PRESCRIBED YEAR ABROAD ESSAY TOPICS 2012-13
NB This list of year abroad essay topics and bibliographical recommendations has been
carefully compiled to provide you with a wide range of viable topics which will ensure
equity for you in accessing materials and completing the coursework in reasonably
comparable conditions. The expectation is therefore that you will select your topics from
this list. Exceptionally, and only in special circumstances, you may suggest and have
approved by your Personal Tutor, an alternative essay title or topic. In that case, it is up to
the student to justify to the relevant course tutor and personal tutor the reasons for
submitting an alternative topic, and to take the initiative in researching the feasibility of
completing it; the title, bibliography and a brief outline must have been approved by the
personal tutor.

For students spending the whole year or just the first semester in a Portuguese
speaking country, all essays questions that you have chosen to answer should be
sent to your Personal Tutor via email for approval by Monday 18 November
2013.

For students spending the second semester only in a Portuguese speaking country,
all essay questions that you have chosen to answer should be sent to your
Personal Tutor via email for approval by Monday 24 February 2014.
1. Choose ONE figure or phenomenon of the cultural scene of the Brazilian
state in which you are living and assess his/her/its contribution to the life of
the country.
2. Making use of visits to art galleries as well as printed and/or online materials,
give an account of ONE major artist or artistic movement in nineteenth- or
twentieth-century Brazil.
19th Century Brazilian art
 Carlos Roberto Maciel Levy’s BIBLIOGRAFIA: Pintura Brasileira do
Século XIX at: http://www.artedata.com/crml/pubdig/fhab0101.htm
Modern Brazilian Art:
 There is a useful online introduction at:
http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/artespla/artistas/i
ndex.htm
 D Battistoni Filho, Iniciação às artes plásticas no Brasil- 1990 - Papirus
Editora Ana Maria de Moraes Belluzzo, Modernidade: vanguardas artisticas
na America Latina. Sao Paulo: Memorial : UNESP, 1990. 319pp
 Oriana Baddeley and Valerie Fraser, Drawing the line: art and cultural
identity in contemporary Latin America (Verso, 1989)
 AA Amaral, Artes plásticas ne Semana de 22: subsídios para uma história
da renovação das artes no Brasil- 1972 - Editôra Perspectiva
 CT da Costa, Arte no Brasil 1950-2000: movimentos e meios- 2004 Alameda
3. Assess the contribution of ONE film-maker to an understanding of Brazilian
society, with detailed reference to one or more films you have seen.
 Bernardet, Jean Claude, Cinema e Historia do Brasil / Jean-Claude Bernardet
e Alcides Freire Ramos. [Sao Paulo]: Editora Contexto: Editora da
Universidade de Sao Paulo, 1988.
 Randal Johnson and Robert Stam, editors, Brazilian Cinema, Expanded ed.,
Morningside ed. New York: Columbia University Press, c1995.
 Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison, Brazilian National Cinema (Routledge,
2007)
 Lúcia Nagib, O cinema da retomada – depoimentos de 90 cineastas dos anos
90 (The Renaissance of Brazilian Cinema – Interviews with 90 Filmmakers of
the 90s). São Paulo, Editora 34, 2002, 528 pp.
 Lúcia Nagib, The New Brazilian Cinema. London/New York, I.B. Tauris,
2003.
 Randal Johnson, Cinema Novo x 5: Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Film
1st ed. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1984.
 Alex Viany, Introducao ao Cinema Brasileiro [Rio de Janeiro]: Alhambra :
Embrafilme, 1987.
 Xavier, Ismail, Alegorias do Subdesenvolvimento: Cinema Novo,
Tropicalismo, Cinema Marginal 1. ed. Sao Paulo, SP: Editora Brasiliense,
1993.
4. Assess the aims and activities of ONE NGO (non-governmental organisation)
active in the city of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador or Belo Horizonte.
 See the following websites:
http://ospiti.peacelink.it/zumbi/org/home.html
http://www.guiademidia.com.br/ongs.htm
http://www.brazilnetwork.org/
http://lab.org.uk/index.php
 Maria do Carmo Albuquerque Carvalho, “Participação social no Brasil
hoje”,
http://www.participacaopopular.org.br/FPPP/docs/participacao_social_no_br
asil_hoje.doc
 Adilson Cabral, Rompendo Fronteiras: a Comunicação das Ongs editora:
Achiamé, 1996
 Paulo Cesar Pontes Fraga, “As ONGs e o espaço público no Brasil”,
http://www.unesco.org.uy/most/seminario/ongsgobernancia/documentos/PauloPontesFraga.pdf
5. Critically compare the contributions of any TWO of the following writers to
the image of the Brazilian sertão, making detailed reference to AT LEAST
ONE volume of prose or poetry for each: Guimarães Rosa, Graciliano
Ramos, Rachel de Queiróz, João Cabral de Melo Neto.
