Online supporting information
to accompany Lengyel et al. “Ants sow the seeds of global diversification in flowering plants”
Table 1. Myrmecochorous plant lineages, their sister groups and data on seed dispersal mode in the sister-group, biogeographic distribution of
lineages (M + N-M) and species number used in the analyses presented in the paper.
No. Family
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Gunniopsis
Sesuvium, Trianthema
Leucojum, Galanthus,
Narcissus, Sternbergia,
Vagaria, Lapiedra,
Hannonia, Pancratium
Platysace, Xanthosia,
Actinotus
1
2
3
Aizoaceae
Aizoaceae
Amaryllidaceae
4
Apiaceae
5
6
Aristolochiaceae
Asteraceae
7
8
9
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asarum, Saruma
Amberboa, Volutaria,
Mantisalca, Cyanopsis,
Goniocaulon,
Plagiobasis,
Karvandarina,
Russowia, Tricholepis
Centaurea
Chrysogonum
Cullumia
10
Asteraceae
Dymondia
11
Asteraceae
Euryops
12
Asteraceae
Galactites
Sister group (N-M)
N-M dispersal
mode
Wind
Water
Wind
Biogeogr.
distr. a
HT
WW
HA
Centella,
Micropleura,
Mackinlaya,
Apiopetalum
Aristolochia, Lactoris
Klasea, Serratula,
Acroptilon,
Oligochaeta, Leuzea
Water
Zoegea, Stizolophus
Berlandiera
Berkheya, Cuspidia,
Heterorachis, Didelta
Arctotis, Arctotheca,
Haplocarpha,
Cymbonotus
Cineraria,
Dendrosenecio
Ptilostemon
Tetragonia
Tribulocarpus
Lycoris, Ungernia
No. species
M
N-M
15
57
29
1
289
26
Myrmecochory
reference
[1]
[1]
[3-5]
Phylogeny
reference
[2]
[2]
[6]
PnT
68
58
[3,7]
[8]
Wind
Wind
WW
PA
86
107
406
99
[3,9-11]
[14]
[12,13]
[15-17]
Wind
Wind
Exozoochory
PA
NA
PT
383
18
26
17
11
99
[4,14,18-20]
[14]
[22]
[15]
[21]
[23]
Wind
PT
1
78
[22]
[24]
Wind
PT
100
62
[22]
[25]
Wind
PA
12
23
[14]
[26]
No. Family
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Osmitopsis
Osteospermum
Wedelia
Epimedium,
Vancouveria, Bongardia
13
14
15
16
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Berberidaceae
17
18
19
20
Berberidaceae
Boraginaceae
Bruniaceae
Bruniaceae
Gymnospermium
Nemophila
Audouinia capitata
Lonchostoma
21
Buxaceae
Buxus, Notobuxus
22
Cactaceae
Aztekium
23
Cactaceae
Gymnocalycium
24
25
Caricaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Carica
Moehringia
Sister group (N-M)
Athanasia
Calendula
Elaphandra
Podophyllum,
Sinopodophyllum,
Diphylleia, Dysosma,
Achlys
Leontice
Pholistoma
Tittmannia
Mniothamnea,
Raspalia
Sarcococca,
Pachysandra,
Styloceras
Echinocactus,
Astrophytum
Browningia, Cereus,
Coleocephalocereus,
Micranthocereus,
Samaipaticereus,
Echinopsis, Harrisia,
Haageocereus,
Matucana,
Oreocereus,
Rauhocereus
Moringa
Arenaria subg.
Arenaria, subg.
Leiosperma,
‘Pseudomoehringia’
group
N-M dispersal
mode
Wind
Wind
Passive
Endozoochory
Biogeogr.
distr. a
PT
OW
NW
HA
No. species
M
N-M
11
54
153
20
100
16
67
21
Myrmecochory
reference
[22]
[22]
[22,28]
[14,30-32]
Phylogeny
reference
[27]
[27]
[29]
[33-35]
Endozoochory
Water
Passive
Passive
HA
NA
PT
PT
12
11
1
10
28
3
25
4
[14]
[4,14,30,36]
[22]
[22]
[33-35]
[37]
[38]
[38]
Endozoochory
WW
90
20
[14,39]
[40]
Exozoochory
NW
2
10
[41]
[42]
Exozoochory
NW
70
1100 [41]
[42]
Wind
Wind
PnT
HA
23
31
12
172
[43]
[45]
[14]
[4,14,44]
No. Family
26
Colchicaceae
27
28
Dasypogonaceae
Dilleniaceae
29
30
31
32
Dipsacaceae
Dipsacaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Euphorbiaceae
33
Euphorbiaceae
34
35
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Colchicum,
Androcymbium,
Hexacyrtis,
Ornithoglossum,
Sandersonia, Gloriosa,
Baeometra, Wurmbea,
Camptorrhiza,
Iphigenia,
Schelhammera,
Tripladenia, Disporum,
Uvularia, Kuntheria,
Dasypogon
Hibbertia, Adrastaea,
Pachynema
Knautia
Scabiosa
Tetratheca
Astraea
Bertya, Beyeria,
Ricinocarpos
Claoxylon
Conceveiba
Sister group (N-M)
Burchardia
N-M dispersal
mode
Passive
Biogeogr.
