Ethical Practice
Ethical Practice in Music Therapy
Date: May 2014
WFMT Commission on Research and Ethics: Dr. Clare O’Callaghan (Chair), Dr. Daphne
Rickson, Dr. Lars Ole Bonde, Dr. Eric Miller, Dr. Soo Ji Kim
Suggested Guidelines for Conducting Music Therapy
Literature Reviews & an Introduction to Systematic
Reviews in Music Therapy
This paper describes the kinds of literature reviews found in music therapy writings and offers ideas for
authors preparing literature reviews related to their clinical practice and research. It includes a
description of systematic review and lists samples of literature reviews and systematic reviews conducted
in music therapy.
What is a Literature Review?
A literature review is an “explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating, and synthesising
the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars, and
practitioners” (Fink, 2005, p. 3) related to a specified area of inquiry. In music therapy a literature review
can be found in: (a) a section within a research paper which informs the research conducted; (b) a
stand-alone narrative summary of relevant research and/or theory (see Table 1); or (c) a systematic
synthesis of research findings (also called a systematic review) to explain a music therapy phenomenon,
including the effects of music therapy interventions, and to inform future research.
Table 1. Sample of Narrative Summary Literature Reviews in Music Therapy
Accordino, R., Comer, R., & Heller, W. B. (2007). Searching for music's potential: A critical examination of
research on music therapy with individuals with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,
1(1), 101-115. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2006.08.002
Brotons, M., Koger, S. M., & Pickett-Cooper, P. (1997). Music and dementias: A review of literature. Journal
of Music Therapy, 34(4), 204-245.
Hilliard, R. E. (2005). Music therapy in hospice and palliative care: a review of the empirical data.
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(2), 173-178. doi:
10.1093/ecam/neh076
Lipe, A. W. (2002). Beyond therapy: Music, spirituality, and health in human experience: A review of
literature. Journal of Music Therapy, 39(3), 209-240.
Rickson, D. J. (2010). Music therapy school consultation: A literature review. New Zealand Journal of
Music Therapy, 8, 59-91.
Sherratt, K., Thornton, A., & Hatton, C. (2004). Music interventions for people with dementia: a review of
the literature. Aging & Mental Health, 8(1), 3-12. doi: 10.1080/13607860310001613275
Silverman, M. J. (2003). Music therapy and clients who are chemically dependent: a review of literature
and pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 30(5), 273-281. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2003.08.004
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is a Systematic Review?
As mentioned, a systematic review is one kind of literature review. “A systematic review attempts to
identify, appraise, and synthesize all the empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility criteria to
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answer a given research question” (Cochrane Library, 2013). Specified methods are used in systematic
reviews, which are aimed at minimizing bias to enable more reliable findings that can inform practice.
Systematic reviews should be guided by the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and
meta-analyses) guidelines (Liberati, Altman, Tetzlaff, et al, 2009). A widely used systematic review
procedure in music therapy is the Cochrane review (see below). Final publication may be under the
Cochrane Collaboration (Table 2, part i) or as stand-alone articles in academic journals that use other
systematic review procedures (see Table 2, part ii).
Table 2. Sample of Systematic Reviews in Music Therapy and Music Interventions
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Research using the Cochrane Systematic Review Procedure (hence called, “Cochrane Reviews”)
Bradt, J., & Dileo C. (2009). Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006577. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub2.
Bradt. J., & Dileo, C. (2010). Music therapy for end-of-life care. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007169. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007169.pub2
Bradt, J., Dileo, C., & Grocke, D. (2010). Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006902. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006902.pub2.
Bradt, J., Dileo, C., Grocke, D., & Magill, L. (2011). Music interventions for improving psychological and
physical outcomes in cancer patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 8. Art.
No.: CD006911. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub2
Bradt, J., Dileo, C., & Shim M. (2013). Music interventions for preoperative anxiety. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD006908. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006908.pub2
Bradt, J., Magee, W. L., Dileo, C., & Wheeler, B. L., & McGilloway, E. (2010). Music therapy for acquired
brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD006787. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD006787.pub2
Gold, C., Wigram, T., & Elefant, C. (2006). Music therapy for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004381. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2
Maratos, A., Gold, C., Wang, X., & Crawford, M. (2008). Music therapy for depression. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004517. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub2
Mössler, K., Chen, X., Heldal, T. O., & Gold, C. (2011). Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and
schizophrenia-like disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12. Art. No.:
CD004025. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004025.pub3 f
Vink, A. C, Bruinsma, M. S, & Scholten, R. J. P. M. (2004). Music therapy for people with dementia.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003477. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub2
(ii) Research using other Systematic Review Procedures
Clark, I., & Harding, K. (2012). Psychosocial outcomes of active singing interventions for therapeutic
purposes: a systematic review of the literature. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 21(1), 80-98. doi:
10.1080/08098131.2010.545136
Clark, I. N., Taylor, N. F., & Baker, F. A. (2012). Music interventions and physical activity in older adults: a
systematic literature review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine,
44(9), 710-719.
Koger, S. M., Chapin, K., & Brotons, M. (1999). Is music therapy an effective intervention for dementia? A
meta-analytic review of literature. Journal of Music Therapy, 36(1), 2-15.
Ostermann, T., & Schmid, W. (2006). Music therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive
literature review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 6, 469-477.
Pothoulaki, M., MacDonald, R., & Flowers, P. (2006). Methodological issues in music interventions in
oncology settings: A systematic literature review. Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(5), 446-455.
Rossignol, D. A., & Rossignol, D. A. (2009). Novel and emerging treatments for autism spectrum disorders:
a systematic review. [Review]. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(4), 213-236.
Schmidt, K., & Ernst, E. (2004). Music therapy for patients with cardiovascular diseases - A systematic
review. Perfusion, 17(4), 136-144.