Regionalismo, literatura e o sertão
 João Guimarães Rosa, Grande Sertão: Veredas
 Graciliano Ramos, Vidas Secas
 Rachel de Queiróz, O Quinze
 João Cabral de Melo Neto, Quaderna, A Educação pela pedra, Morte e Vida
Severina
 Walnice Nogueira Galvão, “ Metamorfoses do sertão”, Revista Estudos
Avançados., Dec. 2004, vol.18, no.52, p.375-394. ISSN 0103-4014.
(download at: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v18n52/a24v1852.pdf)
 Ligia Chiappini, “DO BECO AO BELO: dez teses sobre o regionalismo na
literatura”, http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/revista/arq/170.pdf
 Janaína Amado, “Região, sertão, nação”,
http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/revista/arq/169.pdf
 Durval Muniz de Albuquerque Jr., A Invenção do Nordeste e outras artes
(São Paulo: Cortez, 1999)
 Eduardo Portella et al., O Romance de 30 no nordeste (Fortaleza: PROED,
1983)
6. Compare the profile of candomblé and the igrejas evangélicas in the
everyday, public life of Salvador.




LEHMANN David, Struggle for the spirit : religious transformation and
popular culture in brazil and latin america (Polity, 1996)
BASTIDE, Roger. As Religiões Africanas no Brasil: Contribuições a uma
Sociologia das Interpretações de Civilizações. São Paulo: Pioneira, 3 ed.
1989.
BRAGA, Júlio Santana. Na Gamela do Feitiço: repressão e resistência no
Candomblé da Bahia. Salvador: CEAO/EDUFBA, 1995.
CARMO, João C. O que é candomblé. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1987. 84p.
Coleção Primeiros Passos, 200)
HARDING, Rachel A Refuge in Thunder: Candomble and Alternative Spaces
of Blackness (Indiana University Press, 2000)
 NASCIMENTO, Abdias do. Orixás: os deuses vivos da África. Rio de
Janeiro: IPEADRO/Afrodiástica, 1995. 170p.
 ORTIZ, Renato 1988. Morte branca de um feiticeiro negro: umbanda e
sociedade brasileira, São Paulo: Brasiliense.
 VERGER, Pierre. Orixás, deuses iorubás na África e no novo mundo.
Salvador: Ed. Corrupio/Círculo do Livro, 1981.
 .Websites:
http://www.mundonegro.com.br
http://www.portalafro.com.br/
7. Evaluate the cultural importance of popular festivals in Rio de Janeiro, São
Paulo, Bahia or Minas Gerais
 William Rowe & Vivian Schelling, Memory and modernity: popular culture
in Latin America (Verso, 1991)
 Alison Raphael, “From Popular Culture to Microenterprise: The History of
Brazilian Samba Schools”, Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música
Latinoamericana Vol. 11, No. 1 (Spring - Summer, 1990), pp. 73-83
 Elizabeth Kiddy. Blacks of the Rosary in Memory and History in Minas
Gerais Brazil (Penn State: 2005)
 Suzel Ana Reily, “To remember captivity: the ‘Congados’ of Southern Minas
Gerais”, Latin American Music Review No.1 (2001), 4-30. (PDF copy
available from DT)
 AZZI, Riolando 1976. O catolicismo popular no Brasil. Vozes:Petrópolis
 ARAUJO, Ubaritan Castro de (ed.) 1999. Salvador era Assim- memórias da
Cidade CEAO: Salvador
 CARVALHO, Carlos Alberto de 1915.Tradiçoes e Milagres do Bonfim,
Typographica Bahiana: Salvador.
 GUIMARÃES, Eduardo Alfredo Morais 1994 Religiao Popular, festa e o
Sagrado, Dissertação de Mestrado UFBA
 QUERINO, Manuel 1955. A Bahia de Outrora, Libraría Progresso: Salvador
 LODY , Raul 1981 Devoçao e culto a Nossa Senhora de Boa Morte:
pesquisa Sócio-religiosa. Altiva Gráfica e Editora :Rio de Janeiro.
 NASCIMENTO, Luiz Claudio Dias do 1999. Candomblé e Irmandade da
Boa Morte Fundaçao Maria Cruz,Cachoeira, BA
 TAVARES, Odorico 1964. Bahia, Imagens da terra e do Povo Editora
Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro
 VERGER, Pierre 1980. Orixás. Ed. Corrupio: Salvador.
 www.tambormineiro.com.br/congado.html
 www.cedepes.org.br (centro de documentação Eloy Ferreira da Silva)
8. Examine the role played by culture in a social movement of your choice, e.g.
the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST); the Afro-Brazilian
movement; favela movements; Fome Zero; Street Children projects.
