Alteration of CD31 in Infected Small Intestine Tissue by Trichinella Spiralis in Mice.
Supattra Glaharn11,*, Pakpimol Mahannop22, Aronrag Kooper Meeyai33, Somboon
Keelawat44, Prapassorn Pechgit32,#
1
Program in Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Department of Parasitology and
Entomology Faculty of Public health Mahidol University Thailand
2
Department of Parasitology and Entomology Faculty of Public health Mahidol University
Thailand
3
Department of Epidemiology Faculty of Public health Mahidol University Thailand
4
Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Thailand
*e-mail: klongkwan2004@hotmail.com, #e-mail: prapassorn.wib@mahidol.ac.th
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by consumption uncooked meat containing
by first stage larvae of Trichinella spiralis which are still important problem in global public
health. The majority invasion of larvae spread to various tissue and internal organs is
intestinal phase resulting to inflammatory reactions, serious complications lead to cause of
death such as myocarditis and myositis. Therefore, expression of CD31, inflammatory
reactions and morphological changes of the small intestine suppose to be take advantages for
early detection and monitoring inflammatory reaction after Trichinella spiralis infection in
small intestine. This study was performed by 80 male ICR mice 9-11 weeks and divided 2
groups as control group without infection and experiment group with 300 larvae Trichinella
spiralis via oral feeding, the study periods as day 2, 6, 12 and 18 post-infection (DPI). The
interesting point focused on CD31 expression by immunohistochemistry, inflammatory
reactions and morphological changes of tissue by histological with H&E staining. There was
a statistically significant reduction in number of duodenal enterocytes on 6 DPI, goblet cells
and length ratio of villus and crypt on 6 and 12 DPI. Mild inflammatory reactions were
observed on mucosa and statistically significant on 6, 12 and 18 DPI while expressions of
CD31 were strongly on 2 and 6 DPI in mucosa, 12 and 18 DPI in submucosa of duodenum.
The statically significant in difference between grading inflammatory reaction and expression
of CD31 all interesting day, expression of CD 31 was sensitively more than inflammatory
reaction. Expression of CD31 can used as a tool for detection and monitoring early
inflammatory reaction after infected by Trichinella spiralis because of sensitively more than
histological by H&E staining. The further proper researches should be development concern
to detect, eliminate and apply immunotherapy and chemotherapy for successful elimination,
treatment preventions and control Trichinellosis.
Keywords: Trichinella spiralis, Small intestine, CD31, Inflammatory reaction,
Morphological change
Introduction
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by consumption uncooked meat containing
by first stage larvae (L-1) of Trichinella spp. to form nurse cell complex. Trichinellosis is an
important problem in global public health and the most common species which cause of
disease in worldwide and high infection in human have been identified as Trichinella spiralis.
For the last ten year, trichinellosis was the most occurrences in the north of Thailand and the
report cases of infection are all age groups of patient (2).
The life cycle of Trichinella spiralis have starting by consumption uncooked meat
containing encysted first stage larvae. When they passed into the stomach, they would be
digested by digestive enzymes resulting to first stage larvae released into lumen and invade
into mucosal layer of small intestine. Trichinella spiralis larvae have four cycle of molt to
become adult stage and then penetrate into the epithelium of mucosal layer of small intestine.
Incorporation mating have occurred within 36 hours and shedding larvae by female adult
within 4-7 days after infection. Trichinella spiralis larvae invade into mucosal and
submucosal lymphovascular which are disperse to internal organ such as heart, brain, liver,
muscle and then they are forming nurse cell complexes in tissues (1).
In interesting point, when patient was infected and invaded by first stage larvae of
Trichinella spiralis into any tissue, host–parasite immune response as inflammatory reaction
would be occurred resulting in tissue injury. These provide the source of cytokine and
mediator substances for recruitment of leukocytes associates with adhesion molecule,
especially CD31 which helps in transmigration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. For
this study focus on CD31/PECAM-1(Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) which
is a 130-kD glycoprotein constitutively expressed in the lateral borders between endothelial
cell and the surface of inflammatory cell and platelet. CD31 have important functions
associated with transendothelial migration of leukocytes during inflammatory process. In
particularly in inflammatory reaction, CD31 Play a role in pro-inflammatory reaction and
anti-inflammatory reaction to maintain equilibrium of tissues during infection (3, 15, 16).
