Anatomy
Name:________________________
Entry #: ____________________
CHAPTER 7, PART II (BONES)
INSTRUCTIONS: 1) READ Chapter 7, pg. 140-161
2) Using the outline, make a note card for each underlined bone
name or phrase.
3) On each note card, put the name of the bone on one side & the
number (in parenthesis) and the location or description on the
other side.
4) For each italicized word, write the word on the bottom right
corner of the bone it is part of (side with bone name) & the
information on back of card in bottom right corner.
5) Look up the diagrams of each bone in the text book as you make
your cards and LEARN bone locations.
Front of card
________________________________
Occipital
Back of card
______________________________
(1) base of skull
Foramen magnum
_______________________________
opening for
the spinal cord
______________________________
I. Axial skeleton - 80 bones; bones of the skull, vertebral column & thoracic cage
A. Skull (28)
1. Cranium (brain case) – flat bones; house and protect the brain
a. Frontal bone (1) – forehead and upper portion of each eye orbit
b. Occipital bone (1) – base of skull; back of cranium
1. foramen magnum – opening for the spinal cord
c. Parietal bone (2) – form roof of cranium; part of sides and top of cranium
d. Sphenoid (1) – central bone of the skull that forms part of anterior of
cranium; forms part of the eye orbit; has a central part with two “wings”
1. sella turcica – name means “Turkish saddle;” fossa for the pituitary
gland
e. Ethmoid (1) – located in front of the sphenoid bone; forms upper nasal
region and helps to form nasal septum
f. Temporal (2) – sides and base of cranium; located around ears
1. external auditory meatus – opening to ear
2. temporal process – extension of bone toward anterior; meets with the
zygomatic process to form zygomatic arch
3. middle and inner ears are in the temporal bones
Page 2
Notes on Chapter 7, Part II
2. Facial bones (13) – protect and support the mouth, nose, eyes, and ears
a. zygomatic bones (2) – cheek bones; have processes that join temporal bone
to form zygomatic arch
1. zygomatic process – extension of bone toward posterior; meets with
temporal process to form zygomatic arch
2. zygomatic arch – combination of temporal & zygomatic processes
b. maxillary or maxilla (2) – upper jaw bones, join to form hard palate of
roof of mouth
c. vomer (1) – forms septum of nasal cavity with ethmoid bone
d. inferior nasal conchae (2) – scroll-like, delicate bones that form the
lateral walls of the nasal cavity
e. lacrimal bones (2) – scale-like bone on the medial wall of each orbit
between the ethmoid & maxilla; smallest bones of the face; has opening for
tear ducts
f. mandible (1) – lower jaw; only movable jaw of the skull
g. nasal bones (2) – long, thin, rectangular bones that make up the bridge of
nose
h. palatine (2) – make up part of hard palate; L-shaped bones located behind
the maxillae
3. Other bones of the skull
a. ossicles – (6) – three bones of each middle ear; smallest bones of the
skeleton
b. hyoid bone (1) – in the neck above the larynx; attachment for the muscles
of the tongue
B. Vertebral Column – 26 bones held together by cartilage and ligaments; provides
flexibility and support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord
1. Development
a. begins as 33 separate bones; the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse
b. sacral and thoracic curves are present at birth; curve posteriorly
c. cervical curve – appears when a baby sits up and holds head erect; curves
anteriorly
c. lumbar curve – appears when a baby begins to walk; curves anteriorly
2. Divisions
a. cervical (7) – vertebrae of the neck; have large foramen and small body
1. atlas (1) – lst cervical vertebra; has no body; supports the skull
2. axis (1) – 2nd cervical vertebra; forms a pivot around which the atlas
rotates
b. Thoracic (12) – vertebrae of the chest; have areas for attachment of ribs
c. Lumbar (5) – vertebrae of the lower back; have largest bodies because they