Walker, I. D., & Gonzales, E. W. (2007). Review of intervention studies on people with multiple sclerosis.
Issues Ment Health Nurs, 28, 511-531.
Weller, C. M., & Baker, F. A. (2011). The role of music therapy in physical rehabilitation: a systematic
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literature review. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 20(1), 43-61.
Systematic approaches to literature reviews include the following components: Specification of
the planned review methods; a focussed question; criteria for including and excluding literature;
documentation of the search strategies including data sources; inclusion of tables and boxes which
present the research methods examined; inclusion of tables to detail study characteristics; a description
of how the quality of the studies is examined; discussion of limitations; inclusion of tables and graphics to
illustrate data interpretation; appendices which include search strategies; samples of data extraction
and methods of quality assessment; and declaration of author interest (Booth, Papaioannou, & Sutton,
2012).
What is a Meta-Analysis (quantitative research)?
When a systematic review in quantitative research uncovers good or high quality studies, reviewers may
conduct a meta-analysis on those studies. In quantitative research, a meta-analysis uses various
statistical methods to derive pooled summary estimates in order to produce an overall quantitative
estimate for the intervention’s effect. A meta-analysis does not proceed when the systematic review
does not meet specified criteria, for example, the study participants were not randomised, or it was a
music therapy review but the study used only music as the intervention, not a therapeutic relationship.
Meta-analyses should only be conducted on good or high quality studies, otherwise, they may produce
biased estimates of treatment effect.
What is a Cochrane Review?
The Cochrane Collaboration disseminates reviews reporting on what is asserted as the best available
information about healthcare interventions. A Cochrane review is a systematic assessment of a health
care intervention consisting of: (a) a systematic review of literature (usually randomized or controlled
clinical trials) related to the intervention and, if appropriate, (b) a meta-analysis of eligible trials (Higgins &
Green, 2008). Guidelines for conducting Cochrane systematic literature reviews on quantitative research,
including criteria for determining whether a trial is eligible for meta-analysis, can be found in the
Cochrane Handbook (Higgins & Green, 2008). These reviews are usually conducted by a research team.
Systematic Reviews, Meta-analyses, and Qualitative Research
The aim of a qualitative systematic review is to integrate findings from studies by examining themes in
and across studies (Booth, Papaioannou, & Sutton, 2012). The Cochrane Collaboration is currently
considering standards for conducting systematic reviews on qualitative research. Although guidelines for
conducting qualitative syntheses of the literature are found at the Cochrane collaboration website [i.e.,
http://cqim.cochrane.org/resources-conducting-qualitative-syntheses/ accessed 1st June 2014], and it is
acknowledged that qualitative research can contribute to Cochrane Interventions reviews, no template
is currently available to allow a Cochrane review solely of qualitative evidence (Noyes, Popay, Pearson,
Hannes, & Booth, 2011).
Cochrane Reviews and Music Therapy
A sample list of music therapy Cochrane reviews is in Table 2. These and more music therapy Cochrane
reviews can be accessed by going to the Cochrane Library (2013) website and searching through using
the review’s title or keywords. The website is: http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/index.html
While the Cochrane systematic reviews are helpful in promoting awareness of music therapy it is
important to remember that they exclude much important research, including qualitative and most
mixed method studies. Furthermore, high quality findings from music therapy Cochrane systematic
reviews are not possible given that the Cochrane group states that any non-blinded, subjective research
potentially has a “high bias risk” (Higgins & Green. 2008, p. 199): In music therapy studies it is not possible
to blind participants and those providing the intervention (Bradt & Dileo, 2010, p. 6). This can be a
problem. For example, a Cochrane review summary needed to state that there is, “insufficient evidence
of high quality to support the effect of music therapy on quality of life of people in end-of-life care”
(Bradt & Dileo, 2010, p. 2), even when the systematic meta-analysis in this Cochrane review found
significant improvements in functional, psychophysiological, and social-spiritual quality of life outcomes.
Shouldn’t all Literature Reviews be Systematic?
All literature reviews should be systematic but there are varying degrees and types of systematization
evident in the varied kinds of literature reviews (Booth, Papaioannou, & Sutton, 2012). Cooper (1988)
identifies four approaches to literature reviews: exhaustive coverage (all relevant literature); exhaustive
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coverage with selected citation; representative coverage; and coverage of pivotal works. Selective
citation is regarded as potentially biased (Song, Parekh, & Hooper, 2012). In current academic literature
reviews tend to be either narrative reviews which encompass available knowledge at the time it was
written, or systematic reviews which aim to monitor the current state of the field and be periodically
updated with new knowledge (Booth, Papaioannou, & Sutton, 2012).
What Does a Literature Review Contain?
A literature review can include the:
1. Introduction which outlines the focus of inquiry or “problem statement”. It is often helpful to explain
the importance of the inquiry, including how it is filling a gap,that is, investigating something that has
not been examined previously.
2. Presentation of research and theory related to the inquiry.
3. Critical appraisal (evaluation) and comparison of available information.
4. Depending on the literature review’s purpose, the literature review can
 inform research questions, if it is used to introduce research
 lead to a conclusion with implications for practice
 lead to recommendations for further inquiry and/or
 report on the effectiveness of an intervention (in a meta-analysis, for example, where the
results of studies are combined and statistical techniques are used to analyse data)
Conducting a Literature Review
1. Decide on the topic.
Make sure you have a specific focus for your review. If the topic is too broad the literature review
could be unmanageable.
2. Identify keywords and search databases.
A database is a comprehensive collection of data related to a usually broad area of inquiry, and
organized for easy, usually computerised access. These are available through many libraries.
