KEY Fall Exam ‘11
Experimental Design
1. List the Characteristics of life below
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
–Orderly Sturcture- all living things are made of one or more cells with genetic material
–Reproduce- all living things reproduce to make more living things
–Growth/Change- all living things grow and change during their lifetime—from baby to adult, from
seed to tree etc
–Adjust- living things are able to adjust to the changing environment in order to survive (weather,
temperature, air, water, other organisms)
–Adapt/Evolve- living things are able to adapt to gradual changes in the environment and pass those
adaptations on to their offspring
2. Describe the difference between abiotic and biotic. Give two examples for each.
Biotic- living organisms Ex: beans, grass, bear, human, bee
Abiotic- non-living (not dead… because they were never alive) Ex: soil, water, sunlight
3. Define control. What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
Standard used to compare your test results. Ex: If you are testing fertilizer on plants, you will want to have a control
plant that DOES NOT receive the fertilizer.
4. Define variable. Why are too many variables bad for an experiment?
Variable is the part of the experiment that is changed or manipulated. If you have too many variables, you will be
unable to determine why your got the results you did.
5. Describe the difference between Independent and Dependent variables. Give an example.
IV is the variable that the researcher changes – the DV is what the researcher is measuring.
Biomolecules
6. Complete the following chart:
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What are they? Give examples.
Sub-Unit
Made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
Starch, Breads, Potatoes, sugar
Simple sugars
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Insoluble in water – make up the plasma membrane
Fatty acids
Essential to life, provide structure for tissues and organs
Built during protein synthesis at ribsomes
Meat, eggs, milk, ENZYMES
Stores information in the form of a code. DNA & RNA
Amino acids
Nucleotides
7. Define ATP.
Molecule that is created during Cellular respiration and stores energy in its bonds.
1
8. Enzymes end in ase.
Enzymes speed up actions in the body…. Amylase- saliva in the mouth speeds up digestion
9. Complete the chart writing Yes or No in the boxes:
Virus
Bacteria/ Cells
Nucleic Acid?
Y
Y
Cell Wall?
N
Y
Living?
N
Y
Reproduce on
own?
Causes disease
N
Y
Y
Y
10. Based on the characteristics of life, explain why a virus does not meet these criteria and is
considered to be non-living by most scientists.
Viruses do not grow, develop, metabolize energy or respire. They also can NOT reproduce on their own.
They must have a host cell.
11. Do viruses attack all types of cells?
No, viruses are cell specific. Viruses must “fit” with the cell like a puzzle piece in order to attack. HIV
attacks Tcells (white blood cells) this causes the immune system to be weak.
Cells and Cell Processes
12. Explain the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Provide specific examples.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus but have DNA floating free in the cell.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus which holds the DNA.
13. Explain the differences between Plant cells and Animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall & a cell membrane. Plants have chloroplasts and large vacuoles.
Animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles.
14. Label the picture as Animal or Plant.
ANIMAL
PLANT
15. What does homeostasis mean? What cell parts help maintain homeostasis?
To maintain equilibrium or balance in the cell. The plasma membrane, lysosomes
16. What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls all cell processes, contain DNA
2
17. What is the function of the ribosome?
Protein production
18. What is the function of the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration is the process where plants and animals take glucose and oxygen and turn it into water, carbon
dioxide and ATP energy. This occurs in the mitochondria of BOTH plants and animals.
**Cellular respiration-- This occurs in the mitochondria of BOTH plants and animals.
19. Explain the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process where plants take sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide and turn it into oxygen & glucose.
Where does photosynthesis occur?
This occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
20. How are cell shapes related to their functions?
All cells have specific jobs that require elements of their shape or structure to be different than
others.
21. Explain the steps of the Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis. What occurs in each
step?
Interphase: growth and development, create proteins, organelles, replicate DNA
Mitosis: division of nucleus – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm – two cells formed.
22. Mitosis and Meiosis are two ways that a cell can divide. How many cells result from each process?
Which process produces cells that are identical?