 Sarah de Carvalho.The Street Children of Brazil: One Woman’s Remarkable
Story (1996).
 Walter De Oliveira. Working with Children on the Streets of Brazil: Politics
and Practice (2000)
 Tobias Hecht. At Home in the Street: Street Children of Norrtheast Brazil
(1998)
 Cesar Augusto Rossatto `Social Transformation and “Popular Schooling” in
Brazil. (street children and illiterate adults receive alternative schooling):”
Childhood Education (Digital – Jul 28,2005) – Html.
 Michel Duquette. Collective Action and Radicalism in Brazil: Women,Urban
Housing and Rural Movements (2005)
 Anthony Swift. Children for Social Change: Education for Citizenship of
Street and Working Children in Brazil (The Educational Heretics Series)
(1997)
 Emily Gustafsson-Wright `Gender dimensions fo child labor and street
children in Brazil (2002).
 Jeanette Lukasse. A Cry from the Streets” Rescuing Brazil’s Forgotten
Children (International Adventures) 2002.
 R. Mickelson. Children on the Streets of the Americas: Globalization,
Homelessness and Education in the United States, Brazil, and Cuba (2000)
 Rachel E. Harding. A Refuge in Thunder: Candomblé and Alternative Spaces
of Blackness (2003).
 Frances O’Gorman. Down to earth: 101 women from rural areas of Brazil
tell their struggle to stay on the land (1987)
 James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer. Social Movements and State Power:
Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador (2005).
 S Branford, J Rocha, Cutting the Wire: The Story of the Landless Movement
in Brazil- 2002 - Latin America Bureau
 Sonia E. Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, Arturo Escobar, Cultures of
Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements
(Westview Press, 1998)
9. In the period since the military dictatorship, how has women’s participation
in Brazilian society and politics changed?
 Sonia E. Alvarez. Engendering democracy in Brazil: Women’s Movements in
Transition Politics (1990)
 Jone Edith Hahner. Women in Brazil (The Brazilian curriculum guide
specialized bibliography) 1998.
 Frances O’Gorman. Down to earth: 101 women from rural areas of Brazil tell
their struggle to stay on the land (1987)
 Carol Ann Drogusand Hannah W. Stewart-Gambino. Activist Faith: Grassroots
Women in Democratic Brazil and Chile (2005)
 Daphne Patai. Brazilian Women Speak: Contemporary Life Stories (1988)
 Kia Lilly Caldwell. Negras in Brazil” Re-envisioning Black Women, Citizenship,
and the Politics of Identity (2007)
 Michel Duquette,Maurilo Galdino, and Charmain Levy. Collective Action and
Radicalism in Brazil: Women, Urban Housing and Rural Movements (Studies in
Comparative Political Economy and Public Policy (2005).
10. Discuss the variety and complexity of the representation of women in the
theatre of Gil Vicente (Auto da Índia, Auto da Sibila Cassandra, Pranto de
Maria Parda, Auto da Barca do Inferno, Don Duardos). You should discuss
aspects such as the construction of gender; the idealization of the female
body; female codes of conduct; female enclosure (convent life, life in the
palace); women as social margins (prostitution).
 Bernardes, José Cardoso, Sátira e Lirismo no Teatro de Gil Vicente (Lisbon:
Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, 2006)
 Brilhante, Maria João, José Camões e Helena Reis Silva (eds.), Gil Vicente 500
anos depois (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, 2003)
 David-Peyre, Yvonne, 1990. “Maria Parda, témoin de son temps”, Arquivos do
Centro Cultural Português
 Garay, René, Gil Vicente and the Development of the Comedie (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina, 1988)
 Hart, Thomas, Gil Vicente: Casandra and Don Duardos. Critical Guides to
Spanish Texts 29 (London: Grant and Cutler with Tamesis, 1981)
 Osório, Jorge Alves, 'Solteiras e casadas em Gil Vicente', in Península, Revista de
Estudos Ibéricos 2 (2005), 113-36.
 Stathatos, Constantine, 1998. A Gil Vicente Bibliography, 1975-1995: With a
Supplement for 1940-1975. Lehigh University.
 Stathatos, Constantine, 1980. A Gil Vicente Bibliography 1940-1975. Grant &
Cutler Ltd.
11. Explore the themes of homosexual desire and homoeroticism in the fiction of
Sá-Carneiro in relation to modernist approaches to self-identity and aesthetic
expression.
 De Marchis, Gregorio, 'Mário de Sá-Carneiro: Modernism Achieved by Means of
Wrong Beauty' in Dix, Steffen and Jerónimo Pizarro (eds.), Portuguese
Modernisms: Multiple Perspectives on Literature and the Visual Arts (London:
Legenda, 2011), 42 – 54.