Keywords and terms are used to inform the search for relevant literature in electronic data bases and
elsewhere.12 For example, if your topic is music therapy for pre-school children with autism spectrum
disorder your keywords or terms would be “pre-school children”, “autism spectrum disorder”, and
“music therapy”. If your topic is music therapy with children of alcoholics, your keywords and terms
might be “families with an alcoholic caretaker” and “children who are psychologically abused”.
These can be entered into computerised databases. One place to start is Google Scholar:
http://scholar.google.com.au/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5.
One place to start is Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com.au/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5.
Other data bases useful for searching for selected music therapy works follow. They have been
grouped into related fields. Some will give you access to abstracts directly. Others will need to be
accessed through a library service.
 Music Therapy: Created by Lars Ole Bonde for the Center for Music and Health in Oslo:
http://www.refworks.com/refworks2/?site=041541163653200000%2fRWWS5A78380%2fMusic+Thera
py+Literature+September+2012
 Education: ERIC
 Medicine and health: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, CANCERLIT, Scopus
 Nursing and allied health CINAHL
 Behavioral sciences and mental health: PsycINFO
 Social and natural sciences: Arts and Humanities Citation Index; Web of Science, Scopus
 Natural Sciences: Science Citation Index
 Theses: CAIRSS, Proquest Digital Dissertations
 Information on ongoing clinical studies: ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, National
Research Register,
 Library of database services: EBSCO
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If you publish the research in an academic journal you will also likely be asked to provide key word descriptors of your article so
that others may use keywords to find your article in the future.
The United States National Library of Medicine also manages a controlled vocabulary thesaurus called “Medical Subject
Headings” (MeSH®) which assists searching in medical journals. See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/mesh.html
2
4
Another source is Ken Aigen’s (2008) comprehensive review of English language qualitative and
mixed methods music therapy studies, published up until 2006. Aigen updated this list in 2012 and
kindly agreed to its inclusion in Appendix 1.3
Some important music therapy literature may not be found through existing data bases and you may
need to conduct a further search by hand. This means you need to go through library catalogues
and find music therapy textbooks, conference proceedings including the World Federation of Music
Therapy congress proceedings (hyperlink please), and bulletins. The lists of references in articles,
theses, or dissertations that you review also can be valuable in tracking down additional sources. If
you have time constraints and/or word limitations on your literature review, you may consider
containing the literature review by further specifying its parameters or scope, for example, listing the
specific data bases or publication dates searched. Even if you search for specific information, for
example, published in the previous 10 years, it can be important to also seek and acknowledge the
seminal writings in the field. For example, it is usually important to point to the pioneers in the field,
such as Susan Munro if one is doing a review on music therapy and palliative care, and Paul Nordoff
and Clive Robbins if one is doing a review on improvisational uses of music therapy. It is also
important to analyze and cite original work and to avoid using secondary sources 4 whenever
possible. It is also essential to provide the details of data bases searched, and search terms used, to
allow others to reproduce research findings.
.
3. Organize literature collected.
Various methods can be used to organize your literature as it is collected. An EndNote or Refworks
bibliographic library can be useful for storing articles/book chapters, etc, and notes kept on the
literature can be inserted and easily retrieved. EndNote or Refworks on your own computer systems
can be used to create or import folders of articles on specific subtopics, which can ultimately inform
subsections in literature reviews. For example, subtopics for the literature search on pre-schoolers,
children, and autism spectrum disoder could include: description of condition, music therapy goals
and techniques used, work with patients and families, theoretical frameworks, clinical vignettes,
research findings, and related work (e.g., related music education papers).
When compiling research findings a Table can be helpful which separates the different kinds of
findings. For example, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods findings may be placed in
different Tables. Table 3 offers a possible template:
Table 3. Template Example for Recording Literature Collected for a Literature Review
Author(s)/
Year/
Source
Participants
Question
/focus
Context
Research design:
sampling; MT
intervention;
outcome
measures; analytic
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Critique
4. Writing up the literature review
The introductory paragraphs usually introduce the topic or problem statement, and highlight the
proposed aim of the review, including whether it is to present an overview of available information
on a topic, or to address a knowledge gap (which in turn provides a rationale for research that
follows). The author then presents related information in sections, ensuring that transitions from
paragraph to paragraph include a clear logical progression and justification about why the
examined is important (Dileo, 2005). Authors may include discussions on limitations in existing research
Please note that inclusion of this list is for readers’ interest. It is important to remember that qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods research all have merit. There was no comparable quantitative research list in music therapy when this document was
prepared. Readers are welcome to volunteer to update the research lists in the Appendix, and to commence a list on music
therapy quantitative research. Please contact the Chair of the Research and Ethics Commission if interested.
4 A secondary source is a description of research, theory, or case study written by someone who did not write the original work.
When writing academic work authors should cite the primary source whenever possible. The primary source is the original
description of the material.
3
5
or theory (for example research findings based on small sample sizes), or contrasts in research findings
on related areas. The writing should be concise and clear and use professional language. If the
literature review informs a research study, the information should culminate in a statement of
research aim/s or hypotheses.
Please note, the word limit will determine how much you elaborate on the study rationale and
presentation and critique of the findings.
When Do I Start Conducting a Literature Review?
A comprehensive literature review for a research project will ensure that you do not duplicate previously
conducted research (and possible consequent imposition on research participants). When applying a
quantitative research method, the literature review is conducted before the study. While the study
progresses, however, researchers also need to check for ongoing publication of new research findings,
theory, or case studies that relate to the study, and integrate these references into the literature review
when appropriate. It is assumed that the researchers’ understanding of the literature before the study will
not affect data analysis.
When using a qualitative research method, researchers tend to familiarise themselves with the
research topic enough to understand knowledge gaps, but not so much that it hinders the open manner
in which qualitative data can be examined. This includes a literature review of the available empirical or
quantitative research within their clinical focus area. Authors of qualitative study designs, however, can
disagree about the literature review’s scope (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007). For example, when conducting
grounded theory research, Strauss and Corbin (2008) state that familiarization with relevant literature
before data is collected can help researchers to clarify interview questions and to sensitively analyse
data. Charmaz (2008), however, recommends that literature reviews are delayed until after the analysis.
