Exam questions
Clinical Immunology, Academic year 2015/2016, Winter term
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A. Basic immunology
1. Mechanisms of innate and adaptive imunity - main characteristics and
differences.
2. Antigen, hapten, superantigen, thymus-dependent and thymus-independent
antigens.
3. Biochemical structure of immunoglobulins. Biological roles of immunoglobulin
classes and subclasses.
4. B- and T-lymphocytes, their subpopulations and functions. K, NK and NKT
cells and their functions.
5. Classical, alternative and lectin pathways of complement activation.
6. Phagocytosis and mechanisms of intracellular killing of ingested
microorganisms.
7. Pattern-recognition receptors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
and damage (danger) -associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
8. HLA-complex, its structure and biological and medical significance.
9. Antigen presentation, phenomenon of immunological restriction. Development
of the immune response, cooperation between cells.
10.Cytokines  general properties, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
cytokines, cytokines of innate and adaptive imunity.
B. Immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical immunology
1. Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Atopy, anaphylaxis - differences. Allergens.
Mechanisms of allergy development, early and late phase of allergic reactions
(IgE, IgR, cells, primary and secondary mediators, cytokines), genetic factors
in allergy.
2. Clinical symptomatology of atopy. Prevention and therapy of atopic diseases,
allergen hyposensibilisation.
3. Laboratory and clinical diagnostics of type I. hypersensitivity reactions.
4. Anaphylaxis – mechanisms of development. Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid
shock, clinical symptoms and therapy.
5. Histamin intolerance (HIT), laboratory diagnostics and therapy. Atopy 
therapy, allergen vaccination.
6. Type II hypersensitivity reactions - mechanisms of development and clinical
manifestation. Drug-induced reactions, ABO - incompatibility, Bombay
phenomenon. Isoimmunisation in Rhesus system and its prevention.
7. Type III hypersensitivity reactions and their clinical manifestation – local and
systemic.
8. Serum sickness and serum shock - etiopathogenesis, therapy.
9. Type IV and V hypersensitivity reactions - mechanisms of development and
clinical manifestation.
10. Inflammation, sepsis, septic shock, microcirculatory failure. MODS and MOF.
SIRS, CARS and MARS. Laboratory diagnostics of SIRS/sepsis.
11. Autoimmunity  mechanisms of induction and maintainance of tolerance to
self-antigens (central and peripheral tolerance), and its breakdown.
12. Autoimmunity  role of (auto) antigens. Changes/disbalance in the cytokine
network, TH1, TH2 and TH17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Role of
regulatory T cells.
13. Genetic basis of autoimmunity. Nutrition, hormones and autoimmunity.
14. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
15. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis.
16. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of psoriasis vulgaris.
17. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of coeliac disease.
18. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
19. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of Crohn's disease.
20. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of Graves' disease and myasthenia
gravis.
21. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus.
22. Immunodeficiencies  general features, clinical symptomatology, division.
23. Congenital defects of innate (non-specific) immunity.
24. Congenital defects of adaptive (specific) cellular and humoral immunity.
25. Congenital combined immunodeficiencies.
26. AIDS  HIV structure and interaction with the cells of the human immune
system. HIV transmission. Immunodiagnostics and therapeutical possibilities in
HIV infection.
27. AIDS  the impact of HIV infection on the immune system. Clinical
symptomatology in individual stages of HIV infection. Pediatric AIDS.
28. Transplantation nomenclature. Mechanisms of rejection of transplanted tissues
and organs. Exemptions from rejection.
29. Transplantation of kidneys.
30. Bone marrow transplantation.
31. Mechanisms of tumour development (physical, chemical, and biological
factors, oncogenes). Immunology of the metastatic process.
32. Effector mechanisms of anti-tumour immunity. Mechanisms that enable
malignant cells to escape from the immunologic surveillance.
Immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy of tumours.
33. Anti-infectious immunity – overview of mechanisms of protective immunity to
extracellular and intracellular bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi.
34. Immunostimulation – overview of the most important immunostimulatory
agents and mechanisms of their action.
35. Immunosuppression – overview of the most important immunosuppressive
agents and mechanisms of their action.
36. Cytokines in the therapy of diseases.
37. Monoclonal antibodies in the therapy of diseases.
38. Active and passive immunisation (vaccination and vaccines).
39. Foeto-maternal relationships and the immune system of the foetus and the
newborn.
Assoc. Prof. MUDr. Mária Bucová, CSc.
Head of the department
29.10.2015