Quiz #2 - Lecture Study Guide
Ocean Sediments
1.
What are the 4 types of ocean sediments?
2.
How do terrigenous sediments form and how are they transported to the deep ocean?
3.
What type of sediment is found in the deepest regions of the oceans?
4.
How do clays get to the deep regions of the ocean
5.
What is a biogenous ooze?
6.
What 2 compositions make up biogenous oozes?
7.
Give a “phytoplankton” and “zooplankton” example for both calcareous and siliceous oozes.
8.
What is the Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)?
9.
Be able to describe why calcareous oozes (CaCO
3
) are not found in the deepest ocean bottom.
10.
Explain how CO2 content changes with temperature and pressure.
11.
How does increasing CO2 content impact calcareous sediments.
12.
At what depths is CaCO
3
found in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans?
13.
Siliceous oozes are found in areas of upwelling. Where does upwelling occur on a global scale?
14.
Why are siliceous oozes found in upwelling areas.
15.
Where are radiolarian oozes found? Diatom oozes?
16.
How do hydrogenous sediments form?
17.
Give two examples of hydrogenous oozes
18.
Be able to describe the formation of the cosmogenous sediments – microtektites – form.
Properties of Water
1.
What atoms make up the water molecule?
2.
What type of bond is found between the Hydrogen (H
+
) ions to the Oxygen (O
-
) ion?
3.
What type of bond is found between water molecules?
4.
What is the angle between the H-O-H of a liquid water molecule?
5.
What does “ polarity”
mean?
6.
What is the difference between “heat” and “temperature”?
7.
What is Latent heat of fusion ? Latent heat of vaporization ?
8.
What is heat capacity ? Does water have a high or low heat capacity? What does this mean?
9.
On hot days, why is the ocean cooler than the land
10.
What would happen to earth’s temperature in the winter and summer if there were no oceans on our plante
11.
What is viscosity ? Does water have high or low viscosity?
12.
How does temperature and salinity influence viscosity?
13.
What causes surface tension? What factors affect surface tension?
14.
Why does ice float? Explain in terms of water’s molecular structure (105º to 109º angle) and density.
15.
What 2 properties affects water’s density?
16.
Describe water’s changes in density (whether it increases of decreases) as the temperature decreases from 10ºC to 4ºC, from 4ºC to 0ºC, 0ºC (liquid) to 0ºC (solid). (See Figure 7.8 in textbook)
17.
Be able to explain why the ocean is blue with regards to absorption and scattering of wavelengths.
18.
What is refraction?
Seawater Chemistry
1.
What is salinity? What is the average salinity in our ocean?
2.
What are the 2 most abundant elements found in the ocean?
3.
List the major constituents of seawater.
4.
Why is the ocean salty?
5.
With regards to chemical constituents, what are differences between river water and seawater?
6.
Why are calcium (Ca) and silica (Si) less abundant in ocean water than river water?
7.
What are the 2 sources of salts?

8.
Is the ocean getting saltier? Why or why not?
9.
In what ways does salt leave the ocean?
10.
What does the Principle of Constant Proportions state? How does this help us determine the amount of salt present?
11.
What are 2 ways of determining salinity?
12.
Be able to calculate salinity and chlorinity using formula.
13.
What factors affect salinity?
14.
What does Residence Times mean?
15.
Why are chlorine and sodium the most abundant elements in the ocean?
16.
What are some of the effects of salinity?
17.
List 3 ways to get fresh H
2
O from salt H
2
O. Be able to explain each.
18.
What are the major gases in seawater?
19.
Why is Oxygen (O
2
) abundant at the surface of the ocean?
20.
Between 200 m – 1,000 m depth, O
2
is decreasing and CO
2
is increasing. Give 2 reasons?
21.
At depths greater than 1,000 m O
2
increases slightly. Explain how this happens.
22.
How does CO
2
control acidity?
23.
What contributes to the increase of CO
2
with depth?
24.
Explain how CO
2
acts a carbonate buffering system .
25.
Describe the gas cycle.
26.
What are the major nutrients found in ocean water?
Heat
1.
Why does heat vary along the equator to the poles –Why is it warmer at the poles than the equator.
2.
What is orbital inclination ?
3.
Explain the different seasons.
4.
Why is the earth not getting warmer
5.
What is heat budget?
6.
Where do we have areas of heat surplus ( answer in latitude)?
7.
Where do we have areas of heat deficit (answer in latitude)?
8.
What two ways is heat transferred from equator to poles?
9.
Be able to explain how evaporation and precipitation rates affect salinity.
10.
Know the latitudes where evaporation exceeds precipitation and which latitudes where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Deep Ocean Current (Density-driven)
1.
How does salinity affect density? If water is more saline, is it more dense? Or less dense?
2.
What happens to more dense water (sink or rise)?
3.
What are the 3 water masses found in the Atlantic Ocean?
4.
What 2 factors determine the thickness and extent of the 3 water masses found in Atlantic Ocean?
Explain.
5.
What is responsible for deep ocean currents?
6.
What is upwelling? Downwelling?
Make a drawing showing how oceans become stratified. Explain drawing