For this study were selected in the small intestine tissue because of during intestinal
phase is very important for invasion of Trichinella spiralis larvae to various tissue and
internal organs resulting to inflammatory reaction and serious complications. Therefore, if we
will protect and eliminate worm during intestinal phase, it’s benefic for the control of
trichinellosis. In order to investigate early detect inflammatory reaction after Trichinella
spiralis larvae infection, we have study expressions of CD31 together with inflammatory
reaction, morphological change in small intestine tissue at interesting day after Trichinella
spiralis larvae infection. We suspect this study will be useful expression of CD31,
inflammatory reaction and morphological changes of infected small intestine of mice by
Trichinella spiralis could be predict early inflammatory response. The further proper
researches should be development concern to detect, eliminate and apply immunotherapy and
chemotherapy for successful elimination treatment preventions and control Trichinellosis
with greater effectiveness and efficiency.
Methodology
Study design
Male eighty 9-11 weeks old ICR mice, 25-40 g for weigh were purchased from
National Laboratory Animal Centre, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, Nakon-phratom,
Thailand. They were used the study expression of CD31, inflammatory reaction and
morphological change in small intestine tissue after infected by Trichinella spiralis.
Trichinella spiralis larvae were supported by Dr.Prapassorn Pechgit and maintained in ICR
mice in the Parasitology and Entomology Laboratory of the Faculty of Public Health,
Mahidol University. Eighty male ICR mice 9-11 weeks were divided 2 groups as control
group without infection and experiment group with 300 larvae Trichinella spiralis via oral
feeding, 20 mice per each group were study on periods as day 2, 6, 12 and 18 post infection.
This protocol was approved by Animal Care and Use Committee (FTM-ACUC), Faculty of
Tropical Medicine number 006/2555.
Maintaining parasites and preparing tissue
Infected mice were dissected after knocked by Chloroform. Crushing technique was
used for encysted larvae detection of infected muscular mice. The numbers of positive
encysted larvae were digested in 1% pepsin-HCl solution (Pepsin 1g, HCl 1ml and distil
water 100 ml) at 37°C, approximately 12-13 hours. Alive larvae were feeding to mice by oral
gastric curved gavages No.18 for 6 weeks for useful in this experiment.
The Forty mice in experiment group were administered 300 larvae of Trichinella
spiralis and forty of the remaining mice as control group. Mice were knocked by Chloroform
on day 2, 6, 12 and 18 post infections and small intestine was collected for histopathology
technique.
Histology and Immunohistochemistry
The small intestines were removed, processed tissue by the swiss rolls technique and
fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The tissue processing was performed under principle techniques
as dehydration, infiltration, paraffin-embedded, sectioned 5 µm in thickness and stained with
hematoxylin and eosin. These processes are done in the automatic instrumental at Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University.
The study of expression of CD31 was performed by Immunohistochemical techniques
under the protocol histological technique in the automatic instrumental.
Immunohistochemical staining was described previously (4) using anti- mouse CD31 and
peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit for primary antibody and secondary antibody respectively.
Histological Assessment
The morphological changes were measured on mucosal layer of small intestine
including the number of enterocytes, goblet cells, mitotic figure cells, neuroendocrine cells
and length ratio of villus and crypt (14). All the sections were measured and counted in 10
villi per 1 field of the total 10 consecutive field’s × 40 objective microscopes per section. The
grade severity of inflammatory reaction by hematoxylin and eosin stain was adapted from
international review literatures (22, 23) which were considered by appearance, extent of
inflammatory cells infiltration in tissue and epithelial injury. The grading inflammatory
reaction as following normal=0, mild=1, moderate=2 and severe=3; as described in Table1.
The grading expression of CD31were considered by the size and intensity of yellow to brown
color along with hematoxylin and eosin stain as following normal=0, mild=1, moderate=2
and strong=3. The interpretation interview in data expression of CD31, histological by
hematoxylin and eosin stain and morphologic change of mucosal layer were decided by three
Pathologists.
