Using Permutation Tests to Study Infant Handling by Female Baboons
Thomas L. Moore and Vicki Bentley-Condit; Grinnell College
Email: mooret@grinnell.edu
Slides and handout: http://www.math.grinnell.edu/~mooret/reports/reports.html
HANDLERS
ranks
KM KN NQ PO HQ LL NY PS SK ST WK AL CO DD LS LY MH ML MM PA PH PT RS
1 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
INFANTS/
Mothers
ranks
KG/KM 1
HZ/HQ 2
LC/LL 2
NK/NY 2
PZ/PS 2
CY/CO 3
LZ/LS 3
MQ/ML 3
MW/MH 3
MX/MM 3
PK/PH 3
0 0 4
13 23 7
4 0 1
12 4 10
1 3 4
2 2 7
1 0 3
0 1 5
3 0 7
2 3 4
2 0 6
1
5
4
5
1
3
2
2
4
5
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
0
3
9
0
1
1
2
2
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
4
3
0
4
0
1
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
3 1 0 | 0 0
5 6 18 | 1 6
1 5 3 | 1 0
3 11 7 | 8 6
0 0 2 | 0 2
3 12 16 | 3 0
2 0 5 | 2 2
2 4 5 | 7 5
2 8 13 | 7 14
0 5 2 | 9 3
0 15 10 | 8 5
0
3
0
3
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
4
2
2
3
2
9
7
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
9
1
5
1
1
0
4
8
1
3
0 2
0 10
0 1
3 2
0 3
0 0
0 3
1 0
0 13
2 2
0 7
1
1
6
3
0
2
2
2
6
3
5
Table 1: Data matrix giving the total number of interactions by handler (columns) and infants
(rows) over the course of the observational period. Boldface numbers give ranks of handlers or
infants, with 1 being High ranking, 2 being Mid ranking, and 3 being Low ranking. Each handler
and infant have a two-letter ID, infant ID’s are separated by their mother’s ID with a /.
Horizontal and vertical lines separate the rank categories.
Handler's rank
Hi Mid Low
Infant Hi 5
5
3
Rank
Mi 97 83 95
Lo 68 138 184
Totals: 170 226 282
(A)Counts
Handler's rank
Hi
Mid
Infant Hi 2.9% 2.2%
Rank
Mi 57.1% 36.7%
Lo 40.0% 61.1%
Total%
100% 100%
(B)Column%
Table 2: Here we have a 3by-3 table of counts (A),
column percent (B), and
adjusted residuals (C).
Low
1.1%
33.9%
65.0%
100%
Handler's rank
Hi
Mid
Low
Infant Hi 1.12
0.40
-1.37
Rank
Mi 5.06
-1.44
-3.08
Lo -5.34
1.32
3.43
(C) Adjusted Residuals
HANDLERS
ranks
KM KN NQ PO HQ LL NY PS SK ST WK AL CO DD LS LY MH ML MM PA PH PT RS
1 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
INFANTS/
Mothers
ranks
KG/KM 1
HZ/HQ 2
LC/LL 2
NK/NY 2
PZ/PS 2
CY/CO 3
LZ/LS 3
MQ/ML 3
MW/MH 3
MX/MM 3
PK/PH 3
0
2
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
8
0
4
2
1
0
1
0
3
0
4
4
1
6
3
4
1
5
6
3
5
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
0
1
7
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
1
Table 3: Passive interactions
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0 1
3 4
1 3
2 7
0 0
3 11
1 0
1 4
2 3
0 3
0 13
0
9
3
5
1
9
4
2
5
0
9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
1
1
7
0
2
0
6
3
8
6
0
6
0
3
0
0
0
1
5
1
3
0
3
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
2
2
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
5
0
4
1
3
1
1
0
1
6
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
2
0
5
0
2
1
0
6
1
0
2
2
2
5
2
4
HANDLERS
ranks
KM KN NQ PO HQ LL NY PS SK ST WK AL CO DD LS LY MH ML MM PA PH PT RS
1 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
INFANTS/
Mothers
ranks
KG/KM 1
HZ/HQ 2
LC/LL 2
NK/NY 2
PZ/PS 2
CY/CO 3
LZ/LS 3
MQ/ML 3
MW/MH 3
MX/MM 3
PK/PH 3
0 0
4 10
2 0
5 0
0 0
2 1
0 0
0 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
3
0
4
1
3
2
0
1
1
0
0
3
1
3
0
1
1
0
3
2
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
0
1
0
0
5
2
2
0
7
0
2
1
5
0
3
7
1
0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
6
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
Table 4: Unsuccessful interactions.
