TABLE OF CONTENT
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION HAZARDS-OCEANS-WAVES
1.1 Natural Hazards General Review…………………………………………………......1
1.1.1. Floods.....................................................................................................1
1.1.2. Volcanic Eruptions..................................................................................1
1.1.3. Hurricane................................................................................................2
1.1.4. Drought………………………………………………………………………..3
1.1.5. Earthquakes............................................................................................4
1.2 Oceans …………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.3 Waves, Classification, Transformations……………………………………………..6
1.3.1. Basic Wave Parameters……………………………………………………. ...6
1.3.2. Basic Equations of the Wave Motion…………………………………………7
1.3.3. Progressive Waves………………………………………………………….....8
1.3.4. Wave Length and Wave Celerity……………………………………….……..8
1.3.5. Constancy of Wave Period…………………………………………………….8
1.3.6. Classification of Waves According To Period……………………………….9
(Short, Intermediate and Long Waves)
1.3.7. Wave Behavior in Shallow Water.............................................................11
1.3.8. Classification of Water Waves……………………………………………….13
1.3.9. Wave Transformation…………………………………………………………14
1.3.10. Wave Refraction……………………………………………………..………14
1.3.11. Wave Diffraction……………………………………….…………………….15
1.3.12. Standing Wave……………………………………………………………….15
1.3.13. Wave Breaking……………………………………………………………….15
1.4 Long Waves And Abnormal Waves In Nature ……………………………………..16
1.4.1. Tidal Waves……………………………………………………….…………...16
1.4.2. Swell Waves…………………………………………………...………………17
1.4.3. Seiches…………………………………………………………………….…...18
1.4.4. Freak Waves............................................................................................20
1.4.5. Resonance of Basins……………………………………………….………..22
LECTURE 2 : TSUNAMIS: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, PARAMETERS
AND HISTORY
2.1 Tsunamis – General: Parameters……………………………………………….......29
2.2 Tsunami Wave Characteristics………………………………………………………30
2.2.1. Tsunami Velocity, Wavelength, and Period………………………………...30
2.3 History of Tsunami and Historical Tsunamis ………………………………………31
2.3.1. The Storegga Slide……………………………………………………….....31
2.3.2. The Santorini / (Thera) Eruption and
The Tsunami Minoan Age in Aegean Sea………………………………...33
2.4 World Tsunamis: Pacific, Carribean, Mediterranean……………………….……..34
Identification of Historical Tsunamis – Paleotsunami Studies
2.4.1. Pacific Ocean Earthquakes and Tsunamis………………………………..34
2.4.2. Indian Ocean Earthquakes and Tsunamis……………………………......38
2.4.3. The Caribbean and Mediterranean Tsunamis…………………………….39
LECTURE 3 : TSUNAMI GENERATION MECHANISM
3.1 Generation Mechanisms : Fault Break, Coseismic Sources,
Pull Apart Mechanisms, Submarine Mass Movements, Volcano Activities,
Impact Tsunamis ...............................................................................................45
3.1.1.Tsunami Excitation By Earthquakes…………………………..…………….45
3.1.2. Tsunami Excitation from Submarine Landslides…………………………..47
3.1.3. Tsunami Excitation from Volcanic Eruptions………………………….……47
3.1.4. Tsunami Excitation from Impacts …………………………………………...48
3.2 Tsunami Propagation, Shoaling, Run-up and Inundation……………..……........48
LECTURE 4: TSUNAMI MODELLING
4.1 Governing Equations and Assumptions behind…………………………….50
4.1.1 Modeling of the 1966 Anapa Tsunami in Black Sea and Comparison with
the
Measurements
at
Some
Locations
on
the
Russian
Coast………………...…………………………………………………………………51
4.1.2. Modeling of the 1939 Tsunami in the Black Sea………..…………………54
4.2 Linear Form of Shallow Water Equations In Spherical
Coordinates for Far Field Tsunami Modeling………….…………………………...56
4.3 Modeling of Two Layer Flow as for Submarine Landslide…………………...…...58
4.3.1.
Theoretical Approach…………………………………………….…….....59
4.3.2
Numerical Approach………………………………………………..........60
4.3.3.
Test of the Model in A Regular Shaped Basin…….…………………..61
4.3.3.1. Test Basin and Dimensional Parameters…………………………61
4.3.3.2. The Mass Failure Parameters ……………………………………..63
4.3.4.