Table1. Criteria for grading histological inflammatory reaction by hematoxylin and eosin stain.
Grading
Tissue
architecture
Extent of
Inflammatory
Infiltrate
The number of
neutrophils infiltrate
to infected area
0 = normal
Normal
None
Neutrophils present <5
PMN/high-power
1 = mild
Normal
5 to 20 PMN/highpower field
2 = moderate
Presence of
erosions
3 = severe
Presence of
ulceration and
crypt abscesses.
Focal or scatter
inflammatory cell
infiltrated
mucosal layer.
Patchy or
abundant
inflammatory
infiltrated
mucosal layer.
Extensive
numerous
Inflammatory
cells infiltrated
mucosal layer and
extent into
submucosal layer.
21 to 60/high-power
field
61 to 100/high-power
field
The number of
other inflammatory
cells infiltrate to
infected area
1–2 lymphocytes or
plasma cells, 2–3
eosinophils/highpower field.
5 lymphocytes or
plasma cells, 5 − 10
eosinophils/highpower field.
Up to 10
lymphocytes or
plasma cells, 10 – 20
eosinophils/ highpower field.
up to 20 lymphocytes
and plasma cells/
high-power field.
Statistical analysis
The parametric data in morphological changes were calculated by using Tindependent sample T-test between infected and control group. The nonparametric data in
grading of inflammatory reaction by hematoxylin and eosin stain and expression of CD31
between infected and control group were calculated by Mann-Whitney U- test, the
comparison between grading inflammation by hematoxylin and eosin stain and expression of
CD31 in the infected small intestine were performed by using The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks
Test. The differences between group were considered as statistical significant when p-value
less than 0.05.
Results
Morphological change
Trichinella spiralis infection in mice infected small intestine revealed decrease the
number of enterocytes, goblet cells and length ratio of villus and crypt. Generally, normal
mice small intestine tissue compose of approximately 90 to 100 enterocytes, 7 to 8 goblet
cells, 3-4:1 in length ratio of villus and crypt, 1 to 2 mitotic figure cells and 3 neuroendocrine
cells per 1 villus. The statistical analysis of duodenal morphological changes in experimental
and control group shows in Table2, Figure1 shows morphological changes in duodenal
mucosal layer. There was statically significant reduction in the number of duodenal
enterocytes on day 6 post infection (66.00±25.10; P<0.05) when compared to control group
(97.80±13.51; P<0.05) but there are no differences occurred on day 2, 12 and 18 postinfection when compared to control groups. In the number of duodenal goblet cells was
statistically significant in reduction on day 2 (3.50±1.51; P<0.05) and 6 post-infection
(3.80±1.58; P<0.05) when compared to control groups. There are no differences in reduction
the number of duodenal goblet cells occurred on day 12 and 18 post-infection when
compared to control groups. Villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in duodenum may be
occurs after infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae in early infection. There was statically
significant reduction in length ratio of duodenal villus and crypt on day 2 (2.13±0.83;
P<0.05) and day 6 (2.18±0.86; P<0.05) and no differences in reduction length ratio of
duodenal villus and crypt occurred on day 12 and 18 post-infection when compared to control
groups. All interesting day, the number of infected duodenal mitotic figure cells and
neuroendocrine cells did not differ from control groups.
Figure1. The Morphological change of duodenal mucosal layer including increase of enterocytes, goblet
cells and length ratio of villus and crypt after infected by Trichinella spiralis. Sections of uninfected
duodenal samples in control group (A) on day 2 post-infection (B), on day 6 post-infection (C), on day 12
post-infection (D) and day 18 post-infection (E)
Table2. The Morphologic change in mucosal layer of duodenum after infected by Trichinella spiralis
larvae.