Researchers will inevitably have preconceived understandings related to their research topic.
Importantly, qualitative researchers must endeavour to not impose their views and related research
findings and theories on their emergent findings (Bryant & Charmaz, 2007). This may be avoided through
researchers detailing their pre-existing values by outlining their personal position and assumptions at the
beginning of the study (Amir, 2005).
Further Information and References
Academic Skills Centre (2012). Writing a literatre review. University of Canberra, Australia. Accessed
1/6/13 from http://www.canberra.edu.au/studyskills/writing/literature.
Aigen, K. (2008). An analysis of qualitative music therapy research reports 1987–2006: Articles and book
chapters, Music Ther Pers, 35, 251-261.
Amir, D. (2005). Grounded theory. In B. Wheeler (ed.) Music therapy research (2nd ed., pp. 364-378).
Gilsum, NJ: Barcelona Pub:
Booth, A., Papaioannou, A., & Sutton, A. (2012). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review.
Sage: Los Angeles.
Bradt. J., & Dileo, C. (2010). Music therapy for end-of-life care. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007169. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD007169.pub2
Bryant, A. & Charmaz, K. (2007). Introduction. In L.H. Bryant and K. Charmaz (eds.). The Sage handbook
of grounded theory (pp. 1-28). Sage Pub: Los Angeles.
Charmaz, K. (2008). Grounded theory. In J. A. Smith (ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to
research methods (2nd ed., pp. 81–110). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Cochrane Library (2013) Acessed 10th February, 2014, from
http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/AboutCochraneSystematicReviews.html
Cooper, H. M. (1988). Organizing knowledge syntheses; a taxonomy of literature reviews. Knowledge in
Society 1,104-126.
Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research 3e: Techniques and procedures for
developing grounded theory, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Dileo, C. (2005). Reviewing the literature. In B. Wheeler (ed.). Music therapy research (2nd ed. pp. 105111). Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishers.
Fink, A. G. (2005). Conducting research literature reviews: from the internet to paper. (2nd edition).
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Higgins, J., & Green, S. (2008). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Chichester:
Wiley Blackwell.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., . . . Moher, D. (2009). The
PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate
healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 339, b2700. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2700
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Noyes, J., Popay, J., Pearson, A., Hannes, A., & Booth, A. (2011). Qualitative research and Cochrane
reviews. In J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews for
Interventions. V5.1.0. Accessed 1/6/14 from http://handbook.cochrane.org/front_page.htm
Song, F., Parekh, S., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J, Sutton, A. J., et al (2012). Dissemination and
publication of research findings: an updated review of related biases. Health Technology
Assessment 2010; Vol. 14: No. 8. Accessed 1/6/13 from
http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon1408.pdf
Wheeler, B. (Ed.). (2005). Music therapy research (2nd ed.). Gilsum, NJ: Barcelona Publishers. (and 3 rd
edition due late 2014).
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Appendix 1. English Language Music Therapy Qualitative Research Studies.
Compiled by Dr Kenneth Aigen and published here with his permission.
The following list is in five sections: (1) Qualitative Only Articles and Book Chapters, (2) Mixed Method
Articles and Book Chapters, (3) Music Therapy Qualitative Research Studies: Longer Publications, (4)
Music Therapy Qualitative Doctoral Research Studies, (5) Music Therapy Mixed Method Articles and Book
Chapters. Please note, while this list is comprehensive, it is not exhaustive.
Qualitative Only Articles and Book Chapters (192). Updated June 27, 2012.
Aasgard, T. (2000). ‘A Suspiciously Cheerful Lady’: A study of a song’s life in the paediatric oncology
ward, and beyond . . . . British Journal of Music Therapy, 14(2), 70-82.
Aasgaard, T. (2005). Song creations by children with cancer–Process and meaning. In D. Aldridge (Ed.),
Case study designs in music therapy (pp. 67-96). London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley
Publishers.
Abbott, E. (2005). Client experiences with the music in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music
(BMGIM) In Qualitative inquiries in music therapy: A monograph series, volume 2, 36-61.
Abrams, B. (2002). Definitions of transpersonal BMGIM experience. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 11(2),
103-126.
Ahmadi, F. (2011). Song lyrics and the alteration of self-image. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 20(3),
225-241.
Ahonen-Eerikäinen, H., Rippin, K., Sibille, N., Koch, R., & Dalby, D. M. (2007). “Not bad for an old 85-yearold!”-The qualitative analysis of the role of music therapeutic benefits and group therapeutic
factors of the St. Joseph’s Alzheimer’s adults day group music therapy group. Canadian Journal
of Music Therapy, 13(2), 37-62.
Ahonen-Eerikäinen, H., & Houde, M. (2009). Something in the air: Journeys of self-actualization in musical
improvisation. Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy.
Ahonen-Eerikäinen, H. (1999). Different forms of music therapy and working styles of music therapists–a
qualitative study. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 8(2), pp. 156-167.
Aigen, K. (1995). Cognitive and affective processes activated in music therapy: A preliminary model for
contemporary Nordoff-Robbins practice. Music Therapy, 13(1), 13-46.
Aigen, K. (2001). Popular musical styles in Nordoff-Robbins clinical improvisation. Music Therapy
Perspectives, 19(1), 28-41.
Aigen, K. (2009). Verticality and containment in song and improvisation: An application of schema
theory to Nordoff-Robbins music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 46(3), 238-267.
Aldridge, D., & Aldridge, G. (1996). A personal construct methodology for validating subjectivity in
qualitative research. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 23(3), 225-236.