 Azevedo Filho, Leodegário A. de, “Mário de Sá-Carneiro e a teoria do duplo”. In
Anais da Semana de Estudos Sá-Carneiro, ed. Lélia Parreira Duarte (RJ, 1994),
107 – 117.
 Butler, Judith, 1990. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.
London: Routledge.
 Duarte, Lélia Parreira. “A Confissão de Lúcio e a ironia romântica”. In Anais da
Semana de Estudos Sá-Carneiro, ed. Lélia Parreira Duarte (RJ, 1994), 99 – 106.
 Pereira, Edgard. “A Confissão de Lúcio: o narrador no espelho”. Anais da Semana
de Estudos Sá-Carneiro, ed. Lélia Parreira Duarte (RJ, 1994), 119 - 123.
 Martins, Fernando Cabral, O Modernismo em Mário de Sá-Carneiro (Lisbon:
Editorial Estampa, 1994)
 Quadros, António (ed.), Mário de Sá-Carneiro: Cartas Escolhidas, 2 vols
(Lisbon: Europa-América, 1990)
 Sá-Carneiro, Mário de, Princípio, A Confissão de Lúcio, Céu em Fogo (any
editions).
 Sapega, Ellen, 1993. “Para uma aproximação feminista do
modernismoPortuguês”, Discursos Femininos 5: 67-79.
 Segdwick, Eve Kosofsky (1985), Between Men. New York: Columbia
 Saraiva, Arnaldo (ed.), Cartas de Mário de Sá-Carneiro a Luiz de
Montalvor/Cândida Ramos/Alfredo Guisado/José Pacheco (Lisbon: Limiar,
1977)
 Sasportes, José, História da Dança em Portugal (Lisbon: Fundação Calouste
Gulbenkian, 1970)


Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 1985. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homossocial Desire.
New York: Columbia University Press.
----, 1990. Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley: Los Angeles: University of California Press.
 Various, 'Mário de Sá-Carneiro a cem anos do seu nascimento', Colóquio/Letras,
117-118 (Set.-Dez. 1990)
 Wilde, Oscar, Salomé (any edition)
 Woll, Dieter. “Decifrando A Confissão de Lúcio”. In Estudos em Homenagem ao
Prof. Vitorino Nemésio (1971), 425 – 437.
12. Discuss the following statement: “One of the internal senses connected with
sight is the imagination or imaginatio, a concept we find in the Portuguese
textual matter of Africa as informing both the writing of Africa and, in
Camões’s case, the creation of a “memory” or collective, mental archive of
history that is gradually chartered in Os Lusíadas.” (Josiah Blackmore,
Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of Africa: 93)
 Blackmore, Josiah. 2002. “Africa and the Epic Imagination of Camões”,
Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 9 (2002): 107-115.
 Blackmore, Josiah, 2009. Moorings: Portuguese Expansion and the Writing of
Africa. Minneapolis-London, Minnesota University Press.
 Boxer, Charles, 1969. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. New York: Alfred
Knopf.
 Clark, Stuart, 2007. Visions of the Eye : Vision in Early Modern European
Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Ferronha, António Luís (ed.), 1991. O confront do olhar: o encontro dos povos na
época das navegações portuguesas, se´culos XV e XVI: Portugal, África, Ásia,
América. Lisbon: Caminho…
 Fonseca, Luís Adão da, 1995. “Prologue: The Discovery of Atlantic Space”, in
Winnius, George (ed.), Portugal: The Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval
toward the Modern World ca. 1300-ca. 1600. Madison:Hispanic Seminary of
Medieval Sudies
 Gil, Fernando & Helder Macedo, 1998. Viagens do Olhar: retrospecção, visão e
profecia no renascimento português. Oporto: Campo das Letras.
 Monteiro, Nuno G., and António Costa Pinto. “Cultural Myths and Portuguese National
Identity”, in Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society and Culture, ed. António Costa
Pinto (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 55 – 72.
 Nicolopoulos, James, 2000. The Poetics of Empire in the Indies: Prophecy and
Imitation in La Araucana and Os Lusíadas. University Park: Pennsylvania State
University.
 Silva, Vitor Aguiar e, 2011. Dicionário de Luís de Camões. Lisbon: Caminho.
13. In what way would you consider António Lobo Antunes’s As Naus and
Manoel de Oliveira’s film Non, ou a Vã Glória de Mandar representative of a
specific moment in Portuguese contemporary culture?
 Lobo Antunes, António, 1988. As Naus . Lisbon: Publicações Dom Quixote.
 Oliveira, Manoel de, 1990. Non, ou a Vã Glória de Mandar. Directed by Manoel
de Oliveira [DVD]. Portugal-Spain-France: Madragoa Filmes.