Application of the Model to the Sea of Marmara….…………………...64
4.3.4.1. Tsunami due to underwater landslide occurrence
at offshore Yenikapi (CASE 1)………………………………….…65
4.3.4.2. Tsunami due to underwater landslide occurrence
at offshore Tuzla (CASE 2)………………………………………..67
4.3.4.3. Tsunami due to the scenario of fault break and two
accompanying underwater landslides at offshore
Armutlu Peninsula (CASE 3)………………………………………67
4.4 A Comparative Study on Amplitude Evolution and Run-up of
Solitary Waves on a Sloping Plane…………………………………………………..70
LECTURE 5: IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 Paleotsunamı Studies; Contribution to Mitigation and Risk Assesment ..............80
5.2 Post-Tsunami Surveys and Assessment…………………………………………....81
5.3 Implications of Tsunamis on Coastal and Marine Structures……………….……82
5.3.1. Added Mass Concept………………………………………………….……...82
5.3.1.1. Added Masses Moment of Inertias of Some
Two Dimensional Shapes………………………………………..…84
5.3.2 Forces on an Object……………………………………………..……….…...85
5.3.2.1. Drag Force of the Floating Object ...............................................85
5.3.2.2. Inertia Forces On The Object in The Fluid..................................88
5.3.2.3. Lift Forces on the Objects in Fluids………………………………..90
LECTURE 6: MITIGATION STRATEGIES
6.1 Planning for the Tsunami Hazard ………………………………………..……….…92
6.1.1. International Protective and Presentive Measures ………………………92
6.1.2. Functioning of the Warning System………………….………....…………93
6.1.3. Hazard Perception by the Public…………………………………………...95
6.1.4. Awareness through Public Education…………………………….…….....95
6.1.5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………...96
6.2. Tsunami Coming What Must Be Done………………………………………….…..96
6.3. Coastal Protection Structures/Wetlands………………………………..…………..98
LECTURE 7: CASE STUDIES
7.1 1960 CHILEAN, and 1993 OKUSHIRI Cases………………………..…………...103
7.1.1.1960 Chilean Earthquake and Tsunami…………………………….....…103
7.1.2. 1993 Okushiri Tsunami………………………………….……….……..…105
7.2 1998 Papua New Guinea, 1999 Izmit Bay………………………….…….…….…106
7.2.1. 1998 Papua New Guinea………………………………………………….106
7.2.2.1999 Izmit Bay, Turkey…………………………………………….…….…106
7.3 DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI FIELD SURVEY
(JAN. 21-31, 2005) AT NORTH OF SUMATRA ISLAND
by Ahmet C. Yalciner1,Dogan Perincek2, Sukru Ersoy2,Gegar S.
Presateya3, Rahman Hidayat3, Brian McAdoo4 March 08, 2005……………...110
7.3.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….…110
7.3.2 Indonesia / Nicobar / Andaman / Sumatra Earthquake
On December 26, 2004………………………………………………………...…111
7.3.3. Indian Ocean Tsunami on December 26, 2004 …….……………...…..112
7.3.4. Tsunami Field Survey at North of Sumatra
On January 21-31, 2005 …………….………………………………….……….113
7.3.4.1. Field Survey near Medan Coast………………………………...119
7.3.4.2. Field Survey along the Coast of Simeulue Island……….…….119
7.3.4.3. Field Survey along the Meulaboh Coast………….…………....120
7.3.5. Discussion of Survey Results….……………………………………….…121
7.3.5.1. Run-up, Inundation, Arrival Time………..……………..……….121
7.3.5.2. The Response of Structures against Tsunami Attack……...…123
7.3.5.2.1. Wooden Structures …………………….…..…………..….123
7.3.5.2.2. Concrete Structures…………………………………………….123
7.3.5.2.3. Infrastructures…………………………………………………..123
7.3.6. Modelling …………..…………………………………………………….....127
7.4. A Case Study for Tsunami Propagation in South China Sea……………...……131
APPENDIX A: The Story of Hamaguchi Gohei -Inamura no Hi [The Fire of Rice
Sheaves]
APPENDIX B: New
Imamura, 2001)
:
Tsunami
Intensit y
Scale
(Papadopoulos
and