Downloads and Citations in
Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management
Daniel E. O’Leary
University of Southern California
Oleary@usc.edu
Words = ~ 5850
Abstract
This paper summarizes the most downloaded papers from the years 2000 – 2002
and traces the number of citations from Google Scholar (beta) for those papers at
the beginning of 2008. It is found that the number of downloads and citations are
highly correlated, suggesting that downloads is a leading indicator of citations,
even years into the future. In addition, this paper assesses which of the papers
from the journal have been the most cited papers over the history of the journal,
using both ISI/Social Science Citation Index and Google Scholar. It is found that
the numbers of citations using both approaches are highly correlated.
Keywords: Downloads, Citations, H-index
1. Introduction
In 2007, the John Wiley journal, Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and
Management (ISAFM) published its 15th volume. At such points in a journal’s history it
is time to provide an historical analysis as to where the journal has been. One approach is
to determine those papers that have garnered more attention, either by being frequently
cited by other research papers or frequently downloaded for potential future use.
Citations
Diamond (1986) and others have noted that citations have economic benefit for those
being cited. Accordingly, citation studies can be important to those identified as among
the most cited. In addition, citation studies are important to those who are being
considered for tenure, promotion or chaired positions. As noted by Smith (2004),
ultimately, an individual’s citation list may be more important than their publication list.
Perhaps the two leading sources for citation research are ISI’s World of Knowledge
(Social Science Citation Network - SSCI) and Google Scholar (beta). Historically,
citation analyses most frequently have employed data generated from Thompson’s “ISI
World of Knowledge” (e.g., Howitt 1998), also known as the “Social Science Citation
Index” – a source of ISI’s World of Knowledge. ISI limits its search for citations to a set
of journals from which it indexes each of the reference citations, even if the journal being
cited is not “indexed.” However, ISI is not the only source of citation information. In
1
addition, this paper also analyzed the most cited papers using Google Scholar (Beta).
Although Google is still only in beta form, it increasingly is being used to assess citations
of scholarly papers. Unlike ISI, Google Scholar indexes virtually all papers on the
Internet. Further, unlike ISI, Google Scholar is provided as a free service. As a result,
we have two citation sources, one that does not index ISAFM (ISI) and one that does
index ISAFM (Google Scholar). Given such different sources of citations, it is not clear,
a priori, how the number of citations from each would be related
Downloads of Research Papers
Digital downloads are a relatively new occurrence, deriving from the evolution toward an
increasingly digital world. In some cases download information is now available as
journals increasingly move on-line. For example, download information about their 25
most downloaded papers for various journals is provided by Elsevier. In other settings,
the download information is kept as proprietary information. Download information may
be viewed as proprietary, since publishers’ digital economic models are increasingly
predicated based on downloads. To disclose too much about paper downloads is to
disclose a journal’s economic model, potentially to competition.
However, there is interest in downloads, since there are a number of reasons to expect
that downloads of a paper might ultimately manifest themselves as citations. First, in
order to know what a paper says, typically, it needs to be downloaded and read. Second,
if a paper is downloaded, generally it is downloaded for a reason, such as citation. Third,
if a user downloads a paper, then the user has direct local access to the paper and can cite
it if they need it. Fourth, a researcher may have downloaded a paper because they were
requested to examine and cite the paper. For example, a referee may have recommended
that the paper be cited.
Publicly Available vs. Proprietary Download Information
If the download list is public, then the fact that a paper is among the more frequently
downloaded, may cast additional attention to it, ultimately, resulting in additional
citations. However, with a proprietary list, the extent to which a paper was downloaded
is not known to others. As a result, if a paper is downloaded or ultimately is cited then it
is not because of any “publicity” or issues relating to the paper being a frequently
downloaded paper. Thus, in the case of proprietary download information there is no
possibility of feedback from a download list that can result in additional downloads or
citations.