Aldridge, G. (1996). “A walk through Paris”: The development of melodic expression in music therapy with
a breast-cancer patient. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 23, 207-223.
Aldridge, G. (1999). The development of melody: Four hands, two minds, one music. Info CD ROM II.
University of Witten-Heredecke.
Allgood, N. (2005). Parents’ perceptions of family-based group music therapy for children with autism
spectrum disorders. Music Therapy Perspectives, 23(2), 92-99.
Amir, D. (1990). A song is born: Discovering meaning in improvised songs through a phenomenological
analysis of two music therapy sessions with a traumatic spinal-cord injured young adult. Music
Therapy, 9(1), 62-81.
Amir, D. (1993). Moments of insight in the music therapy process. Music Therapy, 12(1), 85-100.
Amir, D. (1996). Experiencing music therapy. Meaningful moments in the music therapy process. In M.
Langenberg, K Aigen, & J. Frommer (Eds.), Qualitative music therapy research: Beginning
dialogues (pp. 109-130). Gilsum, New Hampshire: Barcelona Publishers.
Amir, D. (1999). Musical and verbal interventions in music therapy: A qualitative study. Journal of Music
Therapy, 36(2), 144-175.
Amir, D. (2005). Musical humour in improvisational music therapy. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 16,
1-22.
Amir, D., & Yair, M. (2008). When the piano talks: Finding meaning in piano improvisations created by
three children at risk who live in residential care. In Qualitative inquiries in music therapy: A
monograph series, volume 4, 113-166.
Ansdell, G. (1996). Talking about music therapy: A dilemma and a qualitative experiment. British Journal
of Music Therapy, 10(1), 4-15.
8
Andsell, G., Davidson, J., Magee, W. L., Meehan, J. & Procter, S. (2010). From “this f***ing life” to “that's
better” … in four minutes: An interdisciplinary study of music therapy's “present moments” and
their potential for affect modulation. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 19(1), 3-28.
Ansdell, G., & John, M. (2010). "Some light at the end of the tunnel": Exploring users' evidence for the
effectiveness of music therapy in adult mental health settings. Music and Medicine: An
Interdisciplinary Journal, 2(1), 29-40.
Arnason, C. (2003). Music therapists’ listening perspectives in improvisational music therapy. Nordic
Journal of Music Therapy, 12(2), pp. 124-138.
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Trondalen, G. (2003). “Self-listening” in music therapy with a young woman suffering from anorexia
nervosa. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 12(1), 3-17.
14
Trondalen, G. & Skårderud, F. (2007). Playing with affects . . . and the importance of “affect
attunement.” Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16(2), 100-111.
Turry, A. (2010). Integrating musical and psychotherapeutic thinking: Research on the relationship
between words and music in clinically improvised songs. In Qualitative inquiries in music therapy:
A monograph series, volume 5, 116-172
Tyson, E.H. (2002). Hip Hop therapy: An exploratory study of a rap music intervention with at-risk and
delinquent youth. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 15(3) 131-144.
Vaillancourt, G. (2011). Creating an apprenticeship music therapy model through arts-based research.
Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy, 11(1).
Weeks, V. & Dodek, P. (1993). Music therapy demonstration project for the intensive care unit of St. Paul’s
Hospital, Vancouver. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 1(1), 19-36.
Wheeler, B. L. (1999). Experiencing pleasure in working with severely disabled children. Journal of Music
Therapy, 36, 56-80.
Wheeler, B. L. (2002). Experiences and concerns of students during music therapy practica. Journal of
Music Therapy, 39, 274-304.
Wheeler, B. L., & Baker, F. A. (2010). Influences of music therapists’ worldviews on work in different
countries. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37(3), 215-227.
Williams, K. (2006). Action inquiry into the use of standardized evaluation tools for music therapy. Voices:
A World Forum for Music Therapy, 6(2).
Wu, S.M., I-Shou, U, (2002). Effects of music therapy on anxiety, depression and self-esteem of
undergraduates. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 45(2), 104-114.
Yehuda, N. (2002). Multicultural encounters in music therapy: A qualitative research. Voices: A World
Forum for Music Therapy, 2(3).
Young, L., & Aigen, K. (2010). Supervising the supervisor: The use of live music and identification of parallel
processes. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 37(2), 125-134.
Zanders, M. (2008). Metaphors clients use to describe their experiences in BMGIM. Qualitative inquiries in
music therapy: A monograph series, volume 4, 45-68.
15
Mixed Methods Articles and Book Chapters (15)
Baker, F, & Grocke, D. (2009). Challenges of working with people aged 60-75 years from culturally and
linguistically diverse groups: Repertoire and music therapy approaches employed by Australian
music therapists. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 20, 30-55.
Baker, F. (2007). Enhancing the clinical reasoning skills of music therapy students through problem based
learning: An action research. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16(1), 27-41.
Barry, P., O'Callaghan, C., Wheeler, G., Grocke, D. (2010). Music therapy CD creation for initial pediatric
radiation therapy: A mixed methods analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 47(3), 233-263.
Choi, C. M. H. (2010). A pilot analysis of the psychological themes found during the CARING at Columbiamusic therapy program with refugee adolescents from North Korea. Journal of Music Therapy,
47(4), 380-407.
Froman, R. J. (2009). Music therapy practice with Jewish people in the United States of America. Music
Therapy Perspectives, 27(1), 33-41.
Gilboa, A., Yehuda, N., & Amir, D. (2009). Let's talk music: A musical-communal project for enhancing
communication among students of multi-cultural origin. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 18(1), 331.
Gilboa, A. & Roginsky, A. (2010). Examining the dyadic music therapy treatment (DUET): the case of a CP
child and his mother. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy,19(2), 103-132.