 Arnaut, Ana Paula, and Carlos Alves dos Reis, António Lobo Antunes (Lisbon:
Edições 70, 2009)
 Calafate Ribeiro, Margarida, and Ana Paula Ferreira, Fantasmas e Fantasias
Imperiais no Imaginário Português Contemporâneo (Porto: Campo das Letras,
2003)
 Camões, Revista de Letras e Culturas Lusófonas 12/13 (2001): 'Manoel de
Oliveira'
 Kaufmann, Helena, and Anna Klobucka (eds.), After the Revolution: Twenty Years
of Portuguese Literature (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1997)
 Moutinho, Isabel, The Colonial Wars in Contemporary Portuguese Fiction
(Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2008)
 Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 9 (2003): 'Post-Colonial Camões'
 Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 15/16 (2008): 'Facts and Fictions of
António Lobo Antunes'
 Ramos, Jorge Leitão, 2006. História do Cinema Português. 1989-2003. Lisbon:
Caminho.
14. Portugal’s Office of State Propaganda under Salazar organized
commemorative events which promoted a homogeneous view of Portugal’s
colonial and traditional past and present. Explore how this view was
contradicted in other cultural forms of that time, EITHER in the work of
Almada Negreiros (visual art and literary work) OR Irene Lisboa OR Lídia
Jorge.
 Acciaiuoli, Margarida, 1998. Exposições do Estado Novo, 1934-1940. Lisbon:
Horizonte.
 Alexandre, Valentim, 1995. “A África no imaginário português (séculos XIX XX)”. Penélope 5: 39-52.
 Almeida, José Carlos, 2005. Celebrar Portugal: A nação, as comemorações
públicas e as políticas da nacionalidade. Lisbon: Instituto Piaget.
 Amado, Leopoldo, 1998. “A visão do negro na literature colonial”Angolê (october
‘ December): 6-7.
 Bethencourt, Francisco, 1999. “A memória da expansão”, in História da expansão
portuguesa, v.5, Último império e recentramento (1930-1998), eds. F.
Bethencourt / Kirti Chaudhuri, 442-83.
 Cabecinhas, Rosa, and Luís Cunha, 2003, “Colonialismo, identidade nacional e
representações do negro”. Estudos do Século XX 3: 157-84.
 Kaufmann, Helena, and Anna Klobucka (eds.), After the Revolution: Twenty Years
of Portuguese Literature (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1997)
 Medeiros, Paulo, and Maria José Ornelas, Da Possibilidade do Impossível:
Leituras de Saramago (Utrecht: Portuguese Studies Center, 2007)
 Moutinho, Isabel, The Colonial Wars in Contemporary Portuguese Fiction
(Woodbridge: Tamesis, 2008)
 Owen, Hilary, Portuguese Women's Writing 1972-1986: Reincarnations of a
Revolution (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2002)
 Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies 2 (1999): 'Lídia Jorge: in Other Words'
 Sapega, Ellen, 2002. “Image and Counterimage; The Place of Salazarist Images of
National Identity in Contemporary Portuguese Visual Culture, 1935-45LusoBrazilian Review 39 (2): 45 – 64.
 Sapega, Ellen, 2008. Consensus and Debate in Salazar’s Portugal: Visual and
Literary Negotiations of the National Text, 1933 – 1948. Pennsylvania University
Press.
 Amaral, Ana Luísa, 2001. Desconstruindo Identidades: Ler Novas Cartas
Portuguesas à Luz da Teoria Queer. Corpo e Identidades: Cadernos de Literatura
Comparada 3 (2001): 77-91.
 Besse, Maria Graciete , 2006. “As Novas Cartas Portuguesas e a Contestação do
Poder Patriarcal” in Latitudes 26 (2006).
 Owen, Hilary, Claudia Pazos-Alonso (2001), Antigone's Daughters?: Gender,
Genealogy and the Politics of Authorship in 20th-century Portuguese Women's
Writing. Bucknell University Press.
 Pazos-Alonso, Claudia, 1996. Women, Literature and Culture in the Portuguesespeaking World . Edwin Mellen Press.
 Sadlier, Darlene, The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese
Literature .New York: Greenwood Press.
15. Explore the concepts of nationalism, collective memory, myth, utopia in
Fernando Pessoa’s Mensagem.
 Almeida, Onésimo Teotónio de, Mensagem. Uma Tentativa de Interpretação
(Angra do Heroismo, Azores: Direcçao Regional dos Assuntos Culturais, 1987)
 Blanco, José, ‘Fernando Pessoa, Europe and the Portuguese Discoveries’, trans.
