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immunology Lab
Name:__________________________________________
1. The interaction of _________________________ and ________________________ outside the body--in the
laboratory--can be used to determine if a patient has an infectious or an autoimmune disease.
2.
(ELISA), is an acrostic for
____________________________________________________________
3. The test measures whether a specific __________________________ associated with an illness can be
found in a patient's blood.
4. A positive result indicates that the __________________________ is in the patient’s blood and implies that
the person has encountered a particular disease.
5. A portion of the patient’s blood serum possibly containing the antibody is allowed to react with the target
________________________.
6. Detection becomes possible when a second antibody is added. This second is an antibody against the
__________________ ______________________ which has been prepared from the serum of an animal
injected previously with human antibody.
7. The second ______________________ binds to the human antibodies from the patient’s serum that have
bound to the antigen in the well creating a sandwich-type structure (Figure 1).
8. The signaling system consists of an _________________________ attached to the second antibody.
9. When the appropriate chemical is added, the enzyme converts it to a ___________________________
substance that can be measured.
10. This test quantifies how much enzyme is present by the amount of ____________________ produced.
11. ELISA is used in many laboratories to determine whether a particular ________________________ is
present in a patient's blood sample.
12. A positive result correctly confirming the presence of antibody does not necessarily mean the patient
is sick. The body can continue to produce antibodies even though the person may have
_________________________________________________________________________
13. People may be poor producers of antibody or may have some interfering substance in their blood.
The amount of antibody, consequently, may be too low to measure accurately or may go undetected.
This result is termed a _________________________ __________________________.
14. A positive result may occur if an unrelated antibody reacts with the antigen nonspecifically. This
produces a ___________________ positive result.
15. The presence of a specific ________________________________ in a blood sample will indicate
that the patient may have a disease to which the body responds by producing antibodies.
16. The samples must be _________________________________ to precipitate the blood cells and obtain the
clear fluid known as ___________________________.
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immunology Lab
Name:__________________________________________
17. Serial dilutions are made in order to determine the ________________________ of the antibody in the
sample.
18. Proteins such as ___________________________________ and other biological materials are physically
bound to the plastic material composing the wells of the ELISA plate.
19. An ELISA may be subject to many errors. To rule out false positives or false negatives, two
________________ are used.
20. One control should always produce a ___________________________________ response if the reagents
and conditions are correct.
21. The second control should never produce a ________________________________ response.
22. Any serum from a patient that contains the ___________________________________ for the disease
antigen bound to the well will recognize the antigen in the well and bind to it.
23. Each human serum sample contains many different types of
_______________________________________. Only those specific to the antigen in well will react.
24. ___________________________ serum samples in antigen-coated wells helps ensure that the antibody
present in the sample will interact correctly with the antigen.
25. Human disease reactions usually occur at the temperature of the ____________________
________________ which is _______ degrees C.
26. Washing helps remove any antibody that ______________ _______________ react with the SLE antigen in
the well.
27. When the fluid is removed from the well, antibody that has reacted with antigen remains
_________________ __________________________ surface.
28. A reaction with non-bound antibody will produce a ________________________________________ result.
29. The secondary antibody is made in a _________________________ and has an attached enzyme (HRP) that
will interact with the substrate in the next step to produce a color.
30. Rabbit ___________________________ antibodies reacts with human held in the well by the antigen
coating.
31. If the well has not been washed thoroughly, unbound human antibodies may still be there and will also
react with the second antibody. Reaction of a non-bound human antibody with the second antibody will
produce a ____________________________________________ result.
32. If there are human antibodies present, the clear substrate will turn ____________________ when a
substrate to the linked enzyme is added.
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