Grocke, D., Bloch, S., Castle, D. (2009). The effect of group music therapy on quality of life for participants
living with a severe and enduring mental illness. Journal of Music Therapy, 46 (2), 90-104.
Jacobsen, S., & Wigram, T. (2007). Music Therapy for the assessment of parental competencies for
children. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16(2), 129-143.
McFerran, K., Roberts, M., & O'Grady, L., (2010). Music therapy with bereaved teenagers: A mixed
methods perspective. Death Studies, 34(6), 541-565.
O’Callaghan, C., Sproston, M., Wilkinson, K., Willis, D., Milner, A., Grocke, D., & Wheeler, G. (in press).
Effect of self-selected music on adults’ anxiety and subjective experiences during initial
radiotherapy treatment: a randomized controlled trial and qualitative research. Journal of
Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology.
Ridder, H. M., Wigram, T. & Marie, A. (2009). A pilot study on the effects of music therapy on
frontotemporal dementia-developing a research protocol. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy,
18(2), 103-132.
Shoemark, H. & Grocke, D. (2010). The markers of interplay between the music therapist and the high risk
full term infant. Journal of Music Therapy, 47(4), 306–334.
Short, A. (2007). Theme and variations on quietness: Relaxation-focused music and imagery in aged
care. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 18, 39-61.
Silverman, M. J. (2010). Perceptions of music therapy interventions from inpatients with severe mental
illness: A mixed-methods approach. The Arts of Psychotherapy, 37(3), 163-248.
16
Music Therapy Qualitative Research Studies: Longer Publications Updated July 7, 2012.
Single and Multiple Author Books & Monographs
Aigen, K. (1996/2005). Being in music: Foundations of Nordoff-Robbins music therapy. Gilsum, NH:
Barcelona.
Aigen, K. (1997/2005). Here we are in music: One year with an adolescent, creative music therapy group.
Gilsum, NH: Barcelona.
Aigen, K. (1998). Paths of development in Nordoff-Robbins music therapy. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona.
[Japanese, 2001; Korean, 2009]
Aigen, K. (2002/2005). Playin= in the band: A qualitative study of popular music styles as clinical
improvisation (with DVD). Gilsum, NH: Barcelona.
Aldridge, G. & Aldridge, D. (2008). Melody in music therapy: A therapeutic narrative analysis. London:
Jessica Kingsley.
Lee, C. (1996). Music at the edge: The music therapy experience of a musician with AIDS. London:
Routledge.
Multiple Author and Edited Books with Individual Contributions
Stige, B., Ansdell, G., Pavlicevic, M., & Elefant, C. (2010). Where music helps: Community music therapy in
action and reflection. Surrey, England: Ashgate.
17
Music Therapy Qualitative Doctoral Research Studies Updated June 21, 2012.
Aasgaard, T. (2002). Song creations by children with cancer–Process and meaning. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
Abbott, E.A. (2009). Facilitating Guided Imagery and Music: What therapists intend, experience, and do.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 2008). Dissertation Abstracts International, 69(8). ????A.
Abrams, B. (2001). Defining transpersonal experiences of guided imagery and Music (GIM) (Doctoral
dissertation, Temple University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International-A 61(10), 3817. UMI No.
9990288.
Alvares, T.B.S. (2001). The experience of being a mother of children up to two-and-a-half years old and
the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami,
2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(11), 3721A.
Amir, Dorit. (1992). Awakening and expanding the self: Meaningful moments in the music therapy
process as experienced and described by music therapists and music therapy clients. (Doctoral
dissertation, New York University, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(08), 4361.
Ansdell, G. (1999). Music therapy as discourse and discipline: A study of music therapist’s dilemma.
Doctoral dissertation, City University, London.
Arnason, C. (1998). The experience of music therapists in an improvisational music therapy group.
(Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International,59(09), 3386.
Auf der Heyde, T. M. C. (2012). Interpersonal rhythms disrupted by a history of trauma: An in-depth case
study of analytical music therapy. (Doctoral Dissertation, City University of New York 2012).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 73(7). ????A.
Austin, D. (2004). When words sing and music speaks: A qualitative study of in depth psychotherapy with
adults. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International,
64(11), 3895.
Backer, J. D. (2005). Music and psychosis: The transition from sensorial play to musical form by psychotic
patients in a music therapeutic process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Aalborg University,
Aalborg, Denmark.
Barnes, G.P. (2011). Moments of Meeting: Difficulties and developments in shared attention, interaction,
and communication with children with autism during two years of music therapy in a public
preschool class. (Doctoral Dissertation, Lesley University, 2010). Dissertation Abstracts International,
72(6). ?A.
Bonde, L.O. (2004). The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (BMGIM) with cancer survivors. A
psychosocial study with focus on the influence of BMGIM on mood and quality of life. Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark.
Brescia, T.M. (2005). A qualitative study of intuition as experienced and used by music therapists.
(Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65 (11),
4140A.
Brooks, D. M. (1998). Anima experiences of men in Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) (Doctoral
Dissertation, Temple University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International 59 (6), 1957A.
van Colle, Susan J. (2003). Music therapy process with young people who have severe and multiple
disabilities. Department of Music - University of Reading.
DiCamillo, Mary Patricia. (2000) A bio-psycho-social model of music therapy-assisted childbirth: An
integrative approach to working with families. (Doctoral Dissertation, Pepperdine University, 1999).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(12) 4329A.
Dillard, L. M. (2003). Musical countertransference experiences of psychodynamically oriented music
therapists. (Doctoral Dissertation, Alliant International University, 2003) Dissertation Abstracts
International 64(5), 2384B.
DiRaimondo, D. C. (2002). The magic within the music: Exploring the use of music in psychotherapy with
adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, 2002) Dissertation Abstracts
International 63(5), 2578B.
Eyre, L. (2009). Musically-prepared and non musically-prepared narratives by persons living with
schizophrenia. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 2008). Dissertation Abstracts International,
69(8). ????A.