Janet Louth, in Eugénio Lisboa with L.C. Taylor (eds), A Centenary Pessoa
(Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995)
 Feijó, António M., ‘Mensagem, a imprecisão denotativa de “um drama em gente”
e o anticristianismo de Pessoa’, Românica, No. 8 (1999), 65-77
 - - - -, ‘Fernando Pessoa’s Odd Epic’, in A Revisionary History of Portuguese
Literature, eds Miguel Tamen and Helena C. Buescu (New York-London:
Garland Publishing, 1999)
 Macedo, Helder, 'A Mensagem e as mensagens de Oliveira Martins e de
Junqueiro', Colóquio/Letras 103 (Maio-Junho 1988), 28-39
 Sousa, Ronald W., ‘The Structure of Pessoa’s Mensagem’, Bulletin of Hispanic
Studies, 59 (1982), 58-66
16. ‘In José Régio’s short story, ‘O Vestido Cor de Fogo’ (in Histórias de
Mulheres), the husband is the result of, and the victim of, Western society’s
conflicting attitudes to love and marriage.’ Discuss.
 Galhoz, Maria Aliete, Catorze Ensaios sobre José Régio: seguidos de uma
biobibliografia essencial (Lisbon: Cosmos, 1996)
 Lisboa, Eugénio, José Régio - A Obra e o Homem, Lisbon: Arcádia, 1976
 Perkins, Juliet, ‘Marry in Haste: José Régio’s “O Vestido Cor de Fogo”’, in T.F.
Earle & Nigel Griffin (eds), Portuguese, Brazilian and African Studies, presented
to Clive Willis on his Retirement (Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1995), pp. 229-38
 Rougement, Denis de, L’Amour et l’occident (Paris: Plon, 1939); translated as
Passion and Society, by Montgomery Belgion, revised and augmented edn
(London: Faber / Faber, 1956); [also translated into Portuguese]
 - - - -, Love in the Western World, trans. Montgomery Belgion (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1983)
17. Write an analysis of any one of the following poem cycles from Herberto
Helder’s A Colher na Boca: ‘O Poema’, ‘Fonte’, ‘Elegia Múltipla’, ‘As Musas
Cegas’. If relevant, draw attention to amendments made by the poet to each
new edition or anthology of his works.
 Dal Farra, Maria Lúcia, A Alquimia da Linguagem (Lisbon: Imprensa NacionalCasa da Moeda, 1985)
 Guedes, Maria Estela, Herberto Helder – Poeta Obscuro (Lisbon: Moraes, 1978)
 Ladeira, António, ‘The Poet is Not a Faker: Herberto Helder and the Myth of
Poetry’, at http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/plcs7texts/ladeira.doc
 Marinho, Maria de Fátima, Herberto Helder: a Obra e o Homem (Lisbon:
Arcádia, 1982)
 Martins, Manuel Frias, Um Silêncio de Bronze (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1983)
 Perkins, Juliet, The Feminine in the Poetry of Herberto Helder (London: Tamesis
Books, 1991)
 Rosa, António Ramos, ‘Herberto Helder, Poeta Órfico’, in Poesia, Liberdade
Livre (Lisbon: Moraes, 1962)
 Textos e Pretextos, No. 1 (Inverno, 2002), issue devoted to Herberto Helder
18. Discuss Fernando Assis Pachecho’s treatment of the experience and memory
of the colonial war, in Catalabanza, Quilolo e Volta (1976).
 Pacheco, Fernando Assis, A Musa Irregular (Lisbon: Assírio e Alvim, 1991)
 Ribeiro, Margarida Calafate, ‘No plaino abandonado um poeta cercado – a
memória da guerra colonial na poesia de Fernando Assis Pacheco’ at
http://www.geocities.com-ail_br/oplainoabandonado.htm
19. What created Canudos in the Brazilian North-East in the 1890s? What
destroyed it?
This question is intended to enable you to explore social, economic, political, and cultural
conditions between periphery and centre in late nineteenth-century Brazil.
Introduction to the literature
 Da Cunha, Euclides, Os Sertões (1902); published in English as Rebellion in the
Backlands (1944); many later editions of both. The key journalistic account of the
Canudos war, and a milestone in Brazilian letters.
 Levine, Robert, Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern
Brazil, 1893-1897 (Los Angeles & London: 1991). Leading academic study of
Canudos.
 Levine, Robert (ed.), Luso-Brazilian Review 30:2 (Winter 1993), special issue,
“The World out of Which Canudos Came”. Collection of dedicated articles.
 Vargas Llosa, Mario, The War of the End of the World (1981; London: 2004).
Brilliant (if misleading?) imaginative recreation of the Canudos episode.
20. What did Getúlio Vargas perceive to be the major challenges facing midtwentieth century Brazil? How successful was the Estado Novo in dealing
with those challenges?