distr. a
WW
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
245
5
[3,7,10,46-48]
Phylogeny
reference
[49]
Calectasia
Dillenia
Passive
Endozoochory
AU
PnT
4
124
11
60
[47]
[3,7]
[50]
[51]
Pterocephalidium
Sixalix
Platytheca
Ophellantha,
Acidocroton
Baloghia, Fontainea
Wind
Wind
Water
Endozoochory
PA
PA
AU
NT
60
80
39
10
1
10
2
12
[10,32,52]
[14]
[3,7,54,55]
[57]
[53]
[53]
[54,56]
[57]
Endozoochory
AU
45
29
[3,7,14]
[58]
Erythrococca
Endozoochory
Gavarretia, Polyandra
Passive
OW
NT
75
18
50
2
[7]
[60]
[58,59]
[58]
No. Family
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Euphorbia,
Chamaesyce,
Synadenium,
Monadenium,
Pedilanthus,
Neoguillauminia,
Calycopeplus,
Anthosterna,
Dichostemma
36
Euphorbiaceae
37
Euphorbiaceae
Monotaxis, Adriana,
Amperea
38
Euphorbiaceae
39
40
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Pera, Clutia,
Chaetocarpus
Seidelia
Cytisus
Sister group (N-M)
Spirostachys,
Excoecaria,
Sebastiana,
Colliguaja, Sapium,
Stillingia, Adenopeltis,
Grimmeodendron,
Bonania, Hippomane,
Ophthalmoblapton,
Tetraplandra,
Pachystroma, Hura,
Gymnanthes, Mabea,
Microstachys,
Homalanthus,
Neoshirakia,
Dalembertia,
Triadica,
Actinostemon,
Pseudosenefeldera,
Senefelderopsis,
Maprounea
Cephalomappa,
Koilodepas,
Cephalocroton,
Sumbaviopsis,
Melanolepis,
Chrozophora,
Discocleidion,
Ricinus, Speranskia
Pogonophora
Leidesia
Cytisophyllum,
Laburnum
N-M dispersal
mode
Endozoochory
Biogeogr.
distr. a
WW
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
1846 407 [3,4,61,62]
Phylogeny
reference
[58]
Passive
OW
31
37
[3,60]
[58]
Wind
PnT
108
6
[22,58,60]
[58]
Passive
Wind
PT
PA
4
60
1
3
[60]
[63,64]
[58]
[65,66]
No. Family
41
Fabaceae
42
Fabaceae
43
Fabaceae
44
Fabaceae
45
Fabaceae
46
47
48
49
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae
50
Gyrostemonaceae
51
Hemerocallidaceae
52
53
54
Hyacinthaceae
Hyacinthaceae
Iridaceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Daviesia, Viminaria,
Erichsenia, Goodia,
Bossiaea, Platylobium,
Muelleranthus,
Ptychosema,
Aenictophyton
Hardenbergia,
Kennedia
Sister group (N-M)
Gompholobium,
Sphaerolobium
Mucuna, Desmodium,
Lespedeza,
Kummerowia,
Campylotropis
Hovea, Templetonia,
Brongniartia,
Lamprolobium
Plagiocarpus
Pultenaea (= Mirbelia s. Isotropis
l.)
Ulex, Stauracanthus
Genista sect.