Fidelibus, J. (2004). Mindfulness in music therapy clinical improvisation: When the music flows. (Doctoral
Dissertation, New York University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65(3) 750.
Forinash, M. (1990). A phenomenology of music therapy with the terminally ill. (Doctoral dissertation, New
York University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51(09), 2915A.
Gardner, C. (1999). Music therapy: Enhancing communication between family caregivers and their
loved ones with dementia. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1999). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 60(6) 1953A.
18
Gardstrom, S. . C. (2004). An investigation of meaning in clinical music improvisation with troubled
adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 64(12), 4261A.
Gonzalez, D. (1992). Mytho-poeic music therapy: A phenomenological investigation into its application
with adults.. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International,
53(8), 4371B.
Grocke, D.E. (1999). A phenomenological study of pivotal moments in Guided Imagery and Music
therapy. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne, Australia, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 53(8), 4371B. Available at www.musictherapyworld.net
Hadley, S. (1998). Exploring relationships between life and work in music therapy: The stories of Mary
Priestley and Clive Robbins. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 59 (10), 3690A.
Hahna, Nicole (2011). Conversations from the classroom: Reflections on feminist music therapy
pedagogy. (Doctoral Dissertation, Lesley University, Boston).
Hammel-Gormley, A. (1995). Singing the songs: A qualitative study of music therapy with individuals
having psychiatric illnesses as well as histories of childhood sexual abuse. (Doctoral dissertation,
New York University, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(10), 5768.
Hahna, N. D. (2011). Conversations from the classroom: Reflections on feminist music therapy pedagogy
in teaching music therapy. (Doctoral Dissertation, Lesley University).
Hiller, J. (2011). Theoretical foundations for understanding the meaning potentials of rhythm in
improvisation. (Doctoral Dissertation,Temple University)
Houck, A.J. Whitehead. (2008). The development of a music therapy protocol for determining the
spiritual needs of hospice patients. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2007).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(08), ?A.
Jackson, N.A. (2009). Ways in which music therapists experience and respond to client anger. (Doctoral
Dissertation, Temple University, 2008). Dissertation Abstracts International, 69(8). ?A.
Jampel, P. (2006). Performance in music therapy with mentally ill adults (Doctoral dissertation, New York
University, 2006).
Jonsdottir, V. (2011): Music-caring within the framework of early intervention. The lived experience of a
group of mothers of young children with special needs, participating in a music therapy group.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Aalborg University, Denmark).
Kasayka, R. E. (1991). To meet and match the moment of hope: Transpersonal elements of the guided
imagery and music experience. (Doctoral dissertation. New York University, 1991). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 52(06), 2062A. (UMI No. DEY9134754).
Keith, D. (2005). Understanding music improvisations: A comparison of methods of meaning-making.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International,
66(6), 2015A.
Kenny, Carolyn. (1987). The field of play: A theoretical study of music therapy process. (Doctoral
dissertation, The Fielding Institute, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48(12), 3067A. (UMI
No. .DEV 8802367)
Kim, M. (2006). Intentionality of autistic individuals expressed while engaged in the creative music making
process. (Doctoral Dissertation, New York University, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International,
66(12), 6943. (UMI # 3199975).
Lee. C. (1992). The analysis of therapeutic improvisatory music with people living with the virus HIV and
AIDS. (Doctoral thesis, City University, London, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 55(09),
2631.
Loewy, J. V. (1995). A hermeneutic panel study of music therapy assessment with an emotionally
disturbed boy. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1994). Dissertation Abstracts
International, 55(09), 2631.
Loveszy, R. R. (2006). Musical journeys: Music therapy with Latin American mother-infant dyads in a
substance abuse rehabilitation program. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2006).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 66(12), 6928B. UMI #3199979
Luce, D. W. (2002). Collaborative learning in music therapy education as experienced in a course in the
foundations and principles of music therapy (Doctoral dissertation Michigan State University,
2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(7), 2370A.
Mandel, S. E. (2008). Effects of music-assisted relaxation and imagery (MARI) on health-related outcomes
in cardiac rehabilitation: Follow-up study. (Doctoral Dissertation, Union Institute and University,
2007). Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(08), ????B.
19
Magee, W. (1998). “Singing My Life, Playing Myself.” Investigating the use of familiar pre-composed music
and unfamiliar improvised music in clinical music therapy with individuals with chronic
neurological illness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield, UK.
Magill, L. (2007). The spiritual meaning of music therapy after the death of a loved one: A qualitative
study of surviving caregivers. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2007). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 68(1), 22.
Meadows, A. (2002). Gender implications in Guided Imagery and Music therapists’s constructs of their
clients. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63 (01),
540B.
Milgram-Luterman, J. A. (2001). A phenomenological study of a music therapy peer support group for
senior music therapy students (Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, 2000). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 62(3), 956A.
Nagler, J. (1993). A qualitative study of children in crisis: Interventions through music therapy digital music
technology. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International,
54(07), 2502A (UMI No. 9333953).
O’Callaghan, C. (2001). Music therapy’s relevance in a cancer hospital researched through a
constructivist lens. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne.
Odell-Miller, H. (2007). The practice of music therapy for adults with mental health problems: The
relationship between diagnosis and clinical method. Doctoral Dissertation, Aalborg University,
Denmark.
Pavlicevic, M. (1991). Music in communication: Improvisation in music therapy. Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Edinburgh, 1991.
Pedersen, I. P. (2006). Countertransference in music therapy. Doctoral Dissertation, Aalborg University,
Denmark.
Ramsey, D. (2003). The restoration of communal experiences during the group music therapy process
with non-fluent aphasic patients. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2002). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 63(07), 3266.
Richardson-Delgado, Jodi, M. (2006). Exploring burnout and renewal among music therapy faculty
(Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(04), 2267B.