This question enables you to explore the political persona and aims of Brazil’s most
important statesman of the twentieth century. It is also designed to explore the notion of
the Estado Nôvo as a key turning point (or not) in modern Brazilian history.
Introduction to the literature
 Dulles, John, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin, Texas: 1967). The
standard biography.
 Hentschke, Jens (ed.), Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives (New York &
Basingstoke: 2006). Excellent recent collection of essays.
 Levine, Robert, Father of the Poor? Vargas and his Era (Cambridge: 1998).
Recent-ish academic study by a leading authority.
 Wolfe, Joel (ed.), Luso-Brazilian Review 31:2 (Winter 1994), special issue,
“Getúlio Vargas and his Legacy”. Dedicated collection of articles.
21. How democratic has Brazil become since the end of military rule in 1984?
You are free to interpret this question in strictly political terms, or you may extend your
enquiry to economic and social policy since the return to democracy.
Introduction to the literature
 D’Alva Kinzo, Maria, & James Dunkerley (eds.), Brazil since 1985: Economy,
Polity and Society (London: 2003). Excellent and wide-ranging collection of
essays.
 Kingstone, Peter, & Timothy Power (eds.), Democratic Brazil (Pittsburgh: 2000).
Collection of essays which takes the themes discussed in Stepan (ed.) through to
Cardoso’s first term.
 Stepan, Alfred (ed.), Democratizing Brazil (New York: 1989). Major collection
focusing on the transition and early years of civilian rule.
 Vidal Luna, Francisco, & Herbert Klein, Brazil since 1980 (Cambridge: 2006).
More economic in focus than D’Alva Kinzo & Dunkerley, but includes several
chapters on politics and society.
22. How have patterns of Portuguese emigration changed since the third quarter
of the nineteenth century?
Describe the main areas of origin and destination, changes in flows and main forces at
work, with particular attention to socio-economic and political contexts. If you wish you
may select one period for more detailed discussion of policy responses and public
debates. If you prefer you may focus your answer on the experience and impact of
migration either on those left behind or the migrants themselves drawing on literary
representations, diaries, film or visual arts sources.
23. How has immigration impacted upon Portuguese society?
Describe the origins, chronology and character of different migratory flows. What is the
appropriate chronological span for the discussion of this question? Were population
movements during the colonial period relevant? How relevant are the legacies of
empire? How has diversification impacted upon everyday life, senses of community and
the economy? What are the public attitudes to immigration and how have public debates
constructed the discussion of the opportunities and problems of immigration? How has
the immigration debate translated into legislation and nationality law in particular? Has
the immigration question had any effect on the political scene?
Notes:
a) A CD with many of the works of art relating to the representation of the experience of
Portuguese migration was produced to accompany the ‘Traços da Diáspora Portuguesa’
exhibition at Gare Marítima de Alcantâra sponsored by the Museu da Presidencia (13
Nov. 2007-30 Jan. 2008).
b) the bibliographies on Portuguese emigration and immigration to Portugal are huge, the
following offer excellent up to date overviews and further references which you should
follow up along the lines of the specific threads focused upon in your essay:
 Geografia de Portugal, Direcção de Carlos Alberto Medeiros, vol.2: Sociedade,
Paisagens e Cidades, and vol.3: Actividades Económicas e Espaço Geográfico,
Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores, 2005;
 António Reis, coord., Retrato de Portugal: Factos e Acontecimentos, Lisboa:
Temas & Debates, 2007
c) For all issues relating to Immigration consult the archives, publications and
bibliographies in the sites of Observatório da Imigração and ACIDI (see resources
below). ***
24. Describe and discuss the patterns of voting in Portuguese presidential,
legislative, local or European elections in the any of the three decades since
the revolution.
Describe the changing patterns of electoral participation in the period of your choice.
Explain the significance attached to each of the three levels of political participation in
the debates about citizenship, political expression and apathy. Pay particular attention to
the debates surrounding these questions in terms of the quality of Portuguese democracy,
political culture, democratisation, citizenship and European integration.
For resources and detailed bibliographical suggestions see below.***
25. Discuss critically and in detail the representation of Portuguese history and
society in one Portuguese film of either the New State or of the post-74
period.
Never discuss a film simply on the basis of secondary literature, ensure that your essay
draws on your viewing of the film. Though you may want to focus on the visual and
ideological aspects of particular scenes, always set such discussions in the context of the
economy of the film as a whole, and the cultural and political contexts at the time of
production. Wherever possible consider also issues of reception and the status of the
particular film in Portuguese culture and film history.