Cephalospartum
Chrysothemis
Nautilocalyx
Codonanthe
Nematanthus
Dampiera
Anthotium
Goodenia, Scaevola,
Brunonia
Verreauxia, Velleia,
Coopernookia
Gyrostemon,
Tovaria
Codonocarpus,
Walteranthus, Tersonia,
Reseda
Caesia, Hensmania,
Tricoryne
Johnsonia, Arnocrinum
Lachenalia
Polyxena, Periboea
Scilla, Chionodoxa
Bellevalia
Witsenia, Klattia
Nivenia
N-M dispersal
mode
Passive
Biogeogr.
distr. a
AU
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
287
43 [3,7,67]
Phylogeny
reference
[68]
Water
PnT
59
500
[3,69,70]
[71]
Wind
HT
52
57
[3,7]
[72]
Passive
AU
470
16
[3,7,70,73]
[68,74]
Passive
HA
21
5
[4,18,52]
[66]
Endozoochory
Endozoochory
Wind
Passive
NT
NT
AU
AU
12
34
66
350
55
48
5
3
[32,75]
[14]
[3,7]
[3,7,69]
[76]
[76]
[77]
[77]
Passive
AU
18
2
[3]
[43,78]
Exozoochory
AU
58
12
[3,5,7]
[50]
Passive
Wind
Passive
PT
PA
PT
110
40
4
23
50
10
[14]
[4]
[81]
[79]
[80]
[82,83]
No. Family
55
Juncaceae
56
Lamiaceae
57
58
59
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
60
Liliaceae
61
62
63
64
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Limeaceae
Malvaceae
65
Malvaceae
66
Melanthiaceae
67
Papaveraceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Luzula
Sister group (N-M)
Juncus, Distichia,
Marsippospermum,
Rostkovia
Ajuga
Caryopteris,
Trichostema
Lamium
Marrubium
Rosmarinus
Perovskia
Teucrium
Teucridium,
Oncinocalyx
Erythronium spp. Erythronium spp. Eurasian + Eastern
Western North
North American lineage American lineage
Gagea
Lloydia
Scoliopus
Streptopus
Macarthuria
Limeum
Gossypium sect.
Gossypium sect.
Grandicalyx ('genome
Sturtia ('genom C'),
K' lineage)
sect. Hibiscoidea
('genome G')
Lasiopetalum,
Hermannia,
Hannafordia,
Waltheria, Melochia
Maxwellia, Thomasia,
Guichenotia,
Commersonia, Rulingia,
Keraudrenia, Seringia
Trillium
Paris, Daiswa,
Kinugasa, Trillidium
Corydalis, Dicentra,
Hypecoum
Adlumia,
Dactylocapnos,
Rupicapnos,
Pseudofumaria,
Cysticapnos
N-M dispersal
mode
Water
Biogeogr.
distr. a
WW
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
115
249 [3,9,20]
Phylogeny
reference
[84]
Passive
WW
50
37
[3,85]
[86]
Exozoochory
Wind
Exozoochory
HA
PA
WW
190
22
250
139
10
2
[4,14]
[14,85]
[14]
[86]
[87]
[86]
Passive
HA
8
17
[5,88,89]
[90]
Passive
Endozoochory
Endozoochory
Water
HA
HA
OW
AU
91
5
12
12
12
30
21
5
[5,88]
[14,88,92]
[3,73]
[3,7]
[50,88,91]
[88]
[93]
[94,95]
Endozoochory
WW
167
205
[3,7,70]
[96]
Endozoochory
HA
38
27
[5,9,14]
[97]
Exozoochory
HA
384
18
[9,22]
[98]
No. Family
68
Papaveraceae
69
Penaeaceae
70
71
Phyllanthaceae
Picrodendraceae
72
73
74
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygalaceae
75
76
77
Portulacaceae
Primulaceae
Proteaceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Sanguinaria,
Chelidonium, Eomecon,
Macleaya, Bocconia,
Hylomecon,
Stylophorum
Penaea, Brachysiphon,
Endonema, Saltera,
Stylapterus,
Sonderothamnus
Breynia
Picrodendron,
Micrantheum,
Oldfieldia,
Stachystemon,
Aristogeitonia, Scagea,
Tetracoccus
Chionachne
Melica
Polygala, Bredemeyera,
Muraltia, Nylandtia,
Heterosamara,
Salomonia,
Comesperma, Monnina,
Securidaca
Claytonia, Montia
Cyclamen
Grevillea
Sister group (N-M)
Dicranostigma
N-M dispersal
mode
Passive
Biogeogr.