Mitosis creates 2 new IDENTICAL cells…. DIPLOID
Meiosis creates 4 new cells which only have HALF the original DNA… HAPLOID
23. Why is meiosis important?
Provides variety among species
24. Complete the following diagrams with the correct number of chromosomes passed on AND label as
Mitosis or Meiosis.
10
10
DNA doubles
DNA doubles
Diploid
-5
5-10-____
Haploid
10
-5--
3
5--
25. Complete the chart comparing DNA and RNA.
Question?
DNA
RNA
How many strands?
2
1
Type of sugar?
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Nitrogen Bases?
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
NO
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Yes
Genetic code for making
proteins
Picks up code from
DNA in nucleus and
transports code to
ribosome
Can it leave the nucleus?
Function?
25. Complete the chart about DNA Protein Synthesis.
Replication
Transcription
Translation
What happens?
Where does it happen?
Final product?
DNA makes an exact
copy of itself
Nucleus
2 identical DNA
strands
DNA splits to allow
mRNA to make a copy
of the code
Nucleus
mRNA strand
mRNA and tRNA build
the protein at the
ribosome using amino
acids.
Ribosome
Protein chain
27. Define Mutation.
Any change in DNA sequence
28.
What is the difference between point mutation and frameshift mutation? Which one can cause
the most damage?
During a point mutation, one letter is changed. During frameshift, one letter is added or deleted shifting
everything over. Frameshift cause the most damage.
29. Can mutations be passed on to the next generation? Explain how.
Mutations can be passed on if the occur in the gametes or sex cells.
4
ATC CCT GAG TAA
TAG GGA CTC ATT
30.
30. What is the complimentary strand of this DNA:
31.
AUC CCU GAG UAA
31. What would the mRNA strand be:
32.
32. What would the tRNA strand be:
UAG GGA CUC AUU
33. Isoleucine, Proline, Glutamate, Stop
33. What would the protein/amino acid chain be:
34. If all organisms have the same DNA, what makes us different?
The order of nitrogen bases allows for different traits and species.
35. Why are there equal amounts of Adenine and Thymine? Cytosine and Guanine?
A always goes with T. G always goes with C.
Genetics & Heredity
36. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive. What do scientists use to show dominant
and recessive traits? Is recessive always the “bad” trait?
Dominant traits are always expressed or shown. Recessive are hidden/covered up by the dominant traits.
AA- aa
Recessive is not a negative trait. Many diseases are dominant.
37. Explain the difference between phenotype and genotype. Give examples.
Phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait where as genotype is the genetic or letters.
BB = black eyes, Bb = black eyes, bb = red eyes
38. Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous. Give examples.
Homozygous means same- letters/genes would be the same (AA, aa)
Heterozygous means different- letters/genes would be different (Aa)
39. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Autosomes are 1-22 paired chromosomes; Sex chromosomes are the 23 pair (XX, XY)
40. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance. Provide examples.
Incomplete dominance is where no trait is dominant over the other – mixed. Red x White = Pink
Co-dominance is where both are dominant- both are shown. Black x White = Black & White
5
41.
P
F1
F2
Y- yellow pea pods, y- green pea pods
YY x yy
Yy
YY x yy
Yy
25 % YY, 50% Yy, 25% yy
YY
Yy
Yy
yy
42. Color blindness is a recessive sex linked disorder. If Charlie is normal (XBY) for color
blindness but his wife Lynsey is a carrier (XBXb) for color blindness, what is the probability
that their children will be color blind?
50% male colorblindness
B B
B
X X
X Y
XBXb
XbY
43. If a man has type AB blood and his wife has type AA, what is the probability of their offspring
having type A?
AA
AB
AA
AB
44. What type of offspring would be produced by the following parents: AaEe x aaEE
Gametes: AE, Ae, aE, ae x aE, aE, aE, aE
Offspring: AaEE, AaEe, aaEE, aaEe
45. Suspect number 2
6