For documentaries you will find the magazine Doc.pt most useful. The Cinemateca
Portuguesa is an invaluable resource. A good starting point in the bibliography are the
following:
 Portugal: Um Retrato Cinematográfico/ Portugal: A Cinematographic Portrait,
Lisboa: Número-Arte&Cultura, 2004
 Cinema Português através dos Seus Filmes, Carolin Overhoff Ferreira, coord.,
Porto: Campo das Letras, 2007
 João Mário Grilo, O Cinema da Não-Ilusão: histórias para o cinema português,
Lisboa: Livros Horizonte, 2006
26. Drawing on the personal narratives recorded in Margarida Calafate
Ribeiro’s África no Feminino discuss the impact of the colonial wars on this
generation of Portuguese women and its reverberations in contemporary
collective memory.
Though drawing on the rich and excellent introductory essay answers should draw
directly and in detail on your reading of the first person narratives collected in the book.
You may also wish to set discussion of the contributions in the book within the wider
contexts of the historiographical contributions from women’s studies and women’s
history to the reevaluation of contemporary Portuguese history.
Margarida Calafate Ribeiro, África no Feminino: As Mulheres Portuguesas e a Guerra
Colonial, Porto: Afrontamento, 2007.
a) In a addition to a number of recent books and contributions (such as those by Irene
Vaquinhas and Anne Covas, and the women’s history series published by Livros
Horizonte among others) see in particular the journals ex aequo (especially issues 5 & 6
on A Construção dos Estudos Sobre as Mulheres em Portugal) and Faces de Eva.
b) For a starting point on the recent contributions to the historiography of the colonial
wars see Manuel Themudo Barata and Nuno Severiano Teixeira (gen. eds.), Nova
História Militar de Portugal, Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, vol., 5
27. How justified was the Portuguese theory of Lusotropicalismo in relation to its
African colonies?
 Gilberto Freyre, Integração portuguesa nos trópicos (Lisbon, Ministério do
Ultramar, 1958).
 Gilberto Freyre, O mundo que o Português criou (Rio de Janeiro, José Olympio,
1940).
 Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves, (any edition).
 Gerald Bender,Angola under the Portuguese (London; Heinemann, 1978)
 Charles R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1963).
 Malyn Newitt, Portugal in Africa (London: Hurst, l981)
28. How far did gender roles in Lusophone Africa change following the wars of
independence?
This question allows you to explore the history of the independence in Lusophone Africa
and its long-term effects through the prism of gender relations, an increasingly important
topic in Africanist studies. The book by Havik contextualizes these over the longue
durée; the two edited books offer a synthesis of both gender studies and postcolonial
studies from across Lusophone Africa, and the other reading suggestions then offer more
specific examples from a range of Lusophone countries.
 Patrick Chabal, Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary leadership and People’s War
London: Christopher Hurst, 2003.
 Patrick Chabal (ed.), A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2002.
 Philip J Havik, Silences and Soundbytes: The Gendered Dynamics of Trade and
Brokerage in the Pre-Colonial Guinea-Bissau Region, Munster: Lit Verlag, 2004.
 José Vicente Lopes, Cabo Verde: Os Bastidores da Independencia. Praia; Spleen
Edições, 2007.
 Rosa Melo, Homem é Homem, Mulher é Sapo: Género e Identidade entre os
Handa no Sul de Angola. Lisbon: Colibri, 2007.
 Meredith Turshen and Clothilde Twagiramariya (eds)., What Women do in
Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa London: Zed Books, 1998.
 Stephanie Urdang, Fighting Two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea-Bissau,
Monthly Review Press, 1980.
 Stephanie Urdang, And Still They Dance: Women, War and the Struggle for
Change in Mozambique, Monthly Review Press, 1989.
29. How “Portuguese” were the Luso-Africans?
This question invites you to consider the long-term roots and influences of Portuguese
colonialism in Lusophone Africa; it may stand as a good preparation for a possible Level
6 module on cross-cultural connections between Africa and the Americas which will be
offered next year. In the Guinea-Bissau region, Angola and Mozambique, there were gobetween traders known as the Luso-Africans who acted as intermediaries between
Portuguese and Brazilian traders and African polities. They adopted Portuguese language
and dress, but were often incoprorated within African societies through African lineage
patterns. You are welcome to cosnsider any one of these regions in detail, or to work
comparatively.
 George E. Brooks, Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status,
Gender, and Religious Observance. Columbus: Ohio University Press, 2003.
 Toby Green (ed.), Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in PreColonial Western Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012 (esp. Chs 1, 3,
11).
 Allen F Isaacman: Mozambique: Africanization of a European Institution, the
Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972.
 Peter Mark, “Portuguese” Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial
Senegambia, Sixteeenth-Nineteenth Centuries. Bloomington: Indiana University
Press, 2002.
 Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave
Trade, 1730-1830. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996. (esp chapter on
Luso-Africans).
 Malyn Newitt, A History of Mozambique London: C Hurst (esp chapter on the
prazos)