Ridder, H.M.O. (2005). Singing dialogue: Music therapy with persons in advanced stages of dementia.
(Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark).
Rohrbacher, M. J. (1993). The ethnomusicology of music therapy (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Maryland, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (04), 1145A.
Rykov, M.H. (2007). Music at a time like this: Music therapy cancer support groups. (Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Toronto, 2006). Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(01), 49A.
Shoemark, H. (2008). “What are the markers of interplay between the music therapist and the medically
fragile neonate?” (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Melbourne.)
Short, A. (2003). Holistic aspects of rehabilitation post-cardiac surgery using the Bonny Method of Guided
Imagery and Music (GIM). University of Technology, Sydney. Doctoral Thesis.
Skewes, K. (2001). The experience of group music therapy for six bereaved adolescents (Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Melbourne, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 36(2) 641C.
Stige, B. (2003). Elaborations toward a notion of community music therapy. Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Oslo. Acta Humaniora Nr. 175. Oslo, Norway: Unipub.
Sorel, S.N. (2005). Presenting Carly and Elliot: Exploring roles and relationships in a mother-son dyad in
Nordoff-Robbins music therapy. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2005). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 65(11), 4143A.
Summer, L. (2009): Client perspectives on the music in guided imagery and music (GIM). (Doctoral
Dissertation, Aalborg University, Denmark).
Swamy, Sangeeta (2010). Temple of ancient knowing: Music therapy portraits of globalized Indian
identity. (Doctoral Dissertation, Lesley University, Boston).
Tomaino, C. (1998). Music on their minds: A qualitative study of the effect of using familiar music to
stimulate preserved memory function in persons with dementia. (Doctoral dissertation, New York
University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(5), 1504A.
Turry, A. (2007). The connection between words and music in music therapy improvisation: An
examination of a therapist’s method. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University, 2007).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(1).
Vaillancourt, G. (2009). Mentoring apprentice music therapists for peace and social justice through
community music therapy: An arts based study (Doctoral Dissertation, Antioch University).
Viega, M. (2012). “Loving me and my butterfly wings:” An arts-based study of songs written by inner city
adolescents. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University).
20
Warner, C. (2004). Music therapy with adults with learning difficulties and ‘severe challenging behaviour.’
An action research inquiry into the benefits of group music therapy within a community home.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK).
Zanders, M. L. (2011). The musical and personal biographies of adolescents with foster care experience.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University).
21
Music Therapy Mixed Method Doctoral Research Studies
Beck, B. D. (2012). Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) with adults on sick leave suffering from work-related
stress : A mixed methods experimental study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Aalborg. Aalborg,
Denmark.
Bonde, L.O. (2004). The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (BMGIM) with cancer survivors. A
psychosocial study with focus on the influence of BMGIM on mood and quality of life. Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark.
Carpente, J. (2009). Contributions of Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy within a developmental, individualdifferences, relationship-based (DIR®)/floortime™ framework to the treatment of children with
autism: Four case studies. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University.)
Creagh, B. (2005). Transformative mourning: The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music for
widowed persons. (Doctoral Dissertation, Union Institute and University, 2005). Dissertation
Abstracts International, 66(02), 1165B.
Colle, Susan J. van (2003). Music therapy process with young people who have severe and multiple
disabilities. Department of Music - University of Reading.
DiCamillo, M. P. (2000) A bio-psycho-social model of music therapy-assisted childbirth: An integrative
approach to working with families (Doctoral Dissertation, Pepperdine University, 1999).
Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(12) 4329A.
Hunt, A. (2011). A neurophenomenological description of the guided imagery and music experience.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University).
Jacobsen, S. L. (2012). Music therapy assessment and development of parental competences in families
where children have experienced emotional neglect: An investigation of the reliability and
validity of the tool, Assessment of Parenting Competencies (APC). Doctoral Dissertation, University
of Aalborg. Aalborg, Denmark.
Keith, D. (2005). Understanding music improvisations: A comparison of methods of meaning-making.
(Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International,
66(6), 2015A.
Lindvang, C. (2010): A Field of resonant learning: Self-experiential training and the development of music
therapeutic competencies: A mixed methods investigation of music therapy students
experiences and professional’s evaluation of their own competencies. (Doctoral Dissertation,
Aalborg University, Denmark).
Mandel, S. E. (2008). Effects of music-assisted relaxation and imagery (MARI) on health-related outcomes
in cardiac rehabilitation: Follow-up study. (Doctoral Dissertation, Union Institute and University,
2007). Dissertation Abstracts International, 68(08), ?B.
Meadows, A. (2002). Gender implications in Guided Imagery and Music therapists’ constructs of their
clients. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63 (01),
540B.
O’Callaghan, C. (2001). Music therapy’s relevance in a cancer hospital researched through a
constructivist lens. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne.
Odell-Miller, H. (2007). The practice of music therapy for adults with mental health problems: The
relationship between diagnosis and clinical method. (Doctoral Dissertation, Aalborg University,
Denmark).
Pavlicevic, M. (1991). Music in communication: Improvisation in music therapy. Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Edinburgh, 1991.
Richardson-Delgado, Jodi, M. (2006). Exploring burnout and renewal among music therapy faculty
(Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 67(04), 2267B.
Ridder, H. M. O. (2003). Singing dialogue: Music therapy with persons in advanced stages of dementia.
(Doctoral dissertation, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark).
Rohrbacher, M. J. (1993). The ethnomusicology of music therapy (Doctoral dissertation, University of
Maryland, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (04), 1145A.
Schwantes, M. (2011) Music therapy’s effects on Mexican migrant farmworkers’ levels of depression,
anxiety and social isolation: A mixed methods randomized control trial utilizing participatory
action research. (Doctoral Dissertation, Aalborg University, Denmark).
22