Purpose of this Paper
The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, this paper investigates the relationship
between paper downloads and citations in Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and
Management. Proprietary download information is found to be statistically significantly
correlated with citations for the 50 most downloaded papers from 2000-2002. Second,
this paper investigates the most cited papers in IJAFM, finding the H-Index of the most
2
cited papers for the journal. Third, this paper also compares the number of citations
found using two different sources, and finds the number of citations in those two sources
to be highly correlated, in spite of the fact that only one of the citation sources indexes
ISAFM.
Outline of This Paper
This paper proceeds in the following manner. Section 2 summarizes the approach used to
study the paper downloads and citations. Section 3 and 4 discuss the findings. Section 5
briefly summarizes the paper and discusses some contributions and extensions.
2. Approach
This paper uses proprietary download data available to the author when he was editor of
the International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management
that was not, in general, publicly available. Information was gathered regarding the fifty
most downloaded papers across the time frame January 2000 to December 2002. At that
time, and to this day, only papers from 1996 were available in a digital format. As a
result, only those papers published from 1996 through 2002 could have been in that
sample. In addition, citation information was then gathered for each of the individual
items in March 2008.
In order to generate a list of the most cited papers, Google Scholar was used, in March
2008, where all of the papers and their citations listed under the following names were
gathered:
“Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management”
“International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management”
“Int. J. Intell. Sys. Acc. Fin.”
The results were then examined and duplicate entries were removed. This resulted in a
substantial list of papers that was later pruned to consider only those with 10 or more
citations.
For each of these most cited Google papers, ISI – SSCI citations were also found in
March 2008. Unfortunately, ISAFM is not indexed by ISI – SSCI, and the journal name
that is used appears to overlap with the Wiley Journal “International Journal of Intelligent
Systems.” As a result, the search for the number of ISAFM citations in ISI was based on
a search of specific authors and papers, and their individual citations.
3. Findings – Most Downloaded Papers
A list of the 50 most downloaded papers between January 2000 and December 2002 is
summarized in Table 1. In addition, the number of Google citations for those papers as
of March 2008, five years after the data was compiled, is also provided. As a result, there
was five to eight years between when the papers were downloaded and when the papers
were cited and that citation information was gathered by Google Scholar. This is a
3
substantial lag and there is question as to whether the number of downloads is related to
the number of citations over such a long time period.
Relationship Between Downloads and Citations
Only two of the 50 have a number of citations that is greater than two standard deviations
from the mean: Herst and Karagiannis (2000) and Fanning and Cogger (1998). If those
two (relatively anomalous) observations are removed, then the correlation of the number
of downloads and the number of Google citations is 0.437, which is statistically
significantly different than 0 at better than the .05 level. Further, the correlation is 0.331,
which also is statistically significantly different than 0 at better than the .05 level, when
only the only entry more than five standard deviations from the mean is removed.
4. Findings – Most Cited Papers
A list of the 40 most cited papers is summarized in table 2. The data is sorted based on
Google citations, and then by ISI citations.
Relationship Between Citation Sources
As noted earlier ISI does not index ISAFM, however, Google Scholar indexes virtually
all materials available on the web. As a result, a priori, it is not clear if the number of
citations to ISAFM between those two sources would be related. For the 40 most cited
papers, the correlation between the number of citations for those two sources was 0.792,
which is statistically significantly different than 0 at better than .01.
Relationship to Citations and Publication Year
Given that the number of citations should only increase over time, we generally would
expect the number of citations to be negatively related to publication years. For the 40
most cited papers, we find that both Google Citations (- 0.169) and ISI Citations (- 0.294)
are negatively correlated with publication year. However, only the second is statistically
significantly different than 0 at the .05 level or better.
H – Index Using Google Citations
An emerging issue in citation analysis is the use of the so-called “H – Index” (Hirsch
2005). Let C(m,n) = k, be the number of citations of publications of source m, with n or
more citations. When n=k, the index is referred to as the “H-index.” Informally, the HIndex for an individual or journal etc., would be computed using the following approach.