Morphologic
Change
Enterocytes
Day
PI
2
6
12
18
Goblet cells
2
6
12
18
Length ratio of
villus and crypt
2
6
12
18
Mitotic figure
cells
2
6
12
18
Neuroendocrine
cells
2
6
12
18
Group
N
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Mean
(SD)
93.30(15.18)
72.20(32.93)
97.80(13.51)
66.00(25.10)
90.90(34.53)
91.20(9.17)
100.10(8.70)
88.10(31.50)
7.20(1.87)
3.50(1.51)
8.00(1.67)
3.80(1.58)
7.10(2.73)
7.70(1.58)
7.80(1.03)
6.50(2.37)
3.39(0.22)
2.13(0.83)
3.41(0.26)
2.18(0.86)
3.06(1.10)
3.33(0.25)
3.42(0.21)
2.77(1.45)
1.70(0.48)
1.40(0.70)
1.50(0.53)
1.90(1.10)
1.40(0.70)
1.60(0.70)
1.80(0.63)
1.40(0.70)
3.20(0.42)
2.90(1.20)
3.30(0.48)
2.90(1.29)
2.90(1.10)
3.30(0.67)
3.30(0.67)
3.00(1.33)
SE
mean
4.80
10.42
4.27
7.94
10.92
2.90
2.75
9.96
0.59
0.48
0.54
0.47
0.86
0.50
0.33
0.75
0.07
0.26
0.08
0.27
0.35
0.08
0.07
0.47
0.15
0.22
0.17
0.35
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.22
0.13
0.38
0.15
0.41
0.35
0.21
0.21
0.42
95%CI
p-value
[-2.99,45.19]
0.082
[12.86,50.73]
0.002*
[-24.05,23.45]
0.979
[-9.71,33.71]
0.261
[2.10,5.30]
0.000*
[2.70,5.70]
0.000*
[-2.69,1.49]
0.554
[-0.42,3.02]
0.129
[0.69,1.83]
0.000*
[0.63,1.83]
0.000*
[-1.02,0.48]
0.457
[-0.42,1.72]
0.203
[-0.26,0.86]
0.279
[-1.21,0.41]
0.314
[-0.86,0.46]
0.530
[-0.23,1.03]
0.196
[-0.54,1.14]
0.464
[-0.51,1.31]
0.370
[-1.26,0.46]
0.340
[-0.69,1.29]
0.534
Inflammatory reaction
In this study, Trichinella spiralis larvae were induced mild inflammatory reaction in
mucosal layer of duodenum which characterized by inflammatory cell infiltrated into lamina
propria predominate by polymorphonuclear cells. The statistical analysis of duodenal
inflammatory reactions in experimental and control group shows in Table3, Figure2 shows
inflammatory reaction by histological with H&E stains. No inflammatory reaction was
observed on day 2 post-infection when compared to control group. There was statically
significant duodenal inflammatory reaction on day 6, 12 and 18 post-infections (p<0.05)
when compared to control groups.
Figure2. Inflammatory reaction by histological with H&E stains. Sections of uninfected duodenal samples
in control group (F), Trichinella spiralis infection in duodenal tissue on day 2 post-infection (G), day 6
post-infection (H), day 12 post-infection (I) and day 18 post-infection (J). Mild inflammatory reaction was
observed on day 6, 12 and 18 post-infections characterized by inflammatory cells infiltrated in lamina
propria of mucosal layer of duodenal tissue predominate by neutrophils (black arrowheads).
Table3. The Grading duodenal inflammatory reaction after infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae by
Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain.
Day
PI
N
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
12
18
Duodenum
Group
Layer
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mu
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Normal
(0)
Mild
(1)
Moderate
(2)
Severe
(3)
10
9
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
6
10
10
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Compare mean
between experiment
and control
(P-value)
0.317
1.000
0.012*
1.000
0.012*
1.000
0.029*
1.000
Expression of CD31
The expression of CD31 was occurred mild and moderate expression in control and
experimental group, respectively which can observe the intensity of CD31 staining in area
where lymphovascular was preserved. In experimental groups, approximately 90% moderate
expression was observed on mucosal layer of duodenum in early infected by Trichinella
spiralis. The statistical analysis of expression of CD31in experimental and control group
show in Table4, Figure3 shows expression of CD31 by immunohistochemistry. There was
statically significant expression of CD31in mucosal layer on day 2 and 6 post-infections
(P<0.05), in submucosal layer on day 12 and 18 post-infections (P<0.05). This study shows
moderately expression with no inflammatory cell infiltrated and weakly expression of CD31
with numerous inflammatory cells infiltrated into infected area.