distr. a
HA
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
99
8
[4,9,10,14]
Phylogeny
reference
[99]
Olinia
Endozoochory
PT
23
8
[22]
[100-102]
Passive
Passive
IM
WW
35
82
40
3
[3,7]
[3,7,58,62,104]
[103]
[105], Wurdack
unpubl. from [58]
Phacelurus
Glyceria
Carpolobia, Atroxima
Wind
Water
Endozoochory
IM
HA
WW
9
80
910
10
35
6
[32]
[4,14,30]
[3,7,14,108]
[106]
[107]
[108]
Lewisia
Coris
Buckinghamia,
Opisthiolepis
Wind
Exozoochory
Wind
NW
PA
AU
41
20
260
16
3
3
[9,14,32]
[14,32]
[3,7,112]
[109,110]
[111]
[113,114]
Sauropus
Podocalyx,
Paradrypetes
No. Family
78
Proteaceae
79
80
81
82
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
83
84
Ranunculaceae
Restionaceae
85
86
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
87
Rubiaceae
88
Rutaceae
89
Rutaceae
90
91
Santalaceae
Sapindaceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Mimetes, Orothamnus,
Leucospermum,
Diastella, Sorocephalus,
Spatalla, Paranomus,
Vexatorella, Serruria,
Leucadendron,
Adenanthos
Anemone
Delphinium
Ficaria
Helleborus
Sister group (N-M)
Isopogon
N-M dispersal
mode
Wind
Pulsatilla, Knowltonia
Wind
Consolida
Wind
Coptidium
Passive
Myosurus, Nigella,
Passive
Actaea, Cimicifuga
Trollius, Adonis
Caltha
Water
Restio
Elegia,
Wind
Chondropetalum,
Dovea
Phylica, Trichocephalus Nesiota, Noltea
Endozoochory
Pomaderris, Spyridium, Colletia, Discaria,
Passive
Trymalium, Siegfriedia, Alphitonia, Granitites
Cryptandra,
Stenanthemum
Opercularia, Pomax
Leptostigma,
Endozoochory
Durlingtonia, Nertera,
Normandia,
Coprosma
Asterolasia
Drummondita,
Endozoochory
Muiriantha
Phebalium, Microcybe Nematolepis,
Passive
Rhadinothamnus,
Chorilaena
Thesium, Osyridicarpos Buckleya
Endozoochory
Cardiospermum
Paullinia
Endozoochory
Biogeogr.
distr. a
HT
No. species Myrmecochory
M
N-M reference
308
65 [3,115]
Phylogeny
reference
[113,114,116]
HA
HA
PA
HA
120
250
5
20
48
40
2
54
[4,9,14]
[14]
[118]
[4,14,32,120]
[117]
[117]
[119]
[117]
HA
PT
55
88
10
73
[14]
[3,7]
[117]
[84,121]
PT
HT
151
172
2
50
[22]
[3,7,54,69]
[122]
[122]
HT
19
112
[7]
[123,124]
AU
21
9
[125]
[126]
AU
31
11
[3,7,125]
[126]
WW
PnT
177
61
7
195
[52,127]
[129]
[128]
[130]
No. Family
92
93
Sapindaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Myrmecochorous
lineage (M)
Dodonaea
Melampyrum
94
Scrophulariaceae
Pedicularis
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
Solanaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Turneraceae
Urticaceae
Valerianaceae
Violaceae
Zygophyllaceae
Datura
Cyanastrum
Turnera
Parietaria
Fedia
Viola
Zygophyllum, Augea,
Fagonia
a
Sister group (N-M)
Distichostemon
Bartsia, Lathraea,
Rhinanthus,
Rhynchocorys,
Parentucellia,
Odontites, Euphrasia,
Tozzia
Agalinis, Esterhazya,
Aureolaria, Seymeria,
Lamourouxia,
Castilleja,
Orthocarpus,
Cordylanthus,
Triphysaria
Brugmansia
Walleria
Piriqueta
Boehmeria
Valerianella
Noisettia
Larrea, Pintoa,
Bulnesia, Porlieria,
Guaiacum
N-M dispersal
mode
Passive
Wind
Biogeogr.
distr. a
HT
HA
No. species
M
N-M
70
8
35
310
Myrmecochory
reference
[3,131,132]
[4,14,30,118,133]
Phylogeny
reference
[130]
[134,135]
Wind
HA
350
341
[4,14,30,133]
[134,135]
Passive
Passive
Passive
Exozoochory
Wind
Passive
Wind
NW
PT
NT
WW
PA
WW
WW
11
7
100
10
3
400
120
5
3
44
80
50
8
31
[14]
[14]
[137,138]
[10,32]
[14]
[3,4,7,9,10,20]
[22]
[136]
[82]
[139]
[140]
[141]
[142]
[143,144]
Biogeographic distribution types for lineages comprising both M and N-M lineages:
AU – Australian, IM – Indo-Malayan, NA – Nearctic, NT – Neotropical, PA – Palearctic, PT – Paleotropical (mostly Cape Floristic Region);
complex distribution types: HA – Holarctic (NA + PA), NW – New World (NA + NT), OW – Old World (AU + IM + PA + PT), PnT – Pantropical (AU + IM + NT + PT), HT – Holotropical (AU + NT + PT), WW – Worldwide.
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