HANDLERS
ranks
KM KN NQ PO HQ LL NY PS SK ST WK AL CO DD LS LY MH ML MM PA PH PT RS
1 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
INFANTS/
Mothers
ranks
KG/KM 1
HZ/HQ 2
LC/LL 2
NK/NY 2
PZ/PS 2
CY/CO 3
LZ/LS 3
MQ/ML 3
MW/MH 3
MX/MM 3
PK/PH 3
0
7
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
7
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
0
3
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 5: Successful interactions.
KM KN NQ PO
1 3 1 3
INFANTS/
Mothers
ranks
KG/KM 1
HZ/HQ 3
LC/LL 3
NK/NY 2
PZ/PS 2
CY/CO 2
LZ/LS 3
MQ/ML 3
MW/MH 3
MX/MM 3
PK/PH 2
0 0 4
13 23 7
4 0 1
12 4 10
1 3 4
2 2 7
1 0 3
0 1 5
3 0 7
2 3 4
2 0 6
1
5
4
5
1
3
2
2
4
5
4
HANDLERS
ranks
HQ LL NY PS SK ST WK
3 3 2 2 3 1 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
0
3
9
0
1
1
2
2
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
4
3
0
4
0
1
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
5
0
0
AL CO DD LS LY MH ML MM PA PH PT RS
2 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 2
3 1 0 | 0 0
5 6 18 | 1 6
1 5 3 | 1 0
3 11 7 | 8 6
0 0 2 | 0 2
3 12 16 | 3 0
2 0 5 | 2 2
2 4 5 | 7 5
2 8 13 | 7 14
0 5 2 | 9 3
0 15 10 | 8 5
0
3
0
3
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
4
2
2
3
2
9
7
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
9
1
5
1
1
0
4
8
1
3
0 2
0 10
0 1
3 2
0 3
0 0
0 3
1 0
0 13
2 2
0 7
Table 6: This is the original data table but with a random permutation of the
infant/mother ranks and the non-mother ranks.
1
1
6
3
0
2
2
2
6
3
5
[1,]
[2,]
[3,]
[,1] [,2] [,3]
5
1
7
85
60 119
81 117 203
Table 7: The 3-by-3 table induced by the random permutation matrix in Table 6. LTE
has a value of 424 for this table.
PA
Pass
Un
Succ
LTE
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.372
LT
0.038
0.071
0.119
0.017
n
678
377
189
112
------------------------------
Table 7: Permutation test p-values for 4 data sets with the two test statistics, LTE and
LT; n gives the total number of interactions in the data set. The LTE column suggests
that Research Hypothesis 1 is supported for Passive and Unsuccessful interactions, but
not for Successful interactions. It appears that Research Hypothesis 2 is supported only
for Successful interactions.
References
1. Agresti, Alan. Categorical Data Analysis, 2nd editio.. New York: John Wiley and Sons,
2002.
2. Bentley-Condit, Vicki K., Thomas L. Moore, and E. O. Smith. “Infant Handling by Tana
River Adult Female Yellow Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus Cynocephalu.,” American
Journal of Primatology 55 (2001): 117-130.
3. Gotelli, Nicholas J. and Gary R. Graves. Null Models in Ecology. Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
4. Lunneborg, Clifford E. “Infant Handling by Female Baboons: A Sensitivity Analysis.”
STATS 31 (2001): 7-14.
5. Lunneborg, Clifford E. Data Analysis by Resampling: Concepts and Applications. Pacific
Grove, CA: Duxbury (Brooks/Cole), 2000.
6. Moore, Thomas L. and Vicki Bentley-Condit. “Using Permutation Tests to Study Infant
Handling by Female Baboons.” STATS 31 (2001): 7-14.