Figure3. Expression of CD31 by immunohistochemistry. Sections of uninfected duodenal samples in
control group (K), Trichinella spiralis infection in duodenal tissue on day 2 post-infection (L), day 6 postinfection (M), day 12 post-infection (N) and day 18 post-infection (O). On day 2 and 6 post-infection show
moderately expression of CD31on lymphovascular (black arrow head on L and M) when compared to
control group as mild expression (black arrow head on K). Mild inflammatory cells with some
inflammatory cells infiltrated into lamina propria and core villus on day 12 and 18 post-infection but weak
expression of CD31 on lymphovascular (black arrow head on N and O).
Table4. The Grading expression ofCD31 in duodenum after infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae.
Day
PI
N
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
12
18
Duodenum
Group
Layer
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Control
Experiment
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Mu
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Normal
(0)
Mild
(1)
Moderate
(2)
Strong
(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
8
10
1
10
9
10
1
6
9
10
10
10
4
10
7
10
2
0
9
0
1
0
9
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Compare mean
between experiment
and control
(P-value)
0.000*
0.317
0.000*
0.278
1.000
0.004*
0.067
0.000*
Comparison between inflammatory reaction and expression of CD31
There was statically significant inflammatory reaction when compared to expression
of CD31on day 2, 6, 12 and 18 post-infections (P<0.05) in mucosal and submucosal layer of
duodenum. The positive ranks to show that the expression of CD31 was sensitively more than
inflammatory reactions.
Table 5. Comparison between inflammatory reaction and expression of CD31
Layer
Mucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
CD31-H&E
Rank
N
Mean Rank
Day 2 Post infection (E1)
Negative Ranks 0a
0.00
Positive Ranks
10b
5.50
Ties
0c
Total
10
Negative Ranks 0d
0.00
Positive Ranks
10e
5.50
Ties
0f
Total
10
Day 6 Post infection (E2)
Negative Ranks 0s
0.00
Positive Ranks
9t
5.00
Ties
1u
Total
10
Negative Ranks 0v
0.00
Positive Ranks
9w
5.00
Ties
1x
Total
10
Day 12 Post infection (E3)
Negative Ranks 0ak
0.00
Positive Ranks
5al
3.00
Ties
5am
Total
10
Negative Ranks 0an
0.00
Positive Ranks
4ao
2.50
Ties
6ap
Total
10
Day 18 Post infection (E4)
Negative Ranks 0bc
0.00
Positive Ranks
7bd
4.00
Ties
3be
Total
10
Negative Ranks 0bf
0.00
Positive Ranks
2bg
1.50
Ties
8bh
Total
10
Sum of Ranks
p-value
0.00
55.00
0.003*
0.00
55.00
0.002*
0.00
45.00
0.006*
0.00
45.00
0.006*
0.00
15.00
0.025*
0.00
10.00
0.046*
0.00
28.00
0.014*
0.00
3.00
0.157
a. CD31E1MuD < InflamE1MuD, b. CD31E1MuD > InflamE1MuD, c. CD31E1MuD = InflamE1MuD, d.
CD31E1SubD < InflamE1SubD, e. CD31E1SubD > InflamE1SubD,f. CD31E1SubD = InflamE1SubD, s.
CD31E2MuD < InflamE2MuD, t. CD31E2MuD > InflamE2MuD, u. CD31E2MuD = InflamE2MuD,v.
CD31E2SubD < InflamE2SubD, w. CD31E2SubD > InflamE2SubD, x. CD31E2SubD = InflamE2SubD,
al. CD31E3MuD > InflamE3MuD, am. CD31E3MuD = InflamE3MuD, an. CD31E3SubD <
InflamE3SubD, ao. CD31E3SubD > InflamE3SubD, ap. CD31E3SubD = InflamE3SubD, bc.
