES AND SOIL TYPES (FOR EFFICIENT USE OF
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS)
Methods of treating sand and gravel foundations - Seepage Control in Earth
Foundations
General Considerations
Cutoff trenches
Partial cutoff trenches
Sheet piling cutoffs
Cement-bound and jet-grouted curtain cutoffs
Slurry trench cutoffs
Grouting
Upstream blankets
Designs for sand and gravel foundations
General considerations
Exposed pervious foundations: shallow depth, intermediate depth, great depth
Covered pervious foundations
Methods of treating silt and clay foundations
General considerations
Saturated foundations
Relatively dry foundations
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
Designs for silt and clay foundations
Saturated foundations
Relatively dry foundations
3. PILE FOUNDATION
General considerations
Geotechnical considerations
Analysis and design
Field pile tests
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
MODULE 6:
WATER STORAGE DAMS
1 week by Radu SARGHIUTA(*), ULG
3 weeks by XXX, WRU
7 Credits (ECTS), 40h + 40h
(*) UTCB, Bucharest, Romania
Table of Content
PART I: DAM ENGINEERING
PART II: DAMS SAFETY
PART I : DAM ENGINEERING
1. INTRODUCTION
The Need for Dams, Brief History of Concrete Dam Evolution, Dam World
Situation, Dams and Future Water Management
2. GRAVITY DAMS
Structural Features
Layout, Foundation Treatment, Joints, Galleries and Drainage Systems Within the
Dam Body, Mass Concrete for Dams,
Structural Analysis
Introduction, Loads, Stress Analysis - Trapezoidal Law, Stress Analysis - Finite
Element Method, Sliding Stability, Design of Gravity Dam Profiles
3. BUTTRESS DAMS
Introduction, Buttress Dam Types, Flat Slab And Buttress Dam –
Structural Features, Multiple Arch Dam - Structural Features, Massive Head
Buttress Dam- Structural Features, Massive Head Buttress Dams- Design, Massive
Head Buttress Dam- Economy
4. ARCH DAMS
Introduction, Structural Features, Arch Dam Classification, Dam Layout,
Contraction Joints and their Grouting, Temperature Control -Artificial Cooling
Structural Analysis
Evolution of Analysis Methods, Loads on Arch Dams, Load Distribution Method,
Finite Element Method, Stress Distribution in Arch Dams, Design of Arch Dams,
General, Main Cross Section, Layout Design
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
5. RCC DAMS
Introduction, Design of RCC Dams, Design Considerations, Structural Features,
Contraction Joints, Forming the Faces, Arch Dam Layout
Structural Analysis
RCC Characteristics, RCC Concepts, RCC Properties,
Construction
General, Spreading, Thickness of Layers, Compaction, Joints between Layers of
RCC, Temperature Control
6. THE "HARD-FILL" DAM
Introduction, Design Basis for FSHD, Hardfill Properties and Placement,
7. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FOR CONCRETE DAMS
Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity, Seismic Input - Response Spectra
Earthquake Engineering of Gravity Dams
Seismic Behaviour, Traditional Approach in Earthquake Analysis, Seismic
Analysis of Dam-Reservoir-Foundation System
Limitations of Standard Finite Element Procedure, Dam-Water Interaction, DamFoundation Interaction, Simplified Analysis Procedure
Earthquake Engineering of Arch Dams
Seismic Behaviour, Approaches in Earthquake Analysis, Earthquake Response of
Arch Dams, Dam-Reservoir and Dam -Foundation Interaction, Finite Element
Model of Dam-Reservoir-Foundation System
Seismic Design and Safety Evaluation
General, Elastic Design, Seismic Safety Assessment
8. EARTH DAMS
Design of Dam Cross Sections
General Considerations, Homogeneous Earthfill Dams, Zoned Dams, Earth Dams
with Sealing Element
Foundation Treatment
Rock Foundation, Pervious Soil Foundation, Impervious Soil Over Rock
Foundation, Impervious Soil Over Pervious-Soil Foundation, Design of Small
Earthfill Dams to Suit Foundation Conditions
Filters in Earth Dams, Slope Protection, Design Analysis
9. ROCKFILL DAMS
Earth Core Rockfill Dams
General Considerations, Constructive Features, Rockfill as Construction Material,
Rockfill Compaction, Earth Core and Filter Zones
Concrete Face Rockfill Dams
General Considerations, Constructive Features, Design of Concrete Face Rockfill
Dams, Performance of Concrete Face Rockfill Dams
Rockfill Dams with Asphaltic Concrete Sealing
General Considerations, Asphaltic Core Rockfill Dams, Asphaltic Face Rockfill
Dams
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
10. STATIC ANALYSIS OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
Objectives of Analysis , Methods of Analysis, Analysis of Slope Stability
Introduction, Limit Equilibrium Analyses, Stability Analysis Using Finite Element
Method
Finite Element Method for Displacement and Stress Analysis
Geometrical Idealisation, Construction Modelling, Reservoir Filling, Steady
Seepage Analysis, Rapid Drawdown Simulation
Finite Element Analysis of Consolidation
General Approach, The Two Stage Method
Material Models
General Considerations, Types of Model
11. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FOR EMBANKMENT DAMS
Earthquake Engineering of Earth Dams
Earthquake - Damaged Dams and Patterns of Damage, Seismic Behaviour,
Evaluation of Dam Stability, Effect of Reservoir and Foundation Deformability on
Dynamic Response, Earthquake-Proof Provisions
Earthquake Engineering of Rockfill Dams
Behaviour of Rockfill Dams under Earthquakes, Patterns of Potential Damage,
Dynamic Response of Rockfill Dams, Seismic Aspects of Concrete Faced Rockfill
Dams, Seismic Aspects of Rockfill Dams with Diaphragm Walls, Seismic Aspects
of Rockfill Dams with Asphaltic Core, Evaluation of Dam Stability, EarthquakeProof Provisions
Seismic Design and Safety Evaluation
General Considerations, Design Concept, Seismic Safety Evaluation
PART II - DAMS SAFETY
1. INTRODUCTION
Risk definition
Purpose of risk analysis
Limits of Factor of Safety approach
Leading Causes of Dam Failure
Risk factors
Lessons from past failures: St. Francis dam, Malpasset dam, Teton dam, Vajont
dam, Banqiao dam, Belci dam
2. RISK ANALYSIS CONCEPT
Approaches to risk analysis
The basic concept of quantitative analysis
Dam failure consequences
Risk assessment
3. DAM FAILURE PROBABILITY
Failure modes identification
Earth dam failures modes
Concrete dam failure modes
Failure modes related to floods
Failure modes related to earthquakes
Master in SUSTAINABLE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
between
University of Liege (ULG-ANAST), Belgium and Water Resources University of HCMC (WRU- IWER), Vietnam
Failure modes related to gate failures
Failure probabilities based on statistical data
Failure probabilities based on event trees
Failure probabilities based on reliability analysis
Monte Carlo method
Comments on probability of failure
4. CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Identifying consequences
Dam breach modelling
Flood routing
Evaluation of consequences
Loss of life
Economic consequences
Environmental consequences
Socio-economic and other consequences of dam failure
5. RISK MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Tolerability and acceptance of risk
Risk reduction
Dam surveillance
Dam monitoring instrumentation
Emergency concept
Risk treatment
6. DECISION STRATEGIES BASED ON RISK EVALUATION
Design criteria based on probabilistic approach
Consequence based dam safety criteria
Dam monitoring improvement based on net expected benefit