Table S1. Empirical values of FR animals’ adult mass, MFR, and parameters to
estimate MFR. To estimate the adult mass of FR animals, MFR, from Eq. 5, we use the
values of adult mass of AL animals, M, the degree of FR, β, and the ratio B0 / B0, FR from
published empirical studies. For studies that only reported the change in body
temperature, we use the B-A factor, B0 / B0 , FR  e
 E0 / K /(T TFR )
, to obtain the ratio. For
studies, which did not report the ratio B0 / B0, FR , we use the consensus values from the
same species.
Species
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
Mice
mice
mice
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
M (g) MFR (g) β (%) B0 / BFR Source
22
18.1
60%
113% (41)
64.6
43.2
68%
113% (10)
64.6
21.4
36%
113% (10)
38
25
60%
113% (42)
39.6
25.7
60%
113% (43)
41.8
28.7
60%
113% (43)
25
18
60%
113% (43)
42.4
35.1
56%
113% (44)
35.1
25.9
56%
113% (44)
39
26
60%
108% (26)
34
22
60%
111% (26)
39.1
24.9
60%
113% (45)
33.3
22.5
60%
113% (45)
49.5
37
75%
113% (46)
21.4
15.9
67%
113% (47)
42
20.5
50%
113% (31)
40.1
20.9
50%
119% (31)
34.7
23.5
66%
113% (48)
47.1
20.8
60%
113% (49)
40
19.2
60%
113% (49)
378
234
60%
108% (6)
540
308
60%
108% (50)
835
335
45%
108% (51)
835
611
75%
108% (51)
805
614
78%
108% (52)
805
568 72.5%
108% (52)
805
364
50%
108% (52)
507
310
78%
108% (52)
1
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Rats
Dog
Rhesus monkey
Rhesus monkey
Rhesus monkey
hen
hen
hen
cockerels
Japanese quail
Japanese quail
Japanese quail
Japanese quail
Japanese quail
Japanese quail
Broiler chicken
Broiler chicken
507
507
569
577
410
750
470
470
450
279
279
617
881
600
544
428
604
510
35251
14600
9300
14200
1485
2280
1609
2216
262
262
181.7
181.7
115
115
2250
2250
287 72.5%
212
50%
324
60%
344
60%
246
60%
200
32%
276
54%
323
67%
260
60%
160
54%
200
67%
328
60%
480
60%
300
60%
301
60%
205
50%
347
50%
304
60%
26842
75%
10900
70%
6800
70%
9900
72%
1263
80%
1981
80%
1292
80%
1934
80%
139
40%
219
70%
86.5
40%
142
70%
97
80%
75
60%
2000
85%
1670
70%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
106%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
108%
100%
104%
115%
115%
122%
114%
114%
111%
128%
128%
111%
145%
116%
113%
113%
113%
113%
(52)
(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(57)
(58)
(57)
(57)
(59)
(60)
(60)
(50)
(61)
(62)
(7)
(63)
(64)
(64)
(21)
(14)
(14)
(15)
(15)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(65)
(65)
(66)
(66)
Table S2. Data and parameters for the growth curves in Figure 2. Studies of (A), (D),
(E) and (F) did not report values of drops in body temperature or B0. For small mammals,
rats and mice, we used the consensus values from the same species, i.e., 1  C (c. 8%
decrease in B0) for rats and 1.5  C (c. 12% decrease in B0) for mice (Table 1, main text).
For deer, we assume the temperature drop is 0.5  C (c. 5% decrease inB0), which was
2
reported for relatively large mammals (Table 1 main text). The species-specific growth
parameters of the AL animals, m0, M, and Em are obtained from fitting empirical data to
the solution of Eq. 1. m(t )  (1  [1  (m0 / M )1 / 4 ]e  B t / 4 E
0
mM
1/ 4
) 4 M . The statistics of the
fitting (R2 value) is also listed in the table.
Figure
panel
A
B
Species
C
Japanese quail (wild
line)
B6 mice
Caesarean-derived
rats
Red deer
D
E
F
F344 rats
Dog
R2
m0
(gram)
49
2063
M
(gram)
602
34805
Em
(Joule/gram)
12231
4185
Source
3
194
1920
0.97 (59)
0.98 (13,
63)
0.99 (4)
2.3
63
21
880
4900
7528
0.98 (47)
0.99 (60)
20087
186443
9263
0.97 (67)
Table S3. The goodness of statistics fit between predicted and empirical growth
curves for FR animals. We check the linear relationship between the predicted and
empirical data with intercept being 0. This way, the slope of the line and the value of R2
show how good the fitting is.
Figure panel and curve slope
R2
P value
A red curve
1.03
0.98
1.1×106
A blue curve
0.995 0.99
1.3×108
B
0.98
C red curve
0.975 0.999 0
C blue curve
1.01
D
0.998 0.998 0
0.989 3.6×108
0.995 0
3
E red curve
1
0.997 2.84×10m-6
E blue curve
1
0.998 7.4×107
F
1.04
0.991 0
Table S4. Data for Figure 4A (70% adult mass)
AL
Adult
mass
Species (grams)
Mice
49
Mice
39.5
Mice
31.1
Rats
836
Rats
836
Rats
544
Dogs
35251
Quails 262
Quails 262
Quails 181
Quails 181
FR
Adult
mass
(grams)
37.2
20.7
27.6
610
336
301
26841
219
139
142
86.5
70%
AL
mass
(grams)
31.6
27.2
21.4
589
589
376
22753
186
186
129.5
129.5
70%
FR
mass
(grams)
25.2
15.3
19.5
426.7
237.5
215
19220
157
103
101
60.4
Age of
70%
AL
(days)
103
118.4
50
146
146
195
176
28
28
27.6
27.6
Age of
70%
FR
(days)
82
118
49
146
112
195
187
30
35
29
30
Source
(46)
(31)
(28)
(51)
(51)
(50)
(63)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Age of
90%
AL
(days)
268
358
210
356
356
405
724
37
37
37
37
Age of
90%
FR
(days)
238
362
182
342
307
495
726
44
48
41
44
Source
(46)
(31)
(28)
(51)
(51)
(50)
(63)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Table S5. Data for Figure 4B (90% adult mass)
AL
Adult
mass
Species (grams)
Mice
49
Mice
39.5
Mice
31.1
Rats
836
Rats
836
Rats
544
Dogs
35251
Quails
262
Quails
262
Quails
181
Quails
181
FR
Adult
mass
(grams)
37.2
20.7
27.6
610
336
301
26841
219
139
142
86.5
90%
AL
mass
(grams)
43
35
27.8
752
752
490
31793
233
233
163
163
90%
FR
mass
(grams)
33
18.9
24.8
552
302
274
24938
196
125
127
78
4
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8