receive most of the body’s weight
d. Sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae) – triangular structure that forms the base of
the vertebral column
e. Coccyx (fusion of 4 vertebrae) – tip/tail of vertebral column
Page 3
Notes on Chapter 7, Part II
3. Numbers of vertebrae
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
7
12
5
1
1
Total
( 5 before fusion)
( 4 before fusion)
(DO NOT MAKE A CARD)
26
(33 (before fusion)
4. Structure of a vertebra
a. body – solid part; weight-bearing portion of vertebrae
b. vertebral foramen – opening for the spinal cord
c. spinous process – for attachment of ligaments & muscles of the back
d. transverse processes – on either side for attachment of muscles
e. articular processes – form joints connecting the vertebrae
C. Sternum and Ribs – make up the thoracic cage
1. Sternum – breastbone; flat, elongated bone at the midline of the anterior
portion of the thoracic cage; has three parts:
a. manubrium – upper body; articulates with clavicles medially
b. body – central part; weight-bearing portion
c. xiphoid process – cartilaginous tip
2. Ribs – 12 pairs attached to thoracic vertebrae
a. true ribs (7 pr) – direct cartilage connections with sternum
b. false ribs (3 pr) – indirect attachment to sternum; join 7th rib
c. floating ribs (2 pr) – no connection to sternum
II. Appendicular Skeleton – 126 bones
A. Shoulder/Pectoral Girdle – provides for the attachment of muscles which bind
the arms to the trunk and permit their free movement; made of scapula & clavicles
1. Scapula (2) – shoulder blade; broad, triangular bones on either side of upper
back
a. spine – ridge on shoulder blades that divides posterior into unequal parts
b. acromion process – flattened projection that overhangs the shoulder joint;
attachment site for muscles of upper limbs and chest
c. glenoid fossa(cavity) – rounded concave fossa into which the head of the
humerus fits
d. coracoid process – projects forward toward the clavicle; for attachment of
muscles and ligaments of upper limbs and chest
2. Clavicles (2) – collar bones; slender, rod-like bones with elongated S-shapes;
articulate with manubrium of sternum medially and scapulae laterally;
attachment for muscles
B. Arm (upper limb)
1. humerus (2) – long bone of upper arm; extends from scapula to elbow
a. olecranon fossa – depression on surface of the humerus for the ulna
Page 4
Notes on Chapter 7, Part II
2. ulna (2) – longer bone along back of forearm; on side of the hand with the
little finger; overlaps with the humerus
a. olecranon process – projection on upper end of ulna; articulates with
humerus at olecranon fossa
3. radius (2) – rotates over the ulna in lower arm; on side of hand with thumb
4. carpals (16) – rock-like bones of wrist; 8 in each wrist
5. metacarpals (10) – form the framework of the palms; 5 in each hand
6. phalanges (28) – bones of the fingers and thumbs; 14 bones in each hand;
each of the 4 fingers has 3 phalanges and the thumb has 2 phalanges
C. Pelvic girdle – composed of two large coxal bones joined to each other anteriorly
and with the sacrum posteriorly; sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle form bowlshaped pelvis
1. ilium – large, upper portion of hip; flares outward forming prominence of hip
a. iliac crest – prominent ridge of ilium; margin of coxal prominence
2. ischium – posterior portion of pelvis; L-shaped
3. pubis (pubic bones) – the most anterior portion of the pelvis
D. Leg
1. femur (2) – thigh bone; longest bone in the body
2. tibia (2) – shin; bigger bone of the lower leg
3. fibula (2) – long, slender bone on lateral side of the tibia
4. patella (2) – kneecap; develops in tendon of front thigh muscle
5. tarsal bones (14) – 7 rock-like bones in each ankle
a. talus – broad-topped tarsal bone for articulation with bones of lower leg
b. calcaneus – heel bone; supports weight of body and is an attachment for
muscles of the calf
6. metatarsal bones (10) – form the framework of the instep; 5 in each foot
7. phalanges (28) – 14 toe bones in each foot