Year 11 Human Biology
Unit 5 - Posture & Movement
Chapter 12 Bones
Text Questions - Solutions
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. 5 Functions of the skeleton
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Protection
Movement
Storage
Support
Red Blood Cell Production
2. Structure of the long bone
External: Comprises a shaft (diaphysis), 2 ends (epiphysis)
with articular cartilage covering each epiphysis.
Internal: The middle contains spongy bone (Marrow) with
the sides & ends hard bone. Contains the epiphyseal line.
3. Differentiate between:
(a) Compact & spongy bone.
Spongy bone has more spaces filled with marrow & is more
porous than compact bone. Compact bone is extremely
hard.
(b) Yellow & Red bone marrow
Yellow marrow stores fat whilst red bone marrow produces
blood cells.
(c) Diaphysis & Epiphysis
Diaphysis is the shaft of the bone while the epiphysis are
the ends of the bone.
4. (a) Diagram of Microscopic Structure of Compact
Bone
(b) Functions of structures in compact bone???
Haversian Canal: Similar units of bone containing the
concentric layers of bony matrix called the
lamellae.
Lamella: Concentric layers of matrix
Lacunae: Space occupied by the cell
Osteocytes: Bone cell
Canaliculi: Tiny canals running between lacunae
5. Differentiate between axial & appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, ribs, sternum and
the spinal column, the appendicular skeleton consists the
upper & lower limbs, the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
6. The axial skeleton.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, ribs, sternum and
the spinal column.
7. (a) Bones of the appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists the upper & lower limbs,
the pelvic and pectoral girdles.
(b) Structure of the pelvic & pectoral girdle.
• Pectoral Girdle consists of a scapula & clavicle. The
scapula provides muscle attachment and the clavicle is
the only join to the sternum. The pectoral girdle allows
the arm to swing away from the body.
• Pelvic Girdle consists of the ilium, ischium & pubis bones.
A cartilaginous joint called the symphysis pubis joins the
pubis\ischium bones together. The ilium bones are joined
to the sacrum. The gap between the bones is the pelvic
inlet.
8. Components of upper & lower limb, location &
function.
BONE
LOCATION
FUNCTION
Lower Limb
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Upper Arm
Lower Arm
Lower Arm
Wrist
Fingers (1st Bone)
Fingers
Grasping Objects
Grasping Objects
Upper Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Upper Leg
Knee
Lower Leg
Lower Leg
Ankle
Intermediate foot
Toes
9. First Aid of a Bone Fracture
Proceed with caution and then immobilise
10. Signs & Symptoms of a fractured bone
Signs:
• Pain & tenderness
• Swelling
• Failure of limb to function
• Deformity of the limb
• Abnormal mobility of the bone.
11. First Aid for Broken Arm.
i. Treat for shock (DRABC)
ii Control bleeding
iii. Immobilise fracture (splint)
iv. Elevate injured limb
12. Bone disorders of Vitamin D & sunlight deficiency
Vitamin D is responsible for the synthesis of a protein that
transports calcium into the extracellular fluid. Without
this rickets may occur.
Inadequate exposure to UV light helps the body to
produce Vitamin D.
13. Rickets, cause & symptoms
Symptoms: Bowed legs
Causes: Lack of Vitamin D
Treatment: Lots of Vitamin D.
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE:
1. Why is their hard bone on the shaft and the ends
are spongy bone?
Because the strength of the bone comes from the shaft.
2. Why are the ribs joined to the sternum by cartilage.
Due to the expansion needed when the ribs move.
3. Why bones fuse to form one functional unit.
For little or no flexibility. Coccyx & skull are another
example.
4. First Aid for a broken leg.
Control the bleeding & immobilise the fracture.
5. Why restrict movement for possible spinal damage.
To minimise any damage to the spinal column.