The Founding Father: An Ch'angho and the Origins of
Korean Democracy
Jacqueline Pak
© 2005
CONTENTS
Preface
Abbreviations
Illustrations
Prologue
The True An Ch’angho: Unveiling the Enigma
The “An Ch’angho Controversy”
Offspring of Orientalism: Korea, Japan and West
Nation, Democracy and War
Genealogy of Division, Real and Imagined: Nationalism and Communism
Legacy of Ambiguity: Patriots and Collaborators
Hidden History: The Origins of Korean Constitution
1. Young Orator
The Force of Enlightenment
Peony Peak
Sages’ Canon: Confucian Classics
A Palace Coup
Eastern Learning
First Love
2. Becoming Christian
Underwood School
Nevius Principle and Self-Government
Observation of the West
So Chaep’il and the Independence Club
3. A Revolutionary
Betrothed
America the New World: United Korean Association (Kongnip hyophoe)
A Nascent Constitution
Self-Strengthening Movement: Culture/Military Dialectics
New People’s Society (Sinminhoe)
An Chunggun, Ito and the Conspiracy
4. Pioneering Diaspora
Enlisting Righteous Army: Strategy and Ideology
Fall of Ancien Regime: Case of the 105
A Transnational Embryo: Korean National Association (Kungminhoe)
Russia and Manchuria: Loyalists vs. Republicans
Korean-America: Immigrants, Patriots, Leaders
5. Young Korean Academy (Hungsadan)
Educating Democracy, Training Revolutionary
Truth, Action, Loyalty, Courage
Separation of Powers
Philosophy of Strength
Corps of Patriotic Women
Pioneers of Aviation
6. Master Plan of Independence and Democracy
Overhearing the Mastermind’s Conversation: Letters from the Far East
Blueprint for Revolution: Grand Strategy of the Independence War
7. Birth of the Republic
March First
Shanghai
The President and the Premier
Unification: The Provisional Government
The Founding Document: The Constitution
8. War of Independence
Declaration of War
Shanghai Diary
Envoys to Generals
Victory of Ch’ongsalli
Massacre of 1920
9. The Communist Struggles
Nemeses: Syngman Rhee and Yi Tonghwi
Farewell Speech
Triple Alliance
Communist Calamity: The Battle of Alekshefsk
Following the Fratricide: Washington and Moscow
10. National Representatives Congress: Nationalists, Communists and Anarchists
Politics behind Polemics: Anarchist Manifesto of Sin Ch'aeho, Theory of Korean
Revolution
Yi Kwangsu’s Compromise
Revolutionary Assembly: Reform vs. Creation
Beating Anarchism
Assassination of Kim Chwajin
11. The United Front
“Civil-Military Dyarchy”: A Revolutionary Synthesis
Letter to Homeland Compatriots
Ideal Village
Discourse: East Light
In Search of “One-Party”: Toward Pan-Korean Umbrella
The Korean Independence Party and Principle of Three Equalities
12. The Martyred
The Yun Ponggil Incident: Note from Kim Ku
Return of the Native Son
The Trial
Christmas Eve
To My Beloved
EPILOGUE Biography of a Nation
Democracy, Revolution and Diaspora: A Reassessment
Overcoming Division: “Revolutionary-Democrat”
Dawn of Democracy: Making of Constitution
Beyond the Controversy: A Paradigmatic Reflection
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
About the Author