Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics
1. Define genetics.
2. Define a gene and explain how it codes for a protein.
3. Define:
Bio 225 Exam 2 Study Guide
Genotype
Phenotype
4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.
5. Define:
Sense strand of DNA
Antisense strand of DNA
DNA directed DNA polymerase
6. Describe DNA replication in detail.
7. Define:
DNA directed RNA polymerase mRNA rRNA
8. Describe the transcription of DNA to RNA.
9. Describe the translation of RNA into protein.
10. Define: tRNA
Genetic code
Codon
Sense codon
Nonsense codon
Anticodon
11. Given the codon (mRNA) for specific amino acids determine:
The order of bases in the sense strand of DNA.
The order of bases in the antisense strand of DNA.
The anticodon for each specific amino acid.
12. Explain what is meant by inducible and repressible enzymes.
13. Describe the lac operon and tryptophan operon models and explain how they control the production of proteins.
14. Define mutation, list the different types and explain how they affect cell function.
15. Given the codons (mRNA) for specific amino acids and the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA determine the effect of a:
Substitution type mutation
Frame shift mutation (addition or deletion)
16. Describe the possible causes of mutations.
17. Define and describe the following:
Genetic recombination
Crossing-over
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

18. Define "plasmid" and explain the importance of plasmids.
Chapter 9 Recombinant Dna And Biotechnology
1. Define:
Recombinant DNA cDNA
Genetic engineering
Vector
Protoplast fusion
Synthetic DNA
1. Define restriction enzymes and describe how they are used in the production or recombinant DNA.
2. Describe what the function of:
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
1. Describe how recombinant DNA can be made.
2. Describe the use of each of the following genetic engineering tools:
Transformation
Selection
Mutation
Restriction enzymes
Vectors PCR
1. Outline the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and describe its use.
2. Describe how foreign DNA can be inserted into cells.
3. List the main sources of genes used in genetic engineering.
4. Describe how a gene library is made.
5. Explain how a clone can be selected.
6. Define DNA probes, and describe how they are used.
7. Outline the Southern blott procedure and describe its use.
8. Explain how a bacterial cell can be caused to produce substance like human growth hormone and insulin.
9. List the applications of genetic engineering in the following categories:
Therapeutic
Scientific
Agricultural
Chapter 10 Classification
1. Explain why organisms are arranged in taxonomic groups.
2. List the characteristics of the three domains and describe the kind of organisms that are found in each.
3. Define binomial nomenclature and give a microbial example.
4. Give the order of taxonomic groups from the most general to the most specific.
5. Define genus.
6. Define species and explain how the bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms.

7. Define strain.
8. List the four eukaryotic kingdoms and the characteristics of each.
9. List the criteria used to classify microorganisms into the various taxonomic groups.
10. Describe the kind of information is provided by:
Morphological studies
Differential staining procedures
Biochemical reactions
Serology
Phage typing
Fatty acid profiles
Flow cytometry
DNA base composition
DNA fingerprinting
Ribosomal RNA sequencing
Polymerase chain reaction
Nucleic acid hybridization
11. List in order the procedures used to identify bacteria in the laboratory.
12. Give the function of biochemical tests.
13. Give the basis of
Serological testing
Phage typing.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Chapter 11 Bacteria
1. List the genera that are found in the following groups:
Gram-negative anaerobic rods
Intracellular parasites
Bacteria that lack cell walls
Bacteria that are acid fast
Gram-negative aerobic rods
Gram-negative aerobic cocci
Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
Enteric bacteria
Gram-positive cocci
Gram-positive endospore-forming rods
Gram-positive non-endospore-forming rods
2. Differentiate between rickettsia and chlamydia.
3. Differentiate between spirochetes and sprilla
4. Describe the methods used to identify Hemophilus .
5. Explain how to differentiate between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in the laboratory.
Chapter 12 Fungi, Algae, Protozoans And Helminths
1. List the kinds of organisms included in the Kingdom Fungi.
2. Explain why fungi are often responsible for the decomposition of plant material.
3. Describe reproduction in fungi.
4. Describe the properties of media that are used to culture fungi; give one example.
5. Explain how bacterial growth can be inhibited in fungal media.

6. List the characteristics of the four medically important groups of fungi.
7. Give the characteristics of algae and their beneficial functions.
8. List the characteristics of algae and their beneficial functions.
9. List the characteristics of protozoans.
10. Differentiate the cellular organization among the following groups:
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoans
Helminths
11. List the important pathogenic protozoa and give the disease that they cause.
12. Give the diseases , if any, for which the following are etiologic agents:
Paramecium
Amoeba
Plasmodium
Entamoeba
Trypanosoma
13. Give the etiology of amoebic dysentery.
14. List the characteristics of helminths.
15. Describe the transmission of helminthic diseases to humans.
16. Explain how the following gain entry to the human body:
Tapeworm
Pinworm
Hookworm
Lung fluke
1. Differentiate between definitive host and intermediate host.
2. List the stages in the life cycle of a tapeworm.
3. Explain how tapeworms obtain their nutrition.
4. Describe a typical trematode life cycle.
5. Explain how the life cycle of a tapeworm can be altered in order to prevent infection and disease.
6. Explain how the following arthropods transmit diseases:
Housefly
Lice
Fleas
Mosquito
Kissing bug
Chapter 13 Viruses
1. Define "virus" and describe the composition of a virus.
2. Describe the host range of viruses.
3. Describe how specific animal viruses are in their ability to infect cells.
4. Describe where viruses multiply and explain why.
5. Describe the outer protective coat of a virus.
6. Differentiate between "naked" and enveloped viruses.
7. Describe what occurs in viral replication in the proper sequence of events.
8. Describe the function of spikes that are found on some viruses.
9. Identify the event in which an enveloped virus acquires its envelope.

10. Describe how and where viral proteins are made.
11. Describe how the following types of viruses are released from their host cell.
"Naked" viruses
Enveloped viruses
12. Explain how viruses (bacteriophages, plant viruses and animal viruses) are cultured in the laboratory.
13. Give the significance of bacteriophages
14. Give the importance of reverse transcriptase and describe what occurs in the biosynthesis of a virus with reverse transcriptase.
15. List the major groups of viruses that cause human disease and the diseases caused by specific viruses.
16. Define lysogeny and give an example.
17. Differentiate between continuous cell lines and primary cell lines.
18. Define the following:
Phage
Plaque
Cell lysis
19. List the DNA virus or viruses are closely linked with cancer.
20. Describe how oncogenes can be activated by viruses.
21. Differentiate between "latent viral infection" and "persistent viral infection" and give examples of each.
22. Define and differentiate between "viriod" and "prion".
23. List the viruses that cause the common cold.
24. Describe the importance of the Epstein-Barr virus.
25. Describe what diseases are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
26. List the groups of viruses that are oncogenic.