First, the number of citations would be gathered for each document. Second, the
appropriate set of documents would be ranked starting with the most citations being
ranked first, the second most being ranked second, etc. Third, the highest rank, at which
that rank is greater than or equal to the number of citations, is determined. Then, that
rank is called the H-Index. Using Google citations, ISAFM has an H-Index of 20. Using
ISI citations, the H-Index would be 9, based on the data in table 2.
4
Why 40 Most Cited?
I focused on the 40 most cited papers for two reasons. First, 40 is simply double the HIndex for the Google citations. This illustrates a generalization of the H-Index, where
rather than just use the H-Index we use some general version of k*H for k an arbitrary
parameter. Second, the 40 most cited each have 10 or more citations at the time that the
data was gathered. As a result, by focusing on those papers with citations in so-called
“double digits” we focus on the more cited papers. In many settings the movement from
single to double digits is an important psychological barrier.
Digital vs. Non-Digital
If a paper is in digital format, compared to paper only, is it more likely to result in
citations? One approach is to analyze the 40 most cited papers for whether or not the
paper was digitally available. Out of the 40 most cited papers, which resulted in 47
different papers because of ties, 12 were from the four year time period 1992 -1995 and
were not digitally available from Wiley.
The average number of papers among those 47 papers, per year, for 1992-1995 was 3,
and the average number of papers, per year, from 1996 – 2003 was 3.889. Unfortunately,
this is not convincing evidence that that digitally available papers garner more citations,
particularly since two of the four years from 1992 -1995 had 4 papers among those 47.
5. Summary, Contributions and Extensions
This final section of the paper briefly summarizes the paper and its contributions, and
discusses some extensions.
Summary
This research has investigated both downloads and citations for Intelligent Systems in
Accounting, Finance and Management. The 50 most downloaded papers from 20002002 were investigated and the number of downloads were found to be highly correlated
with the number of citations to those papers, up to eight years after the original
downloads may have occurred. In addition, for the most cited papers over the first 15
volumes it was found that the number of citations in ISI and Google Scholar are highly
correlated.
Limitations
Perhaps the primary limitation to this study is that Google Scholar is in beta format. As a
result, citations may not be as stable as with alternative more established sources, such as
ISI. On the other hand, as of October 12, 2008, Google Scholar had 24,000,000 page
references, suggesting quite a strong presence. In addition, Google Scholar has been
compared favorably to ISI (http://www.harzing.com/resources.htm#/pop_gs.htm).
5
Contributions
First, this paper found that even after five to eight years, the number of downloads is
highly correlated with the number of citations. Second, this set of downloads information
is unique in that it was proprietary. As a result, there was no possibility of feedback from
the download list to the citations generated by a paper, yet citations were still statistically
significantly correlated with number of downloads. Third, this is one of the first papers
to compute an “H-Index” for a journal, and used both ISI and Google Scholar to compute
the index. Fourth, this paper found that the number of citations from an emerging source,
Google Scholar, and an established source, ISI/SSCI, are highly correlated for the most
cited papers from ISAFM, in spite of the fact that one indexes ISAFM and the other does
not.
Extensions
Future work could investigate the relationship between number of downloads and
citations over even longer time periods than 5 years, or analyze more recent download
lists. Further, future work could examine alternative citation sources, such as Scopus. In
addition, future work could identify the sources of publication of the citing literature,
focusing on some subset of the most cited papers, such as the top 40 or the H-Index set.
Further, this paper provides a benchmark so that future research could track the extent of
change of the number of citations or H-Index over time. Finally, perhaps the most
important issue to explore is to what extent does the posting most downloaded lists for
public consumption ultimately influence the number of citations. Does posting provide
additional incentive, opportunity, etc. for papers to be cited?