CD31E4MuD < InflamE4MuD, bd. CD31E4MuD > InflamE4MuD, be. CD31E4MuD = InflamE4MuD,
bf. CD31E4SubD < InflamE4SubD, bg. CD31E4SubD > InflamE4SubD, bh. CD31E4SubD =
InflamE4SubD
Discussion and Conclusion
This study shows inflammatory reactions of ICR mice by Trichinella spiralis
infection in the duodenum revealed mild inflammatory reactions in mucosal layer on day 6,
12 and 18 post-infection. No inflammatory reactions were observed on day 2 post infection
because period for infected by Trichinella spiralis in the small intestine could not be detected
inflammatory reaction with acute cellular response around infected area by histological with
H&E staining, in the mean time expression of CD31 showed strong positive, this appearance
may results from early period less than 48 hours after infection, basically could not detect
neutrophils migrate into infected area but inflammatory reactions was observed. This
conditions could be explains if inflammatory reaction was not observed in the early period
after Trichinella spiralis infection in the small intestine it could not be exclude no
inflammatory reactions occurred because of CD31 expression was strongly positive. We
concluded that CD31 expression could be clinically useful for early detection and monitoring
inflammatory reaction caused by Trichinella spiralis infection in the small intestine.
This study reveals host tissue response after infected by Trichinella spiralis including
decreased the number of enterocytes, goblet cells and length ratio of villus and crypt on day 2
and 6 post-infection which correlated to mild inflammatory reactions in mucosal layer that
occur during on day 6, 12 and 18 post-infection.
This study was shown expression of CD31 in the duodenum of control group as mild
positive and also expression of CD31 in experimental group as strong positive. Basically,
CD31 was expressed in generally tissue of mammalian species such as endothelial cells,
lymphoid tissue and play roles functional in anti-inflammatory reactions and pro
inflammatory reaction (17). The expression of CD31 in experimental revealed moderately
expression in duodenal mucosal layer on day 2 and 6 post-infection and mild expression on
day 12 and 18 post-infections. This result occurs because of the experiment were setting like
the natural conditions in a conventional environment may resulting in contamination of other
microorganism, as well as any bacterial in food and normal flora in gut. According to
function of CD31, it plays a role in pro-inflammatory reaction and anti-inflammatory reaction
when infected by foreign body. For the reason in this study indicated that just consume
uncooked meat infected by Trichinella spiralis at least 300 larvae were able to probably mild
inflammatory reaction and induce overexpression of CD31 on day 2 to day 6 post infection,
this period considered to be pro-inflammatory roles which are promote the recruitment of
inflammatory cells to site of infection. On day 12 and 18 post-infection were considered to be
anti-inflammatory roles rather than pro-inflammatory reaction.
The comparison inflammatory reactions under detected by CD 31 expression and
histological with H&E stain in experiment group resulting to statistically significant all
interesting period (day 2, 6, 12 and 18 post-infection) and expression of CD31 were
sensitively more than inflammatory reaction by histological with H&E stain. The conclusion
of this study show that the expression of CD 31 was sensitively or early detection the
inflammatory reactions more than histological with H&E staining in infected mice by
Trichinella spiralis. CD31 was expressed in early period after Trichinella spiralis infection of
during intestinal phase; it can be used to detect early inflammatory reaction caused by
infection, especially Trichinella spiralis in the intestinal phase before spread to various tissue
and internal organs by lymphovascular system. If we are not able to against worms at this
stage, it can cause of serious complications such as myocarditis myositis. In the interesting
point, the useful of this study can be to plan elimination parasites at first localized in small
intestine before spread into various tissue and internal organs which are reduced serious
complications such as myocarditis, myositis and mortality rate to improve quality of life.
However this study was not completely served to elimination parasites, prevention and
treatment in Trichinosis because of expression of CD 31 dealing with inflammatory reaction
and morphological changes was unspecific to infections. The further proper researches should
be development concern to detect, eliminate and apply immunotherapy and chemotherapy for
successful elimination, treatment preventions and control Trichinellosis with greater
effectiveness and efficiency.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by Department of Parasitology and
Entomology Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University.
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