6
Table 1
50 Most Downloaded Papers 2000-2002 and Google Citations
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
23
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
31
33
34
35
Authors
Coakley and Brown (2000)
Nissen (2000)
Anandarajan et al. (2001)
Jung (1999)
Yu et al. (2000)
Ramamoorti et al. (1999)
Kauffman et al. (2000)
McKee (2000)
Stefanowski and Wilk (2001)
Baestaens (1999)
Feelders (2000)
Abdolmohammadi and Usof (2001)
Kim et al. (2000)
Lenard et al. (2001)
Fritz and Hosemann (2000)
Bruno (2002)
Yu et al. (2001)
Herbst and Karagiannis (2000)
Lee et al. (2000)
Yeo et al. (2001)
Yager (1999)
Kim (1999)
Chen et al. (1999)
Nanda and Pendharkar (2001)
O'Leary (1998)
Singh and Huhns (1999)
Huh and Bae (1999)
Lanquillon (1998)
Feroz et. (2000)
Swicegood and Clark (2001)
Spangler and Peters (2000)
Davis et al. (2001)
O'Leary (2000)
Yan et al. (2001)
Vojinovic et al. (2001)
7
Downloads
854
497
375
369
360
349
333
286
282
279
267
262
257
243
236
233
223
222
218
218
214
206
201
201
201
196
192
191
180
178
176
176
172
169
168
Google
Citations
31
8
6
16
4
11
10
14
10
4
28
9
3
10
8
3
0
78
2
3
5
0
10
5
31
28
1
3
9
3
0
4
3
18
8
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
163
160
158
154
151
147
145
145
144
142
141
129
128
126
125
Poh et al. 1998
Wu (2000)
Hellström and Holmström (2000)
Zacharia et al. (2000)
Ong et al. (2002)
Milani and Marcugini (1999)
Collier et al. (1999)
Bons et al. (1999)
Fanning and Cogger (1998)
Deshmukh and Talluru (1998)
Wang (2001)
Heatley and Otto (1998)
Binbasioglu and Zychowicz (1998)
Taudes et al. (1998)
Haefke et al. (1998)
8
16
3
10
4
2
5
9
10
44
6
4
1
6
4
0
Table 2 - 40 Most Cited Papers (Ranked by Google Citations, Then ISI Citations)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
11
12
12
14
14
16
17
17
19
19
19
22
22
22
22
26
27
27
27
27
31
31
33
33
35
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Author
Decker (1994)
Slowinski and Zopounidis (1995)
Herbst and Karagiannis (2000)
Fanning and Cogger (1998)
Fanning and Cogger (1994)
Kohara et al. (1997)
Lee and Kim (2000)
Bryant (1997)
O'Leary (1998)
Coakley and Brown (2000)
Boritz et al.(1995)
Singh and Huhns (1999)
Feelders (2000)
Barniv et al. (1997)
Foster (1995)
Maher and Sen (1997)
Chung and Tam (1993)
Coakley and Brown (1993)
Kwon et al. (1997)
Scacchi and Mi (1997)
Fortin and Kuzmics (2002)
Jhee and Lee (1993)
Fu et al. 2002)
Antoniou and Arief (2001)
Yan et al. (2001)
Etheridge and Sriram (1997)
Brown and Gupta (1994)
Srivastava et al. (1996)
Poh et al. (1998)
Jung et al.(1999)
McKee (2000)
Wuthrich (1997)
Bell (1997)
Lee and Lee (1998)
Lin and Carley (1993)
Morris (1994)
Rockwell and McCarthy (1999)
Ramamoorti et al. (1999)
Kloptchenko et al. (2004)
Stefanowski and Wilk (2001)
Kauffman et al. (2000)
O'Leary and Watkins (1992)
Chen et al. (1999)
Bons et al. (1999)
Charitou et al. (1996)
Hellstrom and Holmstrom (2000)
Lenard et al. (2001)
9
Google
Citations
93
88
78
44
35
34
33
32
31
31
29
28
28
26
26
25
21
21
20
20
20
18
18
18
18
17
16
16
16
16
14
14
13
13
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
ISI
Citations
20
47
19
9
2
16
0
9
12
6
11
6
5
6
0
8
8
5
8
3
1
6
2
1
0
6
8
6
4
4
8
1
4
4
9
4
1